Reperfusion strategies in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a comprehensive review of contemporary management options

There are an estimated 500,000 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) events in the U.S. annually. Despite improvements in care, up to one-third of patients presenting with STEMI within 12 h of symptom onset still receive no reperfusion therapy acutely. Clinical studies indicate that speed of reperfusion after infarct onset may be more important than whether pharmacologic or mechanical intervention is used. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), when performed rapidly at high-volume centers, generally has superior efficacy to fibrinolysis, although fibrinolysis may be more suitable for many patients as an initial reperfusion strategy. Because up to 70% of STEMI patients present to hospitals without on-site PCI facilities, and prolonged door-to-balloon times due to inevitable transport delays commonly limit the benefit of PCI, the continued role and importance of the prompt, early use of fibrinolytic therapy may be underappreciated. Logistical complexities such as triage or transportation delays must be considered when a reperfusion strategy is selected, because prompt fibrinolysis may achieve greater benefit, especially if the fibrinolytic-to-PCI time delay associated with transfer exceeds approximately 1 h. Selection of a fibrinolytic requires consideration of several factors, including ease of dosing and combination with adjunctive therapies. Careful attention to these variables is critical to ensuring safe and rapid reperfusion, particularly in the prehospital setting. The emerging modality of pharmacoinvasive therapy, although controversial, seeks to combine the benefits of mechanical and pharmacologic reperfusion. Results from ongoing clinical trials will provide guidance regarding the utility of this strategy.     

优化急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗

对ST段抬高型心肌梗死实施直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗不应只是为获得TIMI 3级血流,而应是良好的心肌灌注。可通过上游使用血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂、他汀类调脂药,个体化正确使用血栓抽吸装置,必要时延迟支架植入等手段,优化直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术的效果。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者溶栓后经皮冠状动脉介入治疗时机的选择

目的:探讨急性心肌梗死静脉溶栓后紧急转诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)模式的科学性、有效性及安全性。方法:5例急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者在外院行静脉溶栓后经绿色通道直接送至我院心导管室行紧急PCI术,观察转运途中的安全性、术中及术后的并发症,术后即刻疗效及出院后短期随访效果。结果:溶栓后立即转诊至我院并紧急PCI的5例患者均顺利完成PCI术,住院期间未见再发缺血事件,也未见明显出血并发症,缩短了患者的住院时间,术后短期随访未见明显不良事件发生。结论:在具备抢救设备及医护人员陪同的条件下,外院STEMI患者溶栓后立即转诊实施紧急PCI术是安全的,且对患者有益,手术时间应在溶栓3h之后,根据术中情况决定术后抗血小板聚集和抗凝治疗。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死直接冠脉成形术ST段变化的临床价值

目的探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者行直接冠脉成形术,术前和术后ST段变化对远期心血管事件的临床预测价值。方法对54例ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者行直接冠脉成形术,观察术前和术后1h心电图ST段变化,计算ST段回落指数。对所有患者随访12个月,观察12个月内心血管事件（猝死、心肌梗死、再狭窄、再次血管重建、慢性心衰）发生情况。对ST段回落指数和随访心血管事件行ROC分析,并通过COX比例风险模型多因素回归分析ST段回落指数对12个月终点事件的独立预测价值。结果在12个月的随访中,发生心源性死亡2例,再发心绞痛4例,慢性心衰7例。ST段回落指数临界点取63％时,对目标心脏事件预测的ROC曲线下面积0．843,灵敏度76．9％,特异度78．0％。COX比例风险模型多因素回归分析显示ST段回落指数对目标终点事件具有独立预测价值。结论急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者行直接PCI术,术前和术后ST段的变化即ST段回落指数对术后12个月预后具有独立预测价值。     

