青光眼昼夜眼压波动

病理性高眼压和较大的昼夜眼压波动是青光眼视神经损害进展的重要危险因素.眼压具有波动性,正常人眼压波动的峰值多出现于凌晨,这种波动与体位、眼灌注压、眼轴等有关.正常眼压性青光眼患者眼压波动是视野进展的重要危险因素,且经24小时眼压监测发现大部分眼压是存在异常的,因此需根据其昼夜眼压曲线明确诊断和针对性治疗;原发性开角型青光眼患者昼夜眼压波动规律与正常人相似,眼压高峰多在夜间,但波动范围可能比正常人大,且双眼的波动呈明显的一致性;激光周边虹膜切开术后的慢性闭角型青光眼患者的昼夜眼压波动较大,其眼压波动与基线眼压和房角粘连程度呈正相关.与激光和药物相比,小梁切除术更有利于控制长期和昼夜的眼压波动.抗青光眼药物中前列腺素类药物是控制昼夜眼压波动效果最好的滴眼剂.     

原发性开角型青光眼进展的危险因素研究概况

原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)进展的危险因素包括全身性及眼部因素,眼部因素包括眼压及非眼压因素.在以往的多中心研究中,眼压对于由高眼压症发展为POAG及其在POAG进展中的作用已经明确,而目前降低眼压也是临床惟一有效地延缓、控制青光眼视神经损害进展的主要因素.制定目标眼压,进行降眼压治疗尤其是控制昼夜眼压波动对于阻止青光眼进展非常重要.非眼压危险因素包括高龄、中央角膜厚度增厚、视乳头出血、晶状体囊膜剥脱征、初始的青光眼严重程度及双眼罹患青光眼等.其他因素包括近视、青光眼家族史、眼部低灌注压、低血压、心血管疾病、高血压、高血脂等血管或血液性因素.POAG进展的危险因素研究在一定程度上揭示了POAG的发病机制及临床发病规律,对于指导临床医师决定随诊频率、选择治疗方案及提高治疗效率意义重大.     

选择性激光小梁成形术189眼治疗观察

目的观察选择性激光小梁成形术(SLT)作为原发性开角型青光眼、视网膜静脉阻塞伴开角型青光眼、进展性近视伴开角型青光眼、正常眼压性青光眼、前部缺血性视神经病变改善眼压首选治疗的安全性和有效性。方法分别对原发性开角型青光眼患者48例79只眼,视网膜静脉阻塞伴开角型青光眼患者26例36只眼,正常眼压性青光眼患者12例24只眼,前部缺血性视神经病变(AION)患者28例32只眼,进展性近视伴开角型青光眼患者14例18只眼,总计128例189只眼进行SLT治疗。结果以患者术后眼压较术前眼压下降≥3mmHg为有效,分别计算出患者术后2小时、1月、3月、6月、12月的有效率,总有效率分别为93.65%、97.48%、95.65%、94.57%、91.49%。结论SLT有显著的降眼压效果、安全、损伤小、实用、简便、科学。     

原发性开角型青光眼视神经损害进展与眼压波动及视盘旁萎缩弧扩大的关系

目的 分析原发性开角型青光眼（POAG）视神经损害进展的相关危险因素。设计 回顾性病例系列。 研究对象 北京同仁医院眼科门诊确诊的POAG、随访3年以上、眼底照片及眼压资料完整的患者115例（197眼）。方法 将患者初次就诊和末次就诊的眼底图片在计算机图像处理软件下进行图像配准,通过叠加闪烁对比观察眼底病变的细微改变。平均随访（56.6±14.8）个月。青光眼视神经损害进展的标准为盘沿丢失进展或伴有视网膜神经纤维层缺损进展。主要指标 可能导致青光眼视神经损害进展的多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 视神经损害进展98眼,未进展99眼,进展率49.75%。单因素Logistic回归分析显示视神经损害进展与眼压波动（P=0.000）、峰值眼压（P=0.001）及随访时间（P=0.041）有关;卡方检验显示视神经损害进展与盘沿出血（P=0.02）及视盘旁萎缩弧扩大（P=0.000）有关。多因素Logistic 回归分析显示视神经损害进展与眼压波动（P=0.000）及视盘旁萎缩弧扩大（P=0.000）有关。视神经损害进展组与未进展组相比,眼压波动明显大,前者眼压波动值平均为（2.87±1.29）（0.89～7.21）,后者眼压波动值平均为（2.11±0.94）（0.25～4.97）;并且视盘旁萎缩弧扩大的比例明显增高,视神经损害进展组无β区萎缩弧者5眼（5.1%）,有β区萎缩弧扩大者75眼（76.53%）。结论 除峰值眼压外,过大的眼压波动及β区萎缩弧扩大是POAG视神经损害进展的重要危险因素。（眼科,2012,21：39-42）     

