广西贺州城镇成人慢性肾脏病的流行病学调查

目的 探讨广西贺州城镇成人慢性肾脏病(CKD)的患病情况及危险因素。 方法 在广西中小城市贺州，采用分层整群系统随机抽样的方法，抽取贺州部分城镇1200名18岁以上的常住居民，对其进行问卷调查、检测肾脏损伤指标及相关危险因素。 结果 在资料完整的1069名居民中，白蛋白尿的患病率为7.5％；血尿的患病率为4.8％，肾功能下降的患病率为3．6％。该人群CKD的患病率为14.4％，知晓率为1.4％。二分类Logistic回归分析提示，年龄（OR为1.022，95%CI为1.008～1.035）、性别（OR为2.249，95%CI为1.502～3.367）、高血压（OR为4.397，95%CI为2.601～7.432）及糖尿病（OR为7.422，95%CI为3.985～13.825）与CKD独立相关。 结论 在我国广西中小城市贺州部分城镇中，成人CKD的患病率为14.4％，知晓率为1.4％。CKD的相关危险因素包括年龄、性别、高血压及糖尿病，与发达国家和我国大城市相似。     

安徽省成人慢性肾脏病流行病学调查

目的 探讨安徽省成人慢性肾脏病(CKD)患病率及相关危险因素.方法 采用分层多级抽样的方法随机抽取安徽省18岁以上常住居民3800人,进行CKD及相关危险因素的检测和问卷调查.结果 在资料完整的3374名居民中,经人口年龄、性别构成比校正后,白蛋白尿患病率为9.8％(95％CI 8.8％～10.9％);肾功能下降患病率为2.1％(95％CI 1.7％～2.7％).该人群CKD患病率为10.4％(95％CI 9.4％～11.5％);知晓率为6.5％.女性、年龄增加、糖尿病、高血压和高尿酸血症是CKD的独立危险因素,而肥胖、高脂血症、吸烟和饮酒与CKD发病率增高无关.结论 安徽省成人CKD患病率为10.4％,知晓率为6.5％.女性、年龄增加、高血压、糖尿病及高尿酸血症是CKD的独立危险因素.     

广州市城区普通人群中慢性肾脏病的流行病学研究

目的 探讨我国南方城市人群中慢性肾脏病（CKD）的患病情况及相关危险因素。方法 在广州市城区采用分层多级随机抽样的方法，抽取天河区和海珠区20岁以上的常住居民2213人，进行慢性肾脏病及相关危险因素的检测和问卷调查。结果 在资料完整的2128名居民中，经过人口年龄、性别构成比校正后，白蛋白尿的患病率为6．2％（95％CI为5．9％～6．4％）；血尿的患病率为6．5％（95％CI为5．3％～7．8％）；肾功能下降的患病率为1．6％（95％CI为1．3％～2．0％）。该人群CKD的患病率为10．1％；知晓率为9．7％。结论 在我国南方的大城市中，人群CKD的患病率为10．1％，知晓率为9．7％。CKD的相关危险因素包括年龄、高血压及糖尿病。     

郑州市城区成年人慢性肾脏病流行病学调查

目的 了解郑州市城区成年人慢性肾脏病(CKD)的流行现状.方法 采取多阶段分层整群随机抽样的的方法,抽取郑州市4个社区内20岁及20岁以上常住居民共1855人,进行问卷调查、体格检查、肾脏损伤及相关危险因素检测.结果 在资料完整的1752名居民中,经人口年龄和性别构成比校正后,白蛋白尿、血尿、估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)下降的患病率分别为5.78%、8.19%和1.58%.男性蛋白尿和血尿的患病率低于女性(4.37%比7.29%,X2=6.252,P=0.012;5.08%比11.51%,X2=24.499,P＜0.01);eGFR下降患病率高于女性(2.26%比0.86%,X2=5.830,P=0.016).按年龄将研究对象分为7个亚组,蛋白尿和eGFR下降患病率随年龄的增加而升高(X2=13.428,P=0.037;X2=17.080,P=0.009).该人群CKD的粗患病率为14.50%,经年龄、性别标化后的患病率为13.57%,女性高于男性(17.83%比9.59%,X2=23.132,P＜0.01). CKD最多见的表现形式是血尿(50.40%)和蛋白尿(31.89%).多因素Logistic回归结果显示,性别、年龄、吸烟、肥胖、高血压、糖尿病和高尿酸血症是CKD的危险因素.该人群CKD的知晓率为8.27%,治疗率为7.09%.结论 郑州市成年人群CKD的患病率为13.57%;知晓率为8.27%.CKD的相关危险因素包括性别、年龄、吸烟、肥胖、高血压及糖尿病等.     

