联糖米托蒽醌白蛋白微球的制备及其性质研究

以米托蒽醌为模型药物，用乳化热固化法制备了米托蒽醌白蛋白微球。以Ｄ－半乳糖为原料，经溴代、缩合、转换、加成等反应合成了２－亚氨基－２－甲氧基乙基－１－硫化β－Ｄ半乳吡喃糖苷（ＩＭＥ－ｔｈｉｐｇａｌａｃｔｏｓｅ）。以此为中间体与米托蒽醌白蛋白微球在室温下反应制备了联糖米托蒽醌白蛋白微球及其冻干剂，并对冻干剂的形态，球径及其分布、再分散性、糖精密、载药量、体外释药特性进行了研究，为白蛋白微球与联糖白蛋     

99mTc-半乳糖基明胶的制备及其作为肝显像剂的可能性

报道了以半乳糖为原料制得２－亚氨基－２－甲氧乙基－１－硫代－β－Ｄ－半乳吡喃糖苷，再与药用明胶偶联制得半乳糖基明胶（ｇａｌａｃｔｏｓｙｌｇｅｌａｔｉｎ，ＧＧ）的方法，并用９９ｍＴｃ标记后进行了动物肝显像及体内分布试验，结果表明，９９ｍＴｃ－ＧＧ主要集中于肝脏，肝显像清晰，有可能作为一种新的肝受体显像剂。     

4-硝基-1-萘基-β-D-半乳糖苷的合成研究

目的 设计合成4-硝基-1-萘基-β-D-半乳糖苷的方法。方法 D-半乳糖与乙酸钠反应,酯化后得到β-D-半乳糖五乙酸酯。β-D-半乳糖五乙酸酯经过溴化氢的乙酸溶液溴代得到溴代糖、再用显色团4-硝基-1-萘酚取代端基溴、最终水解除去乙酰基,再重结晶得到目标化合物。对该目标化合物进行核磁共振(¹H-NMR、¹³C-NMR)和高分辨质谱(ESI-HRMS)表征确定结构。对溴代试剂选择、羟基乙酰化反应条件及重结晶条件进行优化筛选。结果 表征结果显示,终产物即为化合物4-硝基-1-萘基-β-D-半乳糖苷。制备过程中溴代试剂应选择溴化氢的乙酸溶液,乙酰化反应条件应选择反应温度130℃,反应时间3 h,重结晶甲醇/水比例为3∶1。结论 应用本法合成目标化合物4-硝基-1-萘基-β-D-半乳糖苷,建立的反应条件温和,操作简便可行。     

蒺藜果实中甾体皂苷类成分研究

目的研究蒺藜（Tribulus terrestrisL.）果实的皂苷类化合物。方法利用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱、中低压色谱、高效液相色谱等手段进行分离,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定结构。结果从蒺藜果实中得到4个已知化合物,分别鉴定为（25R）-2α,3β-二醇-5α-螺甾烷-12-酮（门诺皂苷元）-3-O-{β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-（1→2）-[β-D-吡喃木糖基-（1→3）]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-（1→4）-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷}（1）、26-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-（25R）-5α-呋甾-22-甲氧基-2α,3β,26-三醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-（1→2）-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-（1→4）-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷（2）、海柯皂苷元-3-O-{β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-（1→2）-[β-D-吡喃木糖基-（1→3）]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-（1→4）-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷}（3）、26-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-（25R）-5α-呋甾-12-羰基-20（22）-烯-3β,26-二醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-（1→4）-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷（4）。结论化合物1和2为首次从该属植物中分离得到,化合物4为首次得到的25位R构型的甾体皂苷类单体化合物。     

半乳凝素-3潜在抑制剂—1-O-烯丙基-4-O-{3-脱氧-3-[4-苄胺羰基-1H-（1，2，3）三氮唑-1-基]-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基}-2-脱氧-2-乙酰氨基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖的合成

以乳糖为原料设计合成了半乳凝素-3的潜在抑制剂—1-O-烯丙基-4-O-{3-脱氧-3-[4-苄胺羰基-1H-（1,2,3）三氮唑-1-基]-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基}-2-脱氧-2-乙酰氨基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖。乳糖2-位的改造采用了叠氮-碘糖基化法,在乙酰氨基引入的同时立体选择性地构建了β-氨基乳糖苷;通过两次构型翻转在3′-位引入叠氮基,然后采用Click反应构建出三氮唑羧基,再与苄胺反应便得到目标物。对乳糖的上述改造旨在提高其对半乳凝素-3的亲和活性。     