颅内压与青光眼及其无创测量技术的研究进展

青光眼是世界上第二位致盲性眼病,第一位不可复性致盲性眼病。尽管眼压增高被认为是青光眼性视神经损害的主要危险因素,但是50%的原发性开角型青光眼患者的日常眼压正常,还有一些患者尽管眼压控制良好,但青光眼性视神经损害仍继续发展。这些现象无法用高眼压理论来解释,青光眼患者视神经损害的发病机制仍待探讨。目前国内外的一些研究表明：（1）视神经周围的生物力学的解剖结构包括眼内压,筛板和球后的脑脊液压力在原发性开角型青光眼的发病机制中发挥重要的作用;（2）正常眼压性青光眼患者的脑脊液压力比正常人低,而跨筛板压力差比正常人高;（3）高眼压症患者的脑脊液压力比正常人群高,而跨筛板压力差和正常人之间没有统计学意义。基于以上研究,本文就颅内压与青光眼性视神经损害之间关系的相关研究进展及临床上可行的无创颅内压测量方法作一综述。     

昼夜眼压波动及其在青光眼治疗中的意义

近年的研究显示,对原发性开角型青光眼患者而言,较大的昼夜眼压波动是一个重要的独立的危险因素,是导致视野损害进展的主要原因。本文综述近年来正常人及青光眼患者的昼夜眼压波动的研究进展,以便为临床治疗提供有价值的信息。     

24小时血压参数与原发性开角型青光眼视神经损害的相关性

目的：研究24 h血压参数与原发性开角型青光眼（POAG）视神经损害之间的相关性。方法：病例对照研究。选择2013年6月至2016年12月期间成都市第一人民医院确诊的60例POAG患者作为POAG组,55 例正常人群作为对照组。2 组均进行24 h眼压和血压的同步监测,比较2 组受检者24 h血压参数、眼灌注压及眼压的差异,并分析POAG组患者24 h血压参数、眼灌注压及眼压与相关视功能之间的关系。采用独立样本t检验和多重线性回归等进行统计学分析。结果：①POAG组的24 h平均眼压、眼压差、眼灌注压差及脉压差显著高于对照组,2 组差异均有统计学意义（t =3.22、6.57、2.29、2.39,P ＜0.05）。②POAG组平均收缩压显著高于对照组（t =3.02,P =0.003）,其收缩压最高值、收缩压波动值、夜间平均收缩压、夜间最高收缩压及其波动值均显著高于对照组（t =4.38、5.27、4.13、4.13、 4.14,P ＜0.001）。③POAG组24 h平均舒张压、舒张压最高值、夜间平均舒张压、夜间舒张压最高值也显著高于对照组（t =2.22、2.50、2.29、2.10,P ＜0.05）。④POAG组患者的24 h血压相关参数与视神经损害相关性：平均眼压是POAG视野的平均缺损值（MD）的影响因素,二者呈负相关（b =-0.44,P =0.004）;盘周平均视网膜神经纤维层（RNFL）厚度与平均眼压（b =-0.956,P =0.001）、眼压差（b =-1.125,P =0.003）呈负相关;夜间平均舒张压（b =0.395,P ＜0.001）和夜间平均动脉压（b =0.046,P =0.001）分别与AP100和AP50值呈正相关。结论：①24 h血压相关参数与POAG的视神经损害之间存在相关性;②夜间眼灌注压、夜间舒张压和夜间动脉压可能是POAG视神经损害的影响因素;③在POAG的治疗中,稳定的血压和靶眼压有利于保持有效的稳定的眼灌注压,提示在关注降眼压治疗POAG的同时应该关注血压的变化。     

正常眼压性青光眼24小时眼压波动的研究进展

正常眼压性青光眼(normal-tension glaucoma, NTG)是一种慢性进行性视神经病变, 发病时眼压在正常范围内。NTG在开角型青光眼中的占比较高。在NTG的诊断中, 24 h眼压测量尤其重要, 是与原发性开角型青光眼相鉴别的主要体征。NTG患者24 h眼压监测通常表现为夜间出现眼压峰值, 且其眼压的昼夜波动幅度往往比正常人大。且24 h眼压的平均眼压、短期和长期眼压波动幅度、最小眼压值都显示为NTG疾病进展中的预测参数。这使得NTG患者24 h眼压监测及根据其24 h眼压波动特点进行个体化治疗变得尤为重要。(国际眼科纵览, 2023, 47:24-29)     