Egypt Information, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease (EGIPT-CKD) programme: prevalence and risk factors for microalbuminuria among the relatives of patients with CKD in Egypt

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly recognized as a public health problem, and is linked to the risk of development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with their attendant morbidity, mortality and increased healthcare costs. There is still paucity of data on the prevalence and risk factors for microalbuminuria (MA) and CKD in the Middle East. We report a cross-sectional study of the prevalence and risk factors for MA in the relatives of patients with CKD from a community-based screening programme in Egypt. The study was conducted among participants of the Egypt Information, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Diseases (EGIPT-CKD) Program, a population-based screening program for MA and CKD in Damanhour, Egypt. The screening tools included a questionnaire collating information on demographics, lifestyle, medical and family history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and CKD. The prevalence of MA was 10.6% in the population screened. The prevalence was 6.2% in the non-diabetic and non-hypertensive subjects. The prevalence of albuminuria increases with age (P = 0.001 for trend). The prevalence was higher in the subjects with diabetes, hypertension, obesity or CVD. There was also a higher burden of MA subjects with low educational attainment (16% vs 5.6%; P = 0.001) and also those with a positive history of smoking (15.7% vs 8.1%; P = 0.01). The independent predictor variables associated with the presence of MA in a mutually adjusted logistic regression model were age (OR = 1.055, 95% CI: 1.01-1.10), mean arterial blood pressure (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.102-1.07) and personal history of CVD (OR = 2.34, 95% CI: 2.31-18.1). In this study, we determined the prevalence and risk factors for those having MA among the first-degree relatives of ESRD patients of the EGIPT-CKD program in Damanhour, Lower Egypt.     

Correlation of body weight and its change with albuminuria in physical examination population

Objective To study the effect of baseline weight and its change on new-onset albuminuria or increased urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) in the physical examination population. Methods The subjects of this study were those who completed two or more physical examinations at the Physical Examination Center of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from September 1, 2013 to September 1, 2018. The general information and laboratory examination results at the first and last physical examinations were collected. According to body mass index (BMI), they were divided into normal BMI group and overweight/obese group. The differences in general clinical data and laboratory test results between the two groups were compared. The primary endpoint events were new-onset albuminuria or urine ACR increase≥30%. Stepwise multiple linear regression method was used to analyze the influencing factors for ACR increase, and Cox proportional hazard model method was used to analyze the impact of baseline weight and its change on new-onset albuminuria or ACR increase≥30%. Results A total of 1 761 physical examination subjects were included in this study. The follow-up time was (16.54±7.87) months. There were 59 patients with new-onset albuminuria, 30 patients with ACR increase≥30%, and 35 patients with albuminuria reversal. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that BMI was an independent influencing factor for ACR ( β=0.127, P＜0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that the older age (HR=1.041, 95%CI 1.018-1.064, P＜0.001), hypertension (HR=2.035, 95%CI 1.278-3.242, P=0.003), diabetes (HR=2.081, 95%CI 1.310-3.305, P=0.002) and hyperuricemia (HR=1.700, 95%CI 1.084-2.668, P=0.021) were independent influencing factors for new-onset albuminuria or ACR increase≥30%, while BMI (HR=1.053, 95%CI 0.975-1.137, P=0.191) and weight change rate (HR=1.030, 95%CI 0.972-1.092, P=0.322) were not independent influencing factors for endpoint events. Subgroup analysis indicated that overweight/obesity had interactions with age, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperuricemia, respectively (P for interaction＜0.05), and the effects of overweight/obesity on the pre-set primary endpoint events in each subgroup were basically consistent. There were interactions between weight gain and hypertension and diabetes (P for interaction＜0.05). Weight gain increased the risk of the primary endpoint events of women (HR=3.355, 95%CI 1.164-9.670, P=0.025), and the effects of overweight/obesity on the pre-set primary endpoint events of each subcomponent were basically the same (all P﹥0.05). The incidence of albuminuria reversal in the group with obvious weight loss was slightly higher than that in the group with obvious weight gain, but the difference was not statistically significant (P﹥0.05), which might be related to the small weight loss range (-6.08%±3.51%). Conclusions Overweight or obesity may increase the risk of albuminuria, and people with diabetes, hypertension, and hyperuricemia may be more likely to occur. Mild weight loss is not enough to reverse albuminuria.     