远志地上部分10个黄酮类成分的分离及抗氧化活性研究(英文)

研究远志地上部分的化学成分并测试其抗氧化活性。运用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20、ODS及半制备液相,从远志地上部分中分离得到10个黄酮类化合物。用DPPH自由基清除试验测定了其抗氧化活性。分离所得化合物经光谱数据分析鉴定其结构分别为:异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1),异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(2),槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖(1→2)-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(3),槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4),蒙花苷(5),槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(6),5,7-二羟基-3-甲氧基黄酮-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸(7),异鼠李素(8),山奈酚(9)和槲皮素(10)。所有化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物1–5和7均为首次从该属植物中分离得到。活性测试结果表明,化合物3、4、6、8、9和10表现出一定的抗氧化活性。     

半乳糖抗小鼠CD3单克隆抗体的制备及其结合TIL后的趋肝性研究

报道以半乳糖为原料制得２－亚氨基－２－甲氧乙基－１－硫代－β－Ｄ－半乳糖苷（ＩＭＥ）后,与抗小鼠ＣＤ３单克隆抗体共价偶联制得半乳糖抗小鼠ＣＤ３单克隆抗体,再与标记３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ的肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞（ＴＩＬ）结合。经动物试验表明,复合物较单纯ＴＩＬ具有明显的趋肝性,且能较长时间地浓集于小鼠肝脏内,说明半乳糖抗小鼠ＣＤ３单克隆抗体可作为肝靶向载体将抗肿瘤药选择性地导向肝脏,可能为肝癌的生物导向治疗开辟了新的途径。     

雷公藤乙酸乙酯部位和水部位化学成分的分离与鉴定

目的:分离并鉴定雷公藤乙酸乙酯部位和水部位化学成分,为其后续药理研究提供基础。方法:采用MCI GEL-CHP 20P柱层析、C18反相硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析、高效液相色谱等方法对雷公藤乙酸乙酯部位和水部位提取物进行分离、纯化,通过核磁共振氢谱、核磁共振碳谱及理化性质对分离的化合物进行结构鉴定。结果:从雷公藤乙酸乙酯部位中分离得到2个化合物,分别鉴定为直楔草酸(化合物1)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(化合物2);从雷公藤水部位中分离得到8个糖苷类化合物,分别鉴定为2,6-二甲氧基-4-羟甲基-苯基-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(化合物3)、2,6-二甲氧基-4-羟基苯酚-1-O-葡萄糖苷(化合物4)、4-羟基-1-(2-羟乙基)-苯基-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(化合物5)、3,4-二甲氧基-苯基-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(化合物6)、β-腺苷(化合物7)、丁香苷(化合物8)、表儿茶素-8-C-β-D-半乳糖苷(化合物9)、2-羟基柚皮素-7-O-β-葡萄糖苷(化合物10)。结论:本研究分离并鉴定了雷公藤乙酸乙酯部位和水部位化学成分。     

己二醇桥联胆甾半乳糖苷的合成

目的合成具有脂水两性的肝靶向脂质体配体胆甾半乳糖苷衍生物。方法将胆固醇3位羟基与己二醇的双甲磺酸酯成醚后再碘代,随后与2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-1-硫代-β-D-吡喃半乳糖成硫醚得到糖苷,经甲醇钠处理脱掉乙酰基得目标物。结果合成了1个胆甾半乳糖苷衍生物。结论合成衍生物及中间体的结构经1HNMR、IR、MS确证。     