老年人营养风险指数预测急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的预后

目的旨在调查老年人营养风险指数(GNRI)是否与接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者的死亡率相关。方法连续选取309例进行PCI的STEMI患者入组,将GNRI评分进行受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析,将GNRI≥94或94的患者分别被分配为0或1的GNRI评分组。结果在309例STEMI患者中,24例(7.74%)在医院死亡,15例(4.83%)在长期随访期间死亡[中位随访时间为19.5(3~36)月]。与GNRI 0组患者相比,GNRI 1组患者有更显著的在院死亡率(16.7%比4.4%,P0.001)和长期随访死亡率(23.8%比8.4%,P0.001)。GNRI(HR 2.039,95%CI 1.038~4.004,P=0.039)是接受PCI的STEMI患者死亡率的显著独立预测因子。此外,与GNRI 0组患者相比,GNRI 1组患者的累积生存率显著降低(76.2%比91.6%,log-rank P0.001)。结论 GNRI对于接受PCI的STEMI患者风险分层可能是有效的。     

前列地尔对直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者心肌灌注的影响

目的探讨前列地尔对接受直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者心肌灌注的影响。方法选取2017年11月至2018年4月在本院就诊的符合条件的160例STEMI患者作为研究对象,随机分为前列地尔组80例和对照组80例,前列地尔组在对照组常规治疗的基础上给予前列地尔治疗。比较2组患者心肌灌注指标如心肌梗死溶栓试验(TIMI)血流分级、校正的TIMI帧数(CTFC)、心肌显影密度分级(MBG)及PCI术后2 h ST段回落率(STR)≥50%及术后无复流情况;检测入院时及PCI术后7天患者血清中炎症指标如肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)及高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP);收集患者术后3天及出院后3个月心脏彩色超声指标左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)和左心室射血分数(LVEF);随访出院后3个月内发生的主要不良心脏事件(MACE)。结果 (1)2组基线资料一致,具有可比性。(2)前列地尔组PCI术后TIMI 3级、MBG 3级比例及2 h STR≥50%的发生率均高于对照组(P0.05),而术后无复流发生率和CTFC帧数均低于对照组(P0.05)。(3)2组入院时血清TNF-α、IL-6和hs-CRP含量均无显著差异(P0.05);前列地尔组术后7天血清TNF-α、IL-6和hs-CRP含量均低于对照组(P0.01)。(4)随访3个月,前列地尔组LVEDD小于对照组、LVEF大于对照组(P0.05);前列地尔组总的MACE及心力衰竭发生率均小于对照组(P0.05)。结论行直接PCI治疗的STEMI患者应用前列地尔能够有效减弱炎症反应,恢复心肌再灌注,减少心肌微循环障碍的的发生,同时可以改善患者心功能及预后。     

急性心肌梗死的延迟冠状动脉介入治疗

目的 探讨延迟冠状动脉介入治疗的疗效及安全性。方法 回顾性分析我院2003年4月～2006年3月发病超过12h 110例急性ST段抬高心肌梗死病人的临床资料。根据其是否接受冠状动脉介入治疗分为：延迟冠脉介入治疗组42例及药物治疗组68例。记录并分析两组住院及随访期间主要心脏事件的发生情况。结果 两组的基本情况除介入治疗组病人的年龄较药物治疗组偏小外．其他临床特征差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。介入治疗手术成功率：95％（40／42）。导丝无法通过病变手术失败1例,术后并发蛛网膜下腔出血1例,术中无死亡病例。两组住院及随访期间主要心脏事件发生情况：介入治疗组累计死亡1例（3．1％）;药物治疗组累计死亡7例（10．3％）,介入治疗组明显低于药物治疗组（P〈0．001）。主要心脏事件发生率,住院期间介入治疗组为34．5％,药物治疗组为50．0％;随访期间介入治疗组为37．5％,药物治疗组为60．3％。两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。结论 与常规药物治疗相比,延迟冠状动脉介入治疗安全有效,能明显改善急性心肌梗死的预后。     

年龄对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者急诊行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后发生对比剂诱发的急性肾损伤的影响