Epidemiology of chronic renal disease in the Galician population: results of the pilot Spanish EPIRCE study

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major social health problem because of the aging of the population, the high incidence of diabetes mellitus, and the epidemic of silent CKD resulting from inadequate diagnosis of early chronic renal insufficiency METHODS: The sociodemographic, baseline characteristics and CKD prevalence measured by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula were studied in a randomly selected sample of people aged 20 years or older in the general population. We report the results of the analysis of the EPIRCE (Estudio Epidemiológico de la Insuficiencia Renal en Espa?a) pilot study performed in Galicia, Spain, in the last quarter of 2004. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics, sociodemographic characteristics, and results of a clinical examination and blood variables were collected from 237 patients who fulfilled the study's inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mean age of the sample was 49.58 years (95% confidence interval, 47.39-51.76). The prevalence of Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative grade 3 CKD was 5.1%, but the coexistence of an albumin/creatinine ratio>30 mg/g with grade 1 to 2 CKD raised the final rate to 12.7% in this population. We found a high prevalence of hypertension (31.5%), isolated systolic hypertension (20.1%), diabetes mellitus (8%), obesity (13.1%), smoking habit (22.7%), high atherogenic index (30.8%), and high alcohol intake (24%). Risk factors significantly associated with renal disease were age [P=0.018; odds ratio (OR) 2.7], hypertension (P=0.023; OR 2.13), pulse pressure (P=0.04; OR 0.10), diabetes mellitus (P=0.08; OR 4.48), obesity (P=0.000; OR 7.7), and insulin resistance index (P=0.04; OR 4.95). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CKD and conventional cardiovascular risk factors is high in this randomly selected sample of the general population. Secondary preventive measures are needed to detect chronic kidney impairment as early as possible and to reduce the incidence and mortality arising from the associated comorbidities.     

Prevalence and determinants of masked hypertension defined by home blood pressure monitoring in peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To evaluate the prevalence of masked hypertension defined by home blood pressure monitoring in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and examine its determinants. Methods The patients who performed PD in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2013 were recruited. Baseline demographic, clinical and biochemical examination data were collected to analyze the prevalence and clinical characteristics in patients with masked hypertension defined by home blood pressure monitoring. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the related risk factors of masked hypertension in PD patients with clinic normotension. Results There were 1 425 patients (866 males) enrolled in this study, with age of (46.9±14.9) years and body mass index of (21.6±3.1) kg/m2. The prevalence of masked hypertension in PD patients was 31.9%, and the prevalence of masked hypertension in patients with clinic normotension was 57.5%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that higher body mass index (OR=1.057, 95%CI 1.001-1.116, P=0.047), incorporating diabetes mellitus (OR=1.996, 95%CI 1.160-3.433, P=0.013), use of multiple antihypertensive drugs (OR=1.336, 95%CI 1.122-1.590, P=0.001) and elevated office blood pressure (OR=1.785, 95%CI 1.546-2.060, P＜0.001) were independent risk factors of masked hypertension in PD patients with clinic normotension. Conclusions The prevalence of masked hypertension is high in PD patients. Higher body mass index, incorporating diabetes mellitus, use of multiple antihypertensive drugs and elevated office blood pressure are independent risk factors for masked hypertension in PD patients with clinic normotension.     