2-脱氧链霉胺取代衍生物的结构确证和1H核磁定量

对新型氨基糖苷类抗生素合成中(本文阐述的是阿米卡星合成中的2个中间体,而非新型氨基糖苷类抗生素)的两个重要中间体进行结构确证和核磁定量。采用13C NMR、1H NMR、1H 1H-COSY、HMBC和MS对化合物1和化合物2进行了结构确证,并分别以马来酸和甲酸钠为内标物、D2O为溶剂,通过比较马来酸δ6.23ppm内标峰和化合物1δ5.05ppm、δ5.66ppm定量峰面积,以及甲酸钠δ8.36ppm内标峰和化合物2 δ2.00ppm、δ5.72ppm定量峰面积计算化合物1和化合物2的含量。化合物1为3-氨基-3-脱氧-α-D-葡吡喃糖基-(1→6)-[2,3,4,6-四脱氧-2,6–二氨基-α-D-赤式-己吡喃糖基-(1→4)]-1-N-[(2S)-4-氨基-2-羟基-1-氧丁基]-2-脱氧-D-链霉胺,化合物2为3-氨基-3-脱氧-α-D-葡吡喃糖基-(1→6)-[2,3,4,6-四脱氧-2,6–二氨基-α-D-赤式-3-烯-己吡喃糖基-(1→4)]-1-N-[(2S)-4-氨基-2-羟基-1-氧丁基]-2-脱氧-D-链霉胺,化合物1和化合物2的含量分别为64.98%和75.38%。化合物1和化合物2是2-脱氧链霉胺取代衍生物,采用氢核磁共振内标法可快速、准确地型氨基糖苷类抗生素合成过程中无商品化标准品的重要中间体进行定量分析。     

去甲斑蝥素白蛋白微球在大鼠体内的药动学及组织分布研究

目的：研究去甲斑蝥素（NCTD）白蛋白微球在大鼠体内的药动学及组织分布情况。方法：以市售去甲斑蝥素注射液为参比,测定NCTD白蛋白微球在大鼠体内血浆中的药动学模型及药动学参数,用靶向效率来评价其在大鼠体内的组织分布及靶向性。结果：NCTD白蛋白微球在大鼠体内的药动学模型符合二室模型,主要药动学参数为：t_（1/2α）=（0.57±0.11）h,t1/2β=（20.69±1.06）h,CL=（0.016±0.002 4）ml·h·kg^-1,AUC0～∞=（63.41±9.08）mg·h·L^-1,其在肝脏,脾脏,心脏及肾脏的靶向效率分别为为2.36,1.78,0.43和0.35。结论：与去甲斑蝥素注射液相比,NCTD白蛋白微球能提高对肝脏,脾脏的趋向性,减少对肾脏及心脏的分布,有利于提高其治疗作用,减少不良反应。     

肝靶向米托蒽醌白蛋白微球的研究

用乳化—热固化法制备了米托蒽醌白蛋白微球,并对其形态、大小及其分布、微粉学性质、载药性能、体外释药、稳定性和体内分布进行了研究。结果表明,该载药微球的平均算术径为0.99μm,平均表面径为1.24μm,平均容积径为1.44μm;表观载药量为2.558%±0.101%;有效载药量为1.503%±0.127%;包封率为92.82%±4.60%;体外释药符合双相动力学规律,释药方程为1-Q=0.6428e^-0.2132t+0.3988e^-000150t(γ₁=-0.9951,γ₂=-0.9982);T_1/2α=3.250h,T_1/2β=461.7h;室温放置3个月,微球形态、药物含量等均无明显变化。HPLC测定表明,小鼠尾iv该微球20min内即有77.6%±1.38%的药物浓集于肝脏,具有明显的肝靶向性。提示米托蒽醌白蛋白微球有可能提高米托蒽醌的抗肝癌效果和降低其全身毒副作用。     

去甲斑蝥素白蛋白微球在小鼠体内肝靶向作用

目的:研究去甲斑蝥素(NCTD)白蛋白微球在小鼠体内的组织分布、体外细胞毒性及肝靶向性。方法:采用体外细胞毒性和体内全身急性毒性试验方法,评价NCTD白蛋白微球的抗肿瘤活性及其生物安全性;通过小鼠尾静脉给药得到各主要药动学参数,并与NCTD注射液组比较得其靶向效率。结果:NCTD白蛋白微球在肝脏和肾脏的靶向效率分别为2.389 1和0.375 4。NCTD白蛋白微球体内外的生物安全性与其注射液比较无显著差异。体外细胞毒性显示其对肿瘤细胞具有特殊亲和力和靶向释药作用。结论:NCTD白蛋白微球具有肝脏靶向性,能降低肾脏分布,提高药物疗效,降低全身不良反应。     

