剖宫产孕妇硬膜外给局麻药的药代动力学

为了解孕妇硬膜外给局麻药的药代动力学，选择２０名实施剖宫产手术的健康临产妇，随机分成硬膜外腔给予了哌卡因组（Ｂ１组）和给予利多卡因组（Ｌ组）。另外， ６例非妊娠患者硬膜外腔给予了哌卡因（Ｂ２组）。Ｂ１和Ｂ２组均给予０．７５％丁哌卡因１～１．５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，Ｌ组给予２％利多卡因４～４．５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１。采用高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）测定硬膜外给药后血浆药物浓度。结果表明三组病例血药浓度均在安全范围内。Ｂ１组的血药浓度达高峰时间（Ｔｐｅａｋ）和脐静脉与母体血药浓度比（ＵＶ／ＭＶ）值均小于Ｌ组，表明丁哌卡因在硬膜外腔的吸收比利多卡因快，且透过胎盘屏障的药量小于利多卡因，新生儿Ａｐｇａｒ评分在娩出后５分钟均为１０分。Ｂ１组的药代动力学参数与Ｂ２组基本相似。结论：剖宫产手术硬膜外腔给予临床剂量的局麻药是安全的。     

碱化丁卡因溶液尿道粘膜表面麻醉的临床观察和药代动力学研究

１６例接受膀胱镜检的患者分为临床碱化组和临床对照组；将２０只家兔匀分为动物碱化组和动物对照组。碱化组均给予ｐＨ７．１５的１％丁卡因溶液，对照组给予ｐＨ５．１的１％丁卡因溶液。结果，临床碱化组麻醉效果优于临床对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。但临床对照组药液在血液中达峰时间（Ｔｐｅａｋ）快；峰浓度（Ｃｍａｘ）及血药浓度的各个时点均高于临床碱化组（Ｐ均＜０．０１）。两组中分布半衰期，消除半衰期无显著性差异。表现分布容积（Ｖｄ），药时曲线下面积（ＡＵＣ）和清除率（ＣＬ）有显著性差异（Ｐ均＜０．０１）。动物碱化组丁卡因在血中浓度低，而在膀胱组织中浓度高（Ｐ均＜０．０１）。认为碱化丁卡因具有效果好，毒性低和清除快的优点，用于临床尿道粘膜表面麻醉安全有效。     

山莨菪碱对体外循环心脏手术后白细胞变形力的影响

为观察山莨菪碱对体外循环（ＣＰＢ）心脏手术后病人白细胞变形能力（ＬＤ）的影响，进一步探讨该药改善微循环的机制。将１６例体外循环下心脏手术病人均分为实验、对照组。实验组于术后６０分钟静脉注射山莨菪碱０．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ。两组分别于术前、术后６０、给药后３０、６０分钟采外周血，测定白细胞变形力。结果显示，ＣＰＢ术后６０分钟两组白细胞变形力均明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），组间差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。实验组给药后３０分钟ＬＤ高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），但两组仍低于术前（Ｐ＜０．０１），给药后６０分钟实验组ＬＤ恢复至术前水平（Ｐ＞０．０５），明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：ＣＰＢ术后ＬＤ降低，山莨菪碱对微循环的改善除作用于血管平滑肌及内皮外，提高ＬＤ亦起着重要作用     

门静脉高压症大鼠内脏血管壁上血管紧张素Ⅱ受体的变化

为探讨门静脉高压症（ＰＨＴ）内脏高动力循环的发生机理，我们采用放射配基结合分析法检测肝前型ＰＨＴ大鼠内脏血管壁上血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡⅡ）受体的最大结合容量（Ｂｍａｘ）和平衡解离常数（Ｋｄ）变化。结果：ＰＨＴ组（ｎ＝２０）肠系膜上动脉和门静脉壁上ＡⅡ受体的Ｂｍａｘ（分别为２０６．９±３９．３ｆｍｏｌ／ｍｇ蛋白和３１．５±９．２ｆｍｏｌ／ｍｇ蛋白）较对照组（ＳＯ，ｎ＝１６，分别为２９７．２±４４．７ｆｍｏｌ／ｍｇ蛋白和５３．４±１２．１ｆｍｏｌ／ｍｇ蛋白）明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）；肠系膜上动脉的Ｋｄ值（１．０３±０．１１ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ）较ＳＯ组（０．８８±０．０８ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ）明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），门静脉的Ｋｄ值虽较ＳＯ组略有升高，但无统计学意义。本实验结果表明，ＰＨＴ大鼠内脏血管对ＡⅡ反应性下降的原因之一在于血管壁上ＡⅡ受体的数量减少和亲和力下降，从而对高动力循环形成起一定的介导作用。     