合肥市成年体检人群慢性肾脏病患病率及相关危险因素调查

目的 调查合肥市成年体检人群慢性肾脏病（CKD）的患病情况及相关危险因素。 方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2007年12月在安徽省立医院体检中心的所有年龄大于20周岁的人群体检资料,进行慢性肾脏病患病率和危险因素调查。 结果 在资料完整的33 451例成年体检者中,蛋白尿的患病率为2.74%（95% CI为2.57%~2.92%）;血尿的患病率为7.67%（95% CI为7.39%~7.96%）;肾小球滤过率下降的患病率为0.80%（95% CI为0.71%~0.90%）。该人群总CKD患病率为9.92%（95% CI为9.60%~10.25%）。 结论 合肥市体检人群中,CKD的患病率为9.92%;CKD的相关危险因素包括年龄、女性、糖尿病、高血压和高尿酸血症。     

1031例冠脉造影患者慢性肾脏病流行情况调查

目的 调查疑似冠心病行冠脉造影患者的慢性肾脏病（CKD）流行情况。 方法 2008年12月至2009年10月,于东南大学附属中大医院心内科住院行选择性冠脉造影的1031例患者为对象,观察其CKD的患病率及其危险因素。CKD的定义为eGFR <60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1和(或)蛋白尿,eGFR以简化MDRD公式计算。冠心病定义为至少1支冠脉狭窄≥50%。 结果 患者平均年龄(64.37±11.02）岁,其中男性543例,女性488例;冠心病551例,CKD 134例（13%）。冠心病组CKD的患病率显著高于非冠心病组（18.33%比6.88%,P < 0.01）。随冠脉病变支数增加（0、1、2、3支）,eGFR逐渐下降[（84.24±19.00）、（81.61±23.92）、（75.16±20.99）、（73.92±20.66） ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1,P < 0.01];蛋白尿患者比例逐渐增加（0.42%、0.82%、1.96%、3.25%,P = 0.006）;CKD患病率逐渐增高（6.88%、13.11%、21.57%、23.38%,P < 0.01）。Logistic回归提示年龄增长（OR=1.094,95%CI 1.068~1.120）、冠脉病变支数增加（OR=1.288,95%CI 1.074~1.543）、高血压（OR=1.974,95%CI 1.082~3.603）、心脏收缩功能不全（OR=3.183,95%CI 1.696~5.972）、高尿酸血症（OR=5.366,95%CI 3.224~8.931）是CKD的重要危险因素。 结果 冠脉造影证实的冠心病患者中,CKD患病率显著高于非冠心病者,且随冠脉病变支数增加而显著增加。年龄增长、冠脉病变支数增加、高血压、心脏收缩功能不全、高尿酸血症为CKD的危险因素。     

Comparisons of the prevalence and correlation factors of chronic kidney disease between the old urban and rural residents in MinHang district of Shanghai

Objective To compare the prevalence and correlation factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in urban and rural areas in Minhang district of Shanghai through the social economic and clinical data of the elderly population. Methods Jiangchuan Street and Pujiang town were randomly selected to represent the urban and rural population in Minhang district of Shanghai, respectively. Based on the over-60-year old people health examination program, 6151 objectives with complete clinical-epidemiological data and bio-chemical index were investigated. The prevalence of CKD in urban and rural areas was compared, and the correlation factors for the urban and rural CKD were evaluated by multiple logistic regression analysis. Results (1) The survey objectives with an average age of (69.57±7.04) years, including 4345 cases of the city residents and 1806 cases of rural residents, were enrolled. The age structures of urban and rural showed differences, population over 80 years old account for 13.1% of the rural total, significantly higher than 7.4% in the urban population (P＜0.001). (2) The prevalence rates of diabetes, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia and hyperlipidemia in urban residents were higher than those in rural residents, which were 26.4% vs 13.7%, 9.9% vs 2.3%, 53.7% vs 37.4%, 51.4% vs 15.6% (all P＜0.01). The awareness rates of kidney disease and hyperlipidemia showed significant differences in urban and rural areas, which were 32.9% vs 44.2%, 84.6% vs 62.8% (all P＜0.01). Compared with those in rural areas, the treatment rates of hypertension and high blood lipids in urban residents were increased (all P＜0.01). (3) The prevalence of CKD was 23.4%. Female CKD prevalence was higher than male, respectively 26.3% and 18.5% (P＜0.01). In urban CKD prevalence was 22.2%, lower than 25.2% in rural. The prevalence rate of hematuria in urban areas was lower than in rural areas, but the prevalence rate of decline in renal function was higher (all P＜0.05). With the increase of age, the prevalence rate of CKD was increased (P＜0.01). (4) Age (OR=1.072), smoking history (OR=1.543), previous history of kidney disease (OR=1.351), diabetes (OR=1.373), hyperuricemia (OR=2.498), obesity (OR=1.364), history of interventional therapy (OR=1.896) had positive correlation with CKD in city elderly population, while the higher education (OR=0.676, OR=0.604) and drinking (OR=0.585) had negative correlation (all P＜0.05). Age (OR=1.032), female (OR=1.860) had positive correlation with CKD in rural elderly population (all P＜0.05). Conclusions CKD has been a common chronic progressive disease of the aged in Minhang district. The prevalence of CKD is higher in urban areas than in rural. Age is a common factor for CKD in urban and rural. Previous smoking, history of kidney disease, diabetes, hyperuricemia, obesity, history of interventional therapy, education and drinking have correlation with urban CKD patients. Female has correlation with rural CKD population.     