临床诊治开角型青光眼是否需要监测眼压波动

高眼压是青光眼患者视神经病变产生和进展的危险因素.近年来眼压波动与开角型青光眼的关系日渐被学科界重视,关注的焦点是眼压波动是否为青光眼进展的危险因素,临床医师除了监测青光眼患者的眼压值外,是否也需要常规监测眼压波动？由于眼压波动的监测工作有一定难度,目前尚未在临床广泛开展.作为青光眼专科医师,如何在诊治青光眼的繁忙过程中考虑到眼压波动对病情进展的影响,如何尽可能选择减少眼压波动的有效治疗方案,这已成为目前多数研究者普遍关注的焦点问题.因此有必要就开角型青光眼的眼压波动规律及其对青光眼病情进展的影响、有效监测眼压波动的简便易行方法、青光眼治疗方案与眼压波动的关系等问题与眼科同道共同探讨.     

昼夜眼压波动及其在青光眼治疗中的意义

近年的研究显示，对原发性开角型青光眼患而言，较大的昼夜眼压波动是一个重要的独立的危险因素，是导致视野损害进展的主要原因。本综述近年来正常人及青光眼患的昼夜眼压波动的研究进展，以便为临床治疗提供有价值的信息。     

POAG患者习惯性体位眼压及眼灌注压昼夜波动趋势的研究

目的：探讨初诊未行治疗的原发性开角型青光眼( prilary open angle glaucola,POAG)患者习惯性体位眼压及眼灌注压(ocular perfusion pressure,OPP)波动趋势,并验证由日间平均坐位及卧位眼压推导夜间峰值眼压的可行性。
　　方法：选取POAG患者19例19眼及正常对照组18例18眼,分别于10：00,14：00,18：00及22：00时行坐位眼压及血压监测,为验证由日间卧位眼压推导夜间峰值眼压的可行性,另对POAG组于卧位5 lin后再行监测。2：00,5：00及7：00行卧位监测,计算出OPP并行数据分析。由已知公式通过日间眼压计算夜间峰值眼压,并与实际值对比。
　　结果：24h习惯性体位下,POAG患者平均眼压及眼压波动均高于正常对照组(P<0.05),POAG组平均眼压峰值出现于凌晨5：00,对照组则为7：00。两组夜间眼压均值均大于日间,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组内习惯性体位平均眼灌注压( MOPP )均表现为夜间低于日间( P<0.05),而两组间 MOPP 无明显统计学差异( P>0.05)。POAG患者MOPP波动较对照组大,差异有统计学意义( P<0.05)。由两公式推导所得夜间眼压峰值均与所测值无明显统计学差异(P>0.05)。
　　结论：习惯性体位下POAG组及正常人的眼压峰值多出现在凌晨至上午,POAG患者的习惯性体位平均眼压及眼压波动均高于对照组。两组内夜间灌注压均较日间低,且POAG患者有更大的MOPP波动。由日间眼压推导夜间峰值眼压具有一定的可行性。     

The role of blood pressure in glaucoma

Although intraocular pressure (IOP) remains an important risk factor for glaucoma, it is clear that other factors can also influence disease development and progression. More recently, the role that blood pressure (BP) has in the genesis of glaucoma has attracted attention, as it represents a clinically modifiable risk factor and thus provides the potential for new treatment strategies beyond IOP reduction. The interplay between blood pressure and IOP determines the ocular perfusion pressure (OPP), which regulates blood flow to the optic nerve. If OPP is a more important determinant of ganglion cell injury than IOP, then hypotension should exacerbate the detrimental effects of IOP elevation, whereas hypertension should provide protection against IOP elevation. Epidemiological evidence provides some conflicting outcomes of the role of systemic hypertension in the development and progression of glaucoma. The most recent study showed that patients at both extremes of the blood pressure spectrum show an increased prevalence of glaucoma. Those with low blood pressure would have low OPP and thus reduced blood flow; however, that people with hypertension also show increased risk is more difficult to reconcile. This finding may reflect an inherent blood flow dysregulation secondary to chronic hypertension that would render retinal blood flow less able to resist changes in ocular perfusion pressure. Here we review both clinical and experimental studies that have attempted to clarify the relationships among blood pressure, OPP and blood flow autoregulation in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.     