BPH患者逼尿肌不稳定与M受体密度的关系

目的探讨逼尿肌胆碱能受体（Ｍ受体）在前列腺增生（ＢＰＨ）梗阻性逼尿肌不稳定中的作用。方法根据尿动力学结果,应用３ＨＱＭＢ结合分析法测定７例ＢＰＨ梗阻稳定和１２例梗阻不稳定及８例无梗阻的膀胱肿瘤患者膀胱顶部逼尿肌Ｍ受体密度Ｂｍａｘ。结果梗阻性逼尿肌不稳定组较正常对照组和梗阻稳定组Ｍ受体密度（Ｂｍａｘ）明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）,三者分别为（１６６．８７±２９．９１）ｆｍｏｌ／ｍｇ蛋白、（１７３．８４±３２．１４）ｆｍｏｌ／ｍｇ蛋白和（１２０．２１±３２．２０）ｆｍｏｌ／ｍｇ蛋白,而正常对照组和梗阻稳定组之间差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。三组之间平衡解离常数Ｋｄ差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论逼尿肌Ｍ受体密度变化没有参与梗阻性逼尿肌不稳定的产生,逼尿肌不稳定中Ｍ受体下调可能是一种降低逼尿肌不稳定的自身调节。     

人类性交活动对生殖激素水平的影响

本课题研究性交对促性腺激素与性腺激素水平的影响，并观察激素变化与性高潮的发生有无相关。结果男子性交后睾酮（Ｔ）水平升高２．１９±０．９０μｇ／Ｌ（ｘ±ＳＥ，Ｐ＜０．０５，ｎ＝９），而女子性交后雌二醇（Ｅ２）水平降低５２．００±１４．４６ｍｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０２，ｎ＝７），其它激素水平无显著意义的变化。９男中６名出现性高潮，１名性高潮未出现者Ｔ亦升高６．６μｇ／Ｌ，而１名性高潮出现者的Ｔ反降低０．４μｇ／Ｌ。７女中６名未出现性高潮，但７人的Ｅ２均降低。可见激素变化与性高潮间未见相关。性交后性腺激素变化的意义有待进一步研究。     

尿毒症,慢性肾炎患者血清维生素A,C,E的研究

本研究发现尿毒平病人的血清维生素Ａ含量为１２７．７０±６０．８０ｍｇ／Ｌ，显著高于正常对照组５８．０±１８．００μｇ／ｄｌ（Ｐ〈０．００１），维生素Ｅ含量则显著低于正常对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）。维生素Ｃ含量与正常无显著性差别。慢怀肾炎组维生素Ａ为１１２．８１±６２．９３ｍｇ／Ｌ，显著高于正常对照组Ｐ〈０．０１），维生素Ｅ含量下正常无显著性差别。这对于指导临床用药及病人饮食营养有一定     

膀胱癌患者血清、尿液及组织中可溶性白细胞介素－2受体的测定及意义

采用ＥＬＩＳＡ双抗体夹心法对２８例膀胱癌（膀胱癌组）、６例腺性膀胱炎（膀胱炎组）、１２例前列腺增生症（ＢＰＨ）患者（ＢＰＨ组）和２０例健康人（健康组）的血清，尿液及组织中可溶性白细胞介素－２受体（ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ）水平进行测定。结果表明，膀胱癌组血清ＳＬ－２Ｒ水平明显高于各对照组（Ｐ＜０．００１），尿中ＳＬ－２Ｒ水平比较，差异无显著性；而膀胱癌组织中ＳＬ－２Ｒ水平低于ＢＰＨ膀胱组织中ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ水平（Ｐ＜０．０５）；但在膀胱癌各分期、分级之间以及膀胱癌组手术前后血清、尿液中ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ水平差异无显著性意义，故认为血清ＳＬ－２Ｒ测定可作为膀胱癌早期诊断的辅助手段。     

前列腺癌中P53和bcl-2蛋白的表达及意义

应用免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ法，检测１５例良性前列腺增生症（ＢＰＨ）和３５例前列腺癌（Ｐｃａ）组织中Ｐ５３、ｂｃｌ－２蛋白的表达水平。结果发现：（１）ＢＰＨ组与Ｐｃａ组中Ｐ５３、ｂｃｌ－２蛋白的阳性表达率分别为６．７％、１３．３％和３４．３％、４２．９％，显示Ｐｃａ组Ｐ５３、ｂｃｌ－２蛋白阳性率明显高于ＢＰＨ组（分别Ｐ〈０．０５、Ｐ〈０．０５）。（２）Ｐｃａ组中Ｐ５３蛋白阳性１２例，其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ级肿瘤阳性５     