目的 探讨不同年龄对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者急诊行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术后,发生对比剂诱发的急性肾损伤（CI-AKI）的影响。方法 回顾性分析2006年2月至2012年9月期间在沈阳军区总医院心内科监护病房住院的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死且急诊行PCI术的患者1 685例。按年龄分为两组：＜60岁组（n＝932）和≥60岁组（n＝753）。比较两组患者的临床资料,对单因素分析有统计学意义的指标进行多因素logistic 回归分析,筛选出独立的危险因素。同时观察术后1个月、6个月、1年及3年两组患者发生主要心脏不良事件（MACE）和全因死亡的相关情况。结果 ≥60岁组患者CI-AKI发病率高于＜60岁组患者（14.7% vs 8.6%,P＜0.001）。年龄、既往心肌梗死病史和对比剂剂量是CI-AKI发生的危险因素。术后3年,≥60岁组患者的累积全因死亡率和心源性死亡率均明显高于＜60岁组患者（4.2% vs 1.5%,P＜0.001;1.5% vs 0.2%,P＝0.011）。结论 临床医师应慎重对待高龄患者,在术前充分评估患者心功能,在术中尽量精准使用对比剂剂量,以期预防CI-AKI的发生。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后冠状动脉微循环障碍及其对心功能影响的研究

目的应用心肌声学造影(MCE)评估急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后冠状动脉微循环障碍(CMD)的发生情况,并探讨其对心功能的影响。方法入选2016年6月至2021年5月北京大学人民医院因STEMI住院行PCI,并于住院期间完成MCE的患者109例。根据MCE检查分为CMD组及微循环功能正常组。分析两组患者的一般临床资料、STEMI相关临床情况、冠状动脉造影及血运重建情况以及MCE资料。结果109例STEMI患者中CMD发生率为66.1%。CMD组患者与正常组相比C反应蛋白水平更高[10.0(1.3,46.2)mg/L比1.7(0.5,15.5)mg/L,P=0.029],脑钠肽水平更高[333(100,685)pg/ml比125(39,348)pg/ml,P=0.016],左心室射血分数(LVEF)更低[51.0%(43.1%,58.9%)比58.9%(51.5%,63.8%),P=0.002],左心室整体长轴应变更差[–10.8%(–8.1%,–13.6%)比–13.3%(–10.5%,–16.7%),P=0.006],节段性室壁运动异常(RWMA)比例更高(95.8%比78.4%,P=0.004),室壁运动评分指数(WMSI)更差[1.53(1.37,1.88)比1.29(1.09,1.47),P<0.001],室壁瘤发生率更高(19.4%比0,P=0.004)。且校正罪犯血管的影响后,两组患者LVEF、RWMA比例及WMSI依旧差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论与微循环功能正常组相比,STEMI后出现CMD的患者具有更高的炎性水平,室壁运动及心功能相对更差,提示不良预后。     

微小RNA-150对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入术后6月内主要不良心血管事件的预测价值

目的探究微小RNA-150(miR-150)对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者行经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)后主要不良心血管事件(MACE)的预测价值。方法选取我院2016年1月至2019年1月收治的130例确诊为STEMI并行急诊PCI治疗患者,依照患者PCI术后6月是否发生MACE分为MACE组(n=36)和非MACE组(n=94)。比较2组患者miR-150表达水平及临床一般资料。Logistic回归分析急性STEMI患者PCI术后6月发生MACE的危险因素。Spearman相关性分析miR-150与各危险因素的相关性。受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析miR-150对急性STEMI患者PCI术后6月内MACE的预测价值。结果 2组患者在性别、年龄、合并症(糖尿病、高血压、冠心病、高脂血症)、梗死部位、术后用药、急诊PCI时间、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、血红蛋白比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。MACE组心率(HR)、收缩压、舒张压、血小板、C反应蛋白(CRP)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)显著高于非MACE组,左心室射血分数(LVEF)、miR-150水平显著低于非MACE组,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、高血压史、HR、LVEF、CRP、CK-MB、NLR、miR-150均为急性STEMI患者PCI术后6月发生MACE的独立危险因素。相关性分析结果显示,miR-150与高血压史、HR、CRP、CK-MB、NLR水平呈明显负相关性,与年龄、LVEF呈明显正相关性(P=0.000)。ROC曲线表明,miR-150诊断急性STEMI患者PCI术后6月内发生MACE的切点为0.23,曲线下面积为0.905(95%CI 0.871～0.939)。结论低水平miR-150为急性STEMI患者PCI术后6月内发生MACE的独立危险因素,检测miR-150水平可帮助评估急性STEMI患者预后。     