氟尿嘧啶白蛋白微球的制备工艺研究

目的：制备具有肝靶向意义的氟尿嘧啶白蛋白微球。方法：采用乳化热固化技术制备氟尿嘧啶白蛋白微球。以粒子（粒径＜1μm)分布百分数、载药量、包封率为指标,设立总的优化指数,选择固化温度、固化时间、搅拌速度、油／水体积比为因素,每个因素各取4个水平,按L16（4^5)正交设计优化制备工艺。结果：四个因素中,固化温度对总优化影响最大（P＜0．01）,其次是固化时间、搅拌速度（P＜0．05）,而油／水体积比则几乎没有影响（P＞0．05）。经过优选制得的Fu-BM,扫描电镜观察呈规则球形。粒径范围为0．15－0．98μm,跨距为0．65,平均粒径0．56μm。载药量、包封率分别为6．13％、90．38％。结论：本法工艺简便,稳定,具有应用前景。     

Evaluation of drug delivery following the administration of magnetic albumin microspheres containing adriamycin to the rat

The disposition of adriamycin following its intra-arterial administration in rats as a solution (control) or via magnetic albumin microspheres (treatment group) has been investigated. The rat tail was demarcated into three segments: T1, the pre-target site; T2, the target site; and T3, the post-target site. In both groups, 2.0 mg/kg of adriamycin HCl was injected into the ventral caudal artery in T1 through a T-piece cannula. A magnetic field of 8000 G was directed towards T2. The concentration of adriamycin was measured in the heart, kidney, liver, lung, serum, small intestine, spleen, T1, T2, and T3 as a function of time using an ion-pairing HPLC assay. Areas under the mean adriamycin concentration-time curves were used to determine two indices of drug delivery: the relative tissue exposure and targeting efficiency. It was demonstrated that the magnetically responsive albumin microspheres altered the tissue distribution of adriamycin in rats. Administration of drug via magnetic microspheres was shown to increase the relative drug exposure to both T2 and liver.     

Novel galactosylated liposomes for hepatocyte-selective targeting of lipophilic drugs

Novel galactosylated neutral liposomes containing cholesten-5-yloxy-N-(4-((1-imino-2-beta-D-thiogalactosylethyl)amino)butyl)formamide (Gal-C4-Chol) as a "homing" device were developed for hepatocyte-selective drug targeting. Distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC)/cholesterol (Chol) (60:40) and DSPC/Chol/Gal-C4-Chol (60:35:5) liposomes were prepared and labeled with [3H]cholesteryl hexadecyl ether (CHE). [3H]Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and [14C]probucol were incorporated in liposomes as model lipophilic drugs. After intravenous injection of the liposomes, mice were sacrificed at suitable time periods, and the lung, liver, kidney, spleen, and heart were excised. DSPC/Chol/Gal-C4-Chol liposomes rapidly disappeared from the blood, and 85% of the dose had accumulated in the liver within 10 min compared with hepatic accumulation of DSPC/Chol liposomes of 12%. The liver was perfused with collagenase, and liver parenchymal cells (PC) and liver nonparenchymal cells (NPC) were separated by centrifugal differentiation to determine the cellular distribution. The PC/NPC ratios for DSPC/Chol/Gal-C4-Chol and DSPC/Chol liposomes were 15.1 and 1.1, respectively. The hepatic uptake of DSPC/Chol/Gal-C4-Chol liposomes, but not that of DSPC/Chol liposomes, was significantly inhibited by the predosing of galactosylated bovine serum albumin. [14C]Probucol and [3H]PGE1 incorporated in DSPC/Chol/Gal-C4-Chol liposomes was also efficiently delivered to the liver. In conclusion, newly developed galactosylated liposomes have been proven to be a useful carrier for hepatocyte-selective targeting that will have many practical applications.     