实验性肝硬变形成过程中肝组织α_1－肾上腺素受体的定量研究

用放射配基结合分析法对Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠四氯化碳性肝硬变形成过程中肝组织肾上腺素受体作了定量测定。实验分对照组（１０只）、肝纤维增生组（１３只）和肝硬变组（２０只）三组进行。与对照组相比，肝纤维增生组大鼠肝组织。受体的最大结合容量（Ｂｍａｘ）明显减少（１３２．８±２５．０ｆｍｏｌ／ｍｇ与９６．９±２０．８ｆｍｏｌ／ｍｇ蛋白，Ｐ＜０．０１），平衡解离常数（Ｋｄ）明显增大（０．１６３３±０．０３２２ｎＭ与０．３０７９±０．０７８６ｎＭ，Ｐ＜０．０１）；肝硬变组的Ｂｍａｘ也显著下降（１３２．８±２５．０ｆｍｏｌ／ｍｇ与７１．９±１７．７ｆｍｏｌ／ｍｇ蛋白，Ｐ＜０．０１），Ｋｄ值增大更为明显（０．１６３３±０．０３２２ｎＭ与０．４０１２±０．０９６５ｎＭ，Ｐ＜０．０１）。说明在肝硬变形成过程中，肝组织α＿１－受体的结合容量和亲和力受到了损害，后者在肝硬变患者儿茶酚胺的代谢紊乱及门静脉高压的形成中可能起着一定的作用。     

瘢痕子宫剖宫产的风险与麻醉处理

目的 探讨瘢痕子宫剖宫产手术产妇和围产儿的风险与麻醉处理.方法 瘢痕子宫剖宫产术100例,年龄24～43岁.硬膜外麻醉90例(A组),全身麻醉10例(B组).术中连续监测ECG、BP、HR、SpO_2;危重产妇监测CVP.记录切皮至胎儿娩出(I-D)时间、切开子宫至胎儿娩出(U-D)时间和新生儿Apgar评分.结果 A组硬膜外阻滞不全20例(22％).B组I-D时间短于A组L(7.5±2.0)min vs.(12.3±2.6)min](P<0.01).全组术中低血压32例(32％);新生儿窒息21例(21％);Apgar评分低于3分11例(死亡5例),4～7分10例,8～10分79例.产妇子宫次全切除2例、膀胱损伤修补1例、术中大量出血15例.结论 瘢痕子宫剖宫产手术产妇和新产儿的风险明显增加,硬膜外阻滞不全发生率较高,有效预防和正确处理高危因素是降低瘢痕子宫剖宫产产妇及新生儿并发症和死亡率的关键. gar评分.结果 A组硬膜外阻滞不全20例(22％).B组I-D时间短于A组L(7.5±2.0)min vs.(12.3±2.6)min](P<0.01).全组术中低血压32例(32％);新生儿窒息21例(21％ ;Apgar评分低于3分11例(死亡5例),4～7分10例,8～10分79例.产妇子宫次全切除2例、膀胱损伤修补1例、术中大量出血15例.结论 瘢痕子宫剖宫产手术产妇和新产儿的风险明显增加,硬膜外阻滞不全发生率较高,有效预防和正确处理高危因素是降低瘢痕子宫剖宫产产妇及新生儿并发症和     

Maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects of lidocaine with and without epinephrine for epidural anesthesia in obstetrics

The effects of epidural lidocaine with and without 1:300,000 epinephrine on uterine activity, progress of labor, fetal heart rate, maternal blood pressure and heart rate, newborn Apgar scores, neonatal acid-base status, and the Neurologic and Adaptive Capacity Scoring System were compared in 30 parturients during labor and delivery. Patients in group I (n = 16) received 1.5% lidocaine with 1:300,000 epinephrine and those in group II (n = 14) 1.5% lidocaine alone. Addition of epinephrine to lidocaine did not have any significant effects on uterine activity, duration of first or second stages of labor, fetal heart rate variability, or the incidence of abnormal fetal heart rate patterns. Maternal heart rate and the incidence of hypotensive episodes did not differ significantly between the two groups of patients. Apgar scores, neonatal acid-base status, and the NACS were equally good in the two groups. Duration of analgesia was significantly longer in group I as compared to group II patients (106.9 +/- 6.6 vs 66.2 +/- 4.4 min, P less than 0.001). Umbilical venous concentrations of lidocaine and umbilical vein to maternal vein ratios of lidocaine were significantly higher in group II patients (P less than 0.05). It is concluded that addition of epinephrine to lidocaine during epidural anesthesia in the normal parturient has no adverse effects on mother, fetus, neonate, or the progress of labor and it significantly prolongs the duration of anesthesia and limits the placental transfer of lidocaine.     