血塞通联合经皮冠状动脉介入治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死临床研究

目的探讨血塞通联合经皮冠状动脉介入治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的临床效果。方法选取我院2016年10月-2017年10月期间收治的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者120例,随机分为2组。对照组60例,给予经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,观察组60例,在对照组基础上给予血塞通治疗。比较两组术前、术后1d血清标志物水平、术后1d TIMI血流分级、术后1d心肌显色分级、术后7d血清炎性因子水平、术后1个月心功能水平,以及不良反应发生情况。结果治疗后,两组CKMB、cTnT、hs-CRP、PTX-3、BNP和LVEDD水平均降低,且观察组较对照组明显更低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗后,两组TIMI血流分级、心肌显色分级和LVEF水平均升高,且观察组较对照组明显更高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组不良反应发生率相比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论血塞通联合经皮冠状动脉介入治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死疗效显著,能有效改善患者心肌供血,减轻炎症反应,改善患者心功能,且无明显不良反应,安全性较高,值得临床推广使用。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入术后血清miR-26a-5p水平与心力衰竭的关系

目的探究急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)后血清微小RNA-26a-5p(miR-26a-5p)水平及与心力衰竭的关系。方法选择2018年2月—10月在本院就诊的223例STEMI患者作为研究对象。根据STEMI患者PCI后是否并发心力衰竭将其分为心力衰竭组(n=56)和非心力衰竭组(n=167)。采用实时荧光定量PCR检测STEMI患者外周血中miR-26a-5p水平。比较两组临床资料及miR-26a-5p水平。ROC曲线评价miR-26a-5p对STEMI患者PCI后并发心力衰竭的预测价值。结果心力衰竭组年龄、糖尿病病史、急性前壁型STEMI及发病至治疗时间均高于非心力衰竭组(P0.05)。两组PCI术前、术后1天和7天miR-26a-5p水平比较有时间效应、组间效应及交互效应(P0.001)。PCI术后7天miR-26a-5p水平评价STEMI患者并发心力衰竭的ROC曲线下面积高于PCI术前和术后1天(P0.001)。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、病变类型、发病至治疗时间和PCI术后7天miR-26a-5p水平与STEMI患者并发心力衰竭密切相关(P0.05)。结论 miR-26a-5p与STEMI患者PCI后并发心力衰竭关系密切,检测PCI后7天miR-26a-5p水平有助于预测心力衰竭的发生。     

The prognostic value of the Tpeak-Tend interval in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Introduction

The Tpeak-Tend interval (TpTe) has been linked to increased arrhythmic risk. TpTe was investigated before and after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Method

Patients with first-time STEMI treated with pPCI were included (n = 101; mean age 62 years; range 39-89 years; 74% men). Digital electrocardiograms were taken pre- and post-PCI, respectively. Tpeak-Tend interval was measured in leads with limited ST-segment deviation. The primary end point was all-cause mortality during 22 ± 7 months (mean ± SD) of follow-up.

Results

Pre- and post-PCI TpTe were 104 milliseconds [98-109 milliseconds] and 106 milliseconds [99-112 milliseconds], respectively (mean [95% confidence interval], P = .59). A prolonged pre-PCI TpTe was associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio, 10.5 [1.7-20.4] for a cutoff value of 100 milliseconds). Uncorrected QT and heart rate-corrected QT intervals (Fridericia-corrected QT) were prolonged after PCI (QT: 401 vs 410 milliseconds, P = .022, and Fridericia-corrected QT: 430 vs 448 milliseconds, P < .0001).

Conclusion

In patients with STEMI undergoing pPCI, pre-PCI TpTe predicted subsequent all-cause mortality, and the QT interval was increased after the procedure.     