Effects of caffeinated coffee consumption on intraocular pressure, ocular perfusion pressure, and ocular pulse amplitude: a randomized controlled trial

Purpose

To examine the effects of caffeinated coffee consumption on intraocular pressure (IOP), ocular perfusion pressure (OPP), and ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) in those with or at risk for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

Methods

We conducted a prospective, double-masked, crossover, randomized controlled trial with 106 subjects: 22 with high tension POAG, 18 with normal tension POAG, 20 with ocular hypertension, 21 POAG suspects, and 25 healthy participants. Subjects ingested either 237 ml of caffeinated (182 mg caffeine) or decaffeinated (4 mg caffeine) coffee for the first visit and the alternate beverage for the second visit. Blood pressure (BP) and pascal dynamic contour tonometer measurements of IOP, OPA, and heart rate were measured before and at 60 and 90 min after coffee ingestion per visit. OPP was calculated from BP and IOP measurements. Results were analysed using paired t-tests. Multivariable models assessed determinants of IOP, OPP, and OPA changes.

Results

There were no significant differences in baseline IOP, OPP, and OPA between the caffeinated and decaffeinated visits. After caffeinated as compared with decaffeinated coffee ingestion, mean mm Hg changes (±SD) in IOP, OPP, and OPA were as follows: 0.99 (±1.52, P<0.0001), 1.57 (±6.40, P=0.0129), and 0.23 (±0.52, P<0.0001) at 60 min, respectively; and 1.06 (±1.67, P<0.0001), 1.26 (±6.23, P=0.0398), and 0.18 (±0.52, P=0.0006) at 90 min, respectively. Regression analyses revealed sporadic and inconsistent associations with IOP, OPP, and OPA changes.

Conclusion

Consuming one cup of caffeinated coffee (182 mg caffeine) statistically increases, but likely does not clinically impact, IOP and OPP in those with or at risk for POAG.     

原发性开角型青光眼患者不同体位眼灌注压昼夜波动趋势分析

Objective To characterize the circadian fluctuation of ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) in different position  in patients with newly diagnosed, untreatedprimary open-angle glaucoma（POAG）. Design Cohort study. Participants Nineteen patients with POAG (19 eyes) and eighteen healthy controls (18 eyes) were included in the Peking University Shenzhen Hospital. Methods POAG patients and healthy controls were included and underwent 24-hour monitoring of IOP and blood pressure. On 10:00, 14:00, 18:00 and 22:00 o’clock in the daytime, all the subjects were monitored in sitting position, then POAG patients were monitored again after lying down for 5 minutes. On 2:00, 5:00 and 7:00 o’clock at night all the subjects were monitored in supine position, then POAG patients were monitored again after sitting for 5 minutes. Calculating the mean ocular perfusion pressure (MOPP), the systolic ocular perfusion pressure (SOPP) and diastolic perfusion pressure (DOPP) by the formula and analyzing the data. Main Outcome Measures  MOPP, SOPP, DOPP. Results In both groups of habitual position (sitting position in day and supine position in night), the nocturnal MOPP, SOPP and DOPP were lower than diurnal. In both groups, the nocturnal MOPP was lower than diurnal in habitual position (POAG group t=4.092, P=0.000; healthy group t=4.513, P=0.000). However, there was no obvious difference between those two groups (t=-0.973, P=0.350). POAG group had higher 24-hour fluctuation of MOPP (t=2.204, P=0.039), higher nocturnal fluctuation of SOPP (t=3.097, P=0.018), higher nocturnal and 24-hour fluctuation of DOPP than healthy group, all the differences had statistical significance (all P<0.05).  In POAG group , there was no statistical difference between the nocturnal MOPP and the diurnal MOPP in sitting position or in supine position of 24 h (all P>0.05). POAG group had higher 24-hour mean MOPP in sitting position than in supine position, the difference had statistical significance (t=4.306, P=0.001).  Comparing the MOPP of  POAG group  in habitual position with in sitting position of 24 h, there was no statistical difference(t=-2.101, P=0.080). However, POAG group had higher 24-hour mean MOPP in habitual position than in supine position of 24 h, the difference had statistical significance (t=2.707, P=0.035). Conclusions There circadian fluctuation of  OPP in different position in POAG pations can not be treated as the same. The nocturnal MOPP  was lower than diurnal in habitual position, but there was no obvious difference in the 24h-sitting position and 24h-supine position.  (Ophthalmol CHN, 2017, 26: 20-25）     