Continuous infusion epidural analgesia in parturients receiving bupivacaine, chloroprocaine, or lidocaine--maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects

The effects of epidural analgesia for labor and delivery using a continuous infusion technique on fetal heart rate, uterine activity, maternal blood pressure, Apgar scores, neonatal acid-base status, and the Neurologic and Adaptive Capacity Scoring System were studied in 61 parturients. Group I (n = 23) received initial test and therapeutic doses of 2 and 6 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine followed by an infusion of 0.125% at a rate of 14 ml/hr. Group II (n = 19) received 2 and 6 ml of 2% chloroprocaine followed by an infusion of 0.75% at a rate of 27 ml/hr. Group III (n = 19) received 2 and 6 ml of 1.5% lidocaine followed by an infusion of 0.75% at a rate of 14 ml/hr. None of the three local anesthetics used had any significant effect on baseline fetal heart rate or uterine activity. In cases in which monitoring of fetal heart rate was both technically satisfactory and continuous, late and variable decelerations in fetal heart rate were seen in 10 of 17, 3 of 18, and 2 of 19 of the fetuses in groups I, II, and III, respectively. The incidence was significantly higher in group I than in groups II or III (P less than 0.05). Apgar scores and neonatal acid-base status were equally good in all three groups. Neurologic and adaptive capacity scores did not differ among the three groups of neonates, nor did any of the neonates in the three groups score lower than a control group of 19 neonates whose mothers did not receive any analgesia or medications for labor and delivery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Epidural lidocaine for cesarean delivery of the distressed fetus

Lidocaine with epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate has a rapid onset of action. We therefore wished to compare its use with that of chloroprocaine for urgent cesarean delivery. Thirty parturients for cesarean section under epidural anesthesia were divided into three groups. Group 1 required elective cesarean section and served as the control group for neonatal lidocaine levels. Groups 2 and 3 had been receiving epidural infusions of 0.125% bupivacaine with epinephrine 1:400,000 and required urgent cesarean section. They were randomized to receive either 1.5% lidocaine with epinephrine or 3% chloroprocaine, both with sodium bicarbonate 2 ml in a total volume of 25 ml. All patients had adequate anesthesia and none required supplementation. The time from completion of injection to the achievement of a T4 sensory level was significantly shorter in the chloroprocaine group (3.1 vs. 4.4 min). There were no differences in Apgar scores or Neurologic and Adaptive Capacity Scores between the lidocaine and chloroprocaine groups. Lidocaine was detectable in maternal serum from four of the urgent cases and all of the elective cases. It was detectable in five neonates from the elective group but none from the emergency group. In parturients with preexisting epidural catheters and a baseline epidural infusion to maintain a T10 sensory level, chloroprocaine is faster in onset than lidocaine, but the difference in this study was only 1.3 min, and both agents provided excellent anesthesia.     

腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉对剖宫产母婴肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的影响

目的 研究腰麻－硬膜外联合麻醉（CSEA）对剖宫产母婴肾素－血管紧张素－醋固酮系统（RAAS）的影响。方法 将60例ASA Ⅰ级行择期剖宫产的健康产妇随机分为硬膜外麻醉组（EA组，n＝30）和CSEA组（n＝30)。分别于注射局麻药前(T0)、切皮后即刻（T1）、胎儿晚出后即刻（T2）、术毕即刻（T3）和术后24h（T4）取母体静脉血和胎儿娩出后胎儿脐动、静脉血测定血清素活性（PRA）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（AT-Ⅱ）和醛固酮（ALD）浓度；评定麻醉效果，记录痛觉阻滞平面达T7水平的时间，注射局麻药至胎儿娩出时间（I－DI）及新生儿娩出1min、5min的Apgar评分。结果 两组术中SP、DP、HR、SpO2的变化及新生儿娩出1min、5min的Apgar评分。结果 两组术中SP、DP、HR、SpO2的变化及新生儿娩出1min、5min的Apgar评分差异无显著性（P＞0.05）。同EA组相比，CSEA组麻醉起效时间明显缩短（P＜0.01）。两组母体于T1、T2、T4的PRA、AT－Ⅱ、ALD值均比T0、T3值明显降低（P＜0.01），胎儿脐动、静脉血中三者值差异不明显，但明显低于母体T0、T3值（P＜0.01）。结论 CSEA用于剖宫产手术时，只要运用得当，不会对母婴AAS产生不良影响。     