Additional manual thrombus aspiration for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction during percutaneous coronary intervention: an updated meta- analysis

Background The clinical efficacy and safety of adjunctive thrombus aspiration (TA) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remain controversial. Methods Twenty five eligible randomized controlled trials were included to compare the use of thrombus aspiration (TA) with PCI and PCI-only for STEMI. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality and death. The secondary endpoints were major adverse cardiac events (MACE), recurrent infarction (RI), target vessel revascularization (TVR), stent thrombosis (ST), perfusion surrogate markers and stroke. Results TIMI flow grade 3 and MBG 2–3 were significantly increased in the TA plus PCI arm compared with the PCI-only arm [relative risk (RR): 1.05, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.02–1.09, P = 0.004] and (RR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.40–2.00, P < 0.001), respectively. There were no significant differences in all-cause mortality, MACEs, TVR and ST rates between the two groups. The RI rate was lower in the TA plus PCI arm than that in the PCI-only arm with short-term follow-up duration (RR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.38–0.96, P = 0.03), but there was no significant difference in RI incidence over the medium- or long-term follow-up periods (RR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.77–1.29, P = 0.98), and (RR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.81–1.15, P = 0.69), respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the rates of crude stroke and stroke over the medium- or long-term follow-up periods and the crude stroke rate in the TA plus PCI (RR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.08–2.38, P = 0.02) and (RR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.03–1.98, P = 0.03), respectively; this was not observed between the two arms during the short-term follow-up period (RR: 1.47, 95% CI: 0.97–2.21, P = 0.07). Conclusions Routine TA-assisted PCI in STEMI patients can improve myocardial reperfusion and get limited benefits related to the clinical endpoints, which may be associated with stroke risk.     

D-二聚体/纤维蛋白原比值对老年ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术中慢血流/无复流的预测价值

[目的]探讨D-二聚体/纤维蛋白原比值(DFR)对老年急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术中慢血流/无复流(SF/NRF)的预测价值。[方法]回顾性分析240例接受急诊PCI的老年STEMI患者,依据术后冠状动脉远端血流情况分为SF/NRF组(42例)和非SF/NRF组(198例),比较两组患者基线资料、介入相关指标、DFR等,分析SF/NRF的影响因素及DFR对SF/NRF的预测价值。[结果] SF/NRF组心功能Killip 2～3级、肌酸激酶同工酶峰值、心肌肌钙蛋白I峰值、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原和DFR均显著高于非SF/NRF组(P<0.05)。SF/NRF组症状发作到首份心电图时间显著长于非SF/NRF组,术前TIMI血流0级比例显著高于非SF/NRF组(P<0.05),而有创收缩压、有创舒张压显著低于非SF/NRF组(P<0.05)。多因素回归分析显示症状发作到首份心电图时间和DFR是SF/NRF的独立预测因素。ROC曲线分析显示,当DFR>0.28时,DFR对SF/NRF的预测价值较高,曲线下面积为0.818(9...     

Prognostic implications of quantitative evaluation of baseline Q-wave width in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Objectives

To evaluate quantitative relationships between baseline Q-wave width and 90-day outcomes in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Background

Baseline Q-waves are useful in predicting clinical outcomes after MI.

Methods

3589 STEMI patients were assessed from a multi-centre study.

Results

1156 patients of the overall cohort had pathologic Q-waves. The 90-day mortality and the composite of mortality, congestive heart failure (CHF), or cardiogenic shock (p < 0.001 for both outcomes) rose as Q-wave width increased. After adapting a threshold ≥ 40 ms for inferior and ≥ 20 ms for lateral/apical MI in all patients (n = 3065) with any measureable Q-wave we found hazard ratios (HR) for mortality (HR: 2.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.54–3.85), p < 0.001) and the composite (HR: 2.32, 95% CI (1.70–3.16), p < 0.001). This improved reclassification of patients experiencing the composite endpoint versus the conventional definition (net reclassification index (NRI): 0.23, 95% CI (0.09-0.36), p < 0.001) and universal MI definition (NRI: 0.15, 95% CI (0.02–0.29), p = 0.027).

Conclusions

The width of the baseline Q-wave in STEMI adds prognostic value in predicting 90-day clinical outcomes. A threshold of ≥ 40 ms in inferior and ≥ 20 ms for lateral/apical MI enhances prognostic insight beyond current criteria.