The complex interaction between ocular perfusion pressure and ocular blood flow – Relevance for glaucoma

Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy of unknown origin. The most important risk factor for the disease is an increased intraocular pressure (IOP). Reducing IOP is associated with reduced progression in glaucoma. Several recent large scale trials have indicated that low ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) is a risk factor for the incidence, prevalence and progression of the disease. This is a strong indicator that vascular factors are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, a hypothesis that was formulated 150 years ago. The relation between OPP and blood flow to the posterior pole of the eye is, however, complex, because of a phenomenon called autoregulation. Autoregulatory processes attempt to keep blood flow constant despite changes in OPP. Although autoregulation has been observed in many experiments in the ocular vasculature the mechanisms underlying the vasodilator and vasoconstrictor responses in face of changes in OPP remain largely unknown. There is, however, recent evidence that the human choroid regulates its blood flow better during changes in blood pressure induced by isometric exercise than during changes in IOP induced by a suction cup. This may have consequences for our understanding of glaucoma, because it indicates that blood flow regulation is strongly dependent not only on OPP, but also on the level of IOP itself. Indeed there is data indicating that reduction of IOP by pharmacological intervention improves optic nerve head blood flow regulation independently of an ocular vasodilator effect.     

中国陕西省农村人群血压、眼压和原发性开角型青光眼流行病学调查

目的：调查中国陕西省农村≥50岁人群原发性开角型青光眼、眼内压与全身血压的联系。 方法：2003-07／12，采用整体随机分层抽样法在陕西省洋县、靖边县及富平县调查8500人，其中≥50岁人群2125人，所有受检人员均进行标准问卷调查及详细的眼科检查，包括视力检查、裂隙灯检查、测量眼压及散瞳后直接检眼镜检查眼底。受检者于坐位测量血压。若有可疑青光眼性视盘损害或眼压高于22mmHg者则应进行视野检查。 结果：≥50岁人群中有1775人完成了青光眼的相关检查，受检率为83．53％。通过相关分析，发现此人群中眼压与全身性血压有显著相关性；眼压与收缩压均随年龄的增长而显著升高。通过多因素logistic回归分析，显示原发性开角型青光眼与低舒张期灌注压有显著联系，但未发现原发性开角型青光眼与高血压的显著联系。 结论：中国陕西省农村≥50岁人群中原发性开角型青光眼的患病率与中国其他报道相近。证实较低的舒张期灌注压是原发性开角型青光眼的一个重要危险因素。     

New directions in the treatment of normal tension glaucoma

Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy that causes characteristic changes of the optic nerve and visual field in relation to intraocular pressure (IOP). It is now known that glaucoma can occur at statistically normal IOPs and prevalence studies have shown that normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is more common than previously thought. While IOP is believed to be the predominant risk factor in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), IOP-independent risk factors, such as vascular dysregulation, are believed to play an important part in the pathogenesis of NTG. Though certain distinguishing phenotypic features of NTG have been reported, such as an increased frequency of disc hemorrhages, acquired pits of the optic nerve and characteristic patterns of disc cupping and visual field loss, there is much overlap of the clinical findings in NTG with POAG, suggesting that NTG is likely part of a continuum of open angle glaucomas. However, IOP modification is still the mainstay of treatment in NTG. As in traditional POAG, reduction of IOP can be achieved with the use of medications, laser trabeculoplasty or surgery. Studies now show that the choice of medication may also be important in determining the outcomes of these patients. Though it is likely that future treatment of NTG will involve modification of both IOP and IOP-independent risk factors, current efforts to develop IOP-independent neuroprotective treatments have not yet proven to be effective in humans.     

低颅压与正常眼压性青光眼的关系

青光眼作为导致人类不可逆性盲的头号杀手,是一组慢性进行性视神经病变疾病。虽然病理性眼压增高是青光眼发展的主要危险因素,但是其视神经病变机制始终不明。而且有部分患者眼压处于正常值范围内,却依然发生了青光眼性视神经损害,被称为“正常眼压性青光眼”。因此,我们不得不考虑,除眼压外还有其他因素参与青光眼视神经的损害。近年来有研究表明:颅内压与眼压的失衡有可能是正常眼压性青光眼的原因之一,本文就颅内压与正常眼压性青光眼的关系做一综述。