Spinal versus epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery in severe preeclampsia: a prospective randomized, multicenter study

In this randomized, multicenter study we compared the hemodynamic effects of spinal and epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery in severely preeclamptic patients. The epidural group (n = 47) received 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:400,000, 18-23 mL, followed by 3 mg of morphine after delivery. The spinal group (n = 53) received 2.2 mL of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine plus 0.2 mg morphine. We hypothesized that the lowest MAP (mean arterial blood pressure, the primary outcome) during the delivery period would have to be at least 10 mm Hg less in the spinal group to be of clinical importance. We found that there was a statistically significant difference in MAP, with more patients in the spinal group exhibiting hypotension (P < 0.001). Although the incidence of hypotension (systolic arterial blood pressure, SAP < or =100 mm Hg) was more frequent in the spinal group than in the epidural group (51% versus 23%), the duration of significant hypotension (SAP < or =100 mm Hg) was short (< or =1 min) in both groups. There was more use of ephedrine in the spinal group than in the epidural group (median, 6 versus 0 mg) but hypotension was easily treated in all patients. Neonatal outcomes assessed by Apgar scores and the umbilical arterial blood gas analysis were similar in both groups. Adverse neonatal outcomes (5-min Apgar score < 7 and umbilical arterial blood pH < 7.20) were found in only 2 premature newborns (weight < 1500 g) who were born without maternal hypotension after regional anesthesia. We conclude that the results of this large prospective study support the use of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery in severely preeclamptic patients.     

The pharmacokinetics and maternal and neonatal effects of epidural lidocaine in preeclampsia

The pharmacokinetics and maternal and neonatal effects of epidural lidocaine were compared in ten preeclamptic and five normotensive women undergoing cesarean section at 36-40 weeks of gestation. Lumbar epidural anesthesia was achieved using 15-20 ml of 2% lidocaine without epinephrine. Serial venous samples for lidocaine levels were drawn from all the mothers during the procedure and up to 6 hr after the initial injection. Umbilical venous and arterial samples were drawn at delivery for measurement of neonatal acid-base status and lidocaine levels. There were no significant differences between normotensive and preeclamptic patients in the total dose of lidocaine, peak maternal plasma concentration, volume of distribution, maternal elimination half-life and umbilical vein/maternal vein ratios. The calculated area under the concentration time curve in preeclamptic patients (18.5 +/- 4.7 micrograms X hr X ml-1) was significantly greater than in normotensive mothers (14.1 +/- 1.3 micrograms X hr X ml-1) (P less than 0.02). Total maternal body clearance in preeclamptic patients (24.5 +/- 7.1 L/hr) was significantly lower than in normotensives (31.1 +/- 4.4 L/hr) (P less than 0.05). Neonatal outcome as evaluated by Apgar scores, umbilical arterial and venous blood gas tensions, umbilical vein/maternal vein ratios, and early neonatal neurobehavior scores at 4 hr and 24 hr after birth were similar in the two groups. The results indicate that the total maternal body clearance of lidocaine is prolonged in preeclampsia, and repeated administration of lidocaine can result in higher blood levels than in normotensive parturients.     

Effects of epidural analgesia on labor length, instrumental delivery, and neonatal short-term outcome

Purpose

We aimed to clarify whether the short-term adverse neonatal outcomes associated with epidural analgesia are due to the epidural analgesia itself or to the instrumental delivery.

Methods

A retrospective case–control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between epidural analgesia, labor length, and perinatal outcomes. A total of 350 pregnant women at term who delivered under epidural analgesia (cases) were compared with 1400 patients without epidural analgesia (controls).

Results

Vacuum extraction (6.5 vs. 2.9 %) and cesarean section (19.9 vs. 11.1 %) were more frequently performed in the cases than controls (p < 0.001). Using a Kaplan–Meier algorithm, it was determined that the mean lengths of the 1st and 2nd stages of labor and the overall durations of labor and delivery were significantly longer in cases compared with controls. A Cox regression analysis showed that the longer labor remained even after adjustment for parity. The neonatal variables stratified by mode of delivery were not different in cases and controls, except for a slightly lower umbilical arterial pH in spontaneous delivery for the cases group. However, the Apgar scores and umbilical arterial pH were significantly lower in the neonates delivered by vacuum extraction compared with those in the neonates delivered by spontaneous delivery or cesarean section, regardless of whether epidural analgesia was performed. A multivariable analysis showed that vacuum extraction much more consistently affected the arterial pH than the analgesia itself (the β coefficients were ?0.036 for epidural analgesia vs. ?0.050 for vacuum extraction).