白蛋白微球作为肝靶向给药载体的研究

用均匀设计方法和计算机技术筛选了乳化化学交联法制备白蛋白微球的六个因素,十二个水平。优化出最佳制备工艺,制备了平均粒径0.41～0.47μm的白蛋白微球。将此工艺制备的¹²⁵I-白蛋白微球做动物体内研究,结果表明微球iv后主要浓集在肝脏,可达注入总剂量的68%,此微球在靶组织肝脏的变化规律可用二室模型契合。     

Biodegradation rate of embolized protein microspheres in lung, liver and kidney of rats

The targeting and sustained release characteristics of cytotoxic drug-loaded protein microspheres may prove useful in the therapeutic chemoembolization of solid tumours. Because biodegradation rate of embolized particles will influence rate of incorporated drug release and duration of exposure, this parameter was studied for microspheres (10-30 microns mean diam.) prepared from the proteins albumin and casein, that we have previously used as carriers for doxorubicin. As a measure of microsphere loss in-vivo the radionuclide 125I was chosen because it can be covalently bound to proteins and also homogeneously distributed throughout the matrix. Radiolabelled microspheres were administered to rats both intravenously (lung as target organ, 1.4-2.2 mg/100 g) and via the hepatic artery (liver as target organ, 0.4-0.8 mg/100 g). In both cases it was observed that the casein system biodegraded more slowly than the albumin in-vivo. Thus, time taken for loss of 50% of embolized microspheres from lung was: albumin 2.0 days; casein 3.5 days and from liver:albumin 3.6 days; casein 6.8 days. Microsphere "debris" did not markedly accumulate in other organs. In-vitro experiments showed that microspheres were stable in serum and that albumin microspheres were not innately more sensitive to enzymic digestion than casein. The results may be useful in estimating duration of exposure of target organs to drug-loaded microsphere systems prepared from these proteins.     

Biodistribution Characteristics of Galactosylated Emulsions and Incorporated Probucol for Hepatocyte-Selective Targeting of Lipophilic Drugs in Mice

PURPOSE: Galactosylated emulsions containing cholesten-5-yloxy-N-(4-((1-imino-2-D-thiogalactosylethyl)amino)butyl)formamide (Gal-C4-Chol) as a "homing device" were developed for hepatocyte-selective drug targeting. The targeting efficiency of galactosylated emulsions was evaluated by a distribution study in mice. METHODS: Soybean oil/EggPC/cholesterol (Chol) (weight ratio, 70:25: 5) (bare) emulsions and soybean oil/EggPC/Gal-C4-Chol (weight ratio, 70:25:5) (Gal) emulsions were prepared and labeled with [3H]cholesteryl hexadecyl ether (CHE). [14C]probucol as a model lipophilic drug was incorporated in the emulsions or EggPC/Chol/Gal-C4-Chol (Gal) liposomes. Their tissue and intrahepatic distribution were evaluated following intravenous injection in mice. RESULTS: After intravenous injection, Gal-emulsions were rapidly eliminated from the blood and accumulated in the liver, in contrast to the bare-emulsions. The liver uptake clearance of Gal-emulsions was 3.2- and 1.2-times greater than that of bare-emulsions and Gal-liposomes, respectively. The uptake ratio in liver parenchymal cells (PC) and nonparenchymal cells (NPC) of Gal-emulsions was higher than that of Gal-liposomes, being 7.4 and 3.0, suggesting that Gal-emulsions are an effective PC-selective carrier. The hepatic uptake of Gal-emulsions, but not that of bare-emulsions, was significantly inhibited by the pre-dosing of not only lactoferrin but also Gal-liposomes, suggesting asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated endocytosis. Furthermore, [14C]probucol incorporated in Gal-emulsions was efficiently delivered to the liver compared with Gal-liposomes. CONCLUSION: Gal-emulsions have been proven to be an alternative carrier for hepatocyte-selective drug targeting.     

Aminophylline targeting to lung: optimization of the size and drug loading of albumin microspheres.

Aminophylline, a bronchodilator, was considered a suitable drug for targeting to the lung to treat emphysema. Factorial concept was utilized to optimize the size and drug loading of microspheres suitable for targeting. Aminophylline-loaded albumin microspheres were prepared by heat denaturation adjusting the manufacturing variables, namely albumin concentration, drug concentration, water-oil phase ratio and stirring rate at low and high levels. For two levels of the four variables the experimentation was performed in 16 batches. A good yield of well-defined microspheres of the size range, 2-30 microns, were obtained from all the batches. The drug loading was found maximum (36.33 per cent) in batch XV of microspheres prepared with low albumin concentration, high drug concentration, low water-oil phase ratio and low stirring rate. The least number (13 per cent) of microspheres of batch XV were below 7 microns and the remaining 87 per cent were above this size. Considering the payload and size, microspheres of batch XV were found suitable for targeting to the lung.