Conclusion

Epidural analgesia was associated with slowly progressing labor, thus resulting in an increased rate of instrumental delivery. This instrumental delivery appears to adversely affect the neonatal outcomes more strongly than the analgesia itself.     

A randomized study of the effects of perioperative i.v. lidocaine on hemodynamic and hormonal responses for cesarean section

Purpose  Intravenous infusion of lidocaine attenuates the stress response to surgery. We aimed to evaluate the effects of perioperative lidocaine on the hemodynamic and hormonal responses for cesarean delivery. Methods  After the gaining of ethical approval, 90 patients scheduled for elective cesarean delivery were randomly allocated to receive either lidocaine 1.5 mg·kg⁻¹ i.v. bolus 30 min before induction, followed by an infusion of 1.5 mg·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ until 1 h after surgery (n = 45), or saline placebo (n = 45). Anesthesia was maintained with 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen with 0.7% isoflurane. Hemodynamic variables, plasma cortisol, maternal and neonatal lidocaine concentrations, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min, neonatal acid-base status, and the neurologic and adaptive capacity score (NACS) were recorded. Results  After induction, patients receiving lidocaine had a smaller increase in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure (P < 0.02) and lower plasma cortisol concentrations (31.1 ± 9.91 vs 45.6 ± 8.43 μg·dL⁻¹; P < 0.001). There were no differences between the two groups in Apgar scores, NACS, or neonatal acid-base status. After delivery, maternal and umbilical venous concentrations and umbilical vein-to-maternal vein ratios of lidocaine were 2.05 ± 0.42 μg·mL⁻ and 1.06 ± 0.31 μg·mL⁻¹, and 0.52 ± 0.07, respectively. Conclusion  Perioperative lidocaine is safe and effective in attenuating the maternal stress response to surgery for cesarean delivery.     

Combined spinal and epidural anesthesia with low doses of intrathecal bupivacaine in women with severe preeclampsia: a preliminary report

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the quality of anesthesia for cesarean delivery (CD), analgesia for labor (LA), hemodynamic changes, and neonatal effects of combined spinal and epidural anesthesia (CSE) with low intrathecal doses of bupivacaine and fentanyl in patients with severe preeclampsia. METHODS: Of the 85 patients with severe preeclampsia (systolic pressures [SBP] > or = 160 mm Hg or diastolic pressures [DBP] > or = 110 mm Hg, and proteinuria > or = 100 mg/dL), 46 underwent CD and 39 delivered vaginally. The CD group received 7.5 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine and 25 microg fentanyl intrathecally with a goal of obtaining a T4 sensory block. Those with levels less than T4 received 2% lidocaine epidurally to extend the block. In the LA group, the intrathecal dose was 1.25 mg of plain bupivacaine with 25 microg of fentanyl, followed by epidural infusion of 0.0625% to 0.125% bupivacaine with 2 to 4 microg fentanyl/mL at 12 to 15 mL/h. RESULTS: In the CD group, all but 4 patients had > or = T4 block, and these 4 patients received 2% lidocaine epidurally. None required conversion to general anesthesia. In the LA group, sensory levels were T10 (range, T6-L2) with adequate analgesia. The baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP) was 122 +/- 13 mm Hg in the CD group and 117 +/- 12 mm Hg in the LA group. After CSE, MAP decreased significantly and reached a nadir within 5 minutes in both groups (103 +/- 12 mm Hg in the CD group and 96 +/- 13 mm Hg in the LA group, P <.05). The maximum decrease in MAP was similar in the 2 groups (-15% +/- 8% in the CD group and -16% +/- 9% in the LA group). The neonatal Apgar scores and umbilical artery (UA) pH were similar, and there were no significant correlations between UA pH and lowest MAP before delivery or the maximum percentage change in MAP in either group. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that CSE with low intrathecal doses of bupivacaine and epidural supplementation, when needed, produces adequate anesthesia for CD and analgesia for labor in patients with severe preeclampsia. The maximum decreases in MAP after CSE were modest and quite similar in the 2 groups.