Characteristics and risk factors of acute kidney injury progressed to chronic kidney disease: a prospective,observational cohort study

Objective To prospectively investigate the characteristics of acute kidney injury (AKI) that progressed to chronic kidney disease (CKD) (AKI to CKD) in patients hospitalized for AKI, determine the risk factors of AKI to CKD, and preliminarily evaluate the performance of clinical risk factor model for predicting AKI to CKD. Methods This was a prospective, observational cohort study. Patients hospitalized for AKI and without a prior CKD [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)＜60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1] were enrolled in Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University from April 2015 to December 2019. Survived patients were followed 90 days after AKI and the renal function 90 days post AKI was determined. The primary endpoint was AKI to CKD, defined as new-onset CKD [eGFR＜60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1 90 days post AKI]. According to AKI progressed to CKD or not, AKI patients were divided into two groups (with or without AKI to CKD). The baseline clinical data of demographics, comorbidities, baseline renal function, AKI severity, receiving hemodialysis or not, and other lab parameters were compared between two groups. The logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors of AKI to CKD. Finally, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the performance of clinical risk factor model for predicting AKI to CKD. Results A total of 168 patients with AKI was enrolled in this study[male, n=91; female, n=77; age (44.0±18.4) years], in which 64 patients (38.1%) developed new-onset CKD 90 days post AKI and 104 patients (61.9%) did not. Compared to those without AKI to CKD, patients with AKI to CKD were older, and had a higher proportion of hypertension, lower levels of eGFR and hemoglobin, higher proportion of receiving hemodialysis, and higher level of discharged serum creatinine (all P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in the proportion of diabetes and use of RAS inhibitors, urine protein level, and other lab parameters between two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis shows that receiving hemodialysis (OR=2.516, 95%CI 1.251-5.060, P=0.010), hypertension (OR=2.446, 95%CI 1.124-5.324, P=0.024), and lower baseline eGFR (OR=0.975, 95%CI 0.950-0.999, P=0.043) were the independent risk factors for AKI to CKD. The clinical risk factor model including age, receiving hemodialysis, hypertension, and baseline eGFR produced moderate performance for predicting AKI to CKD, with the area under ROC curve of 0.712, 95%CI 0.634-0.790. Conclusions AKI survivors are at high risk for developing CKD. Receiving hemodialysis, hypertension, and lower baseline eGFR are independent risk factors for predicting AKI to CKD. More studies are needed to improve the performance of clinical risk factor model for early detecting high risk patients who will develop AKI to CKD.     

The unrecognized prevalence of chronic kidney disease in diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are common and exhibit synergistic associations with premature mortality. Current diabetes guidelines in the UK recommend annual urinary albumin and serum creatinine determinations to screen for diabetic kidney disease. The aim of this study was to estimate the burden of CKD in patients with diabetes and examine the ability of serum creatinine and albuminuria to detect clinically meaningful CKD compared with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). METHODS: All adults known to have diabetes in primary and secondary care in Salford, UK, alive with independent renal function on 1 January 2004 were included in this observational study (n=7596). Demographic and laboratory parameters were obtained from the Electronic Patient Record. eGFR was determined using the 4-variable modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula. Clinically meaningful CKD was defined as an eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2). RESULTS: Creatinine and albuminuria were measured in the preceding 2 years in 82.3 and 55.2% of subjects, respectively. In patients with CKD, normoalbuminuria was present in 48.8%, and serum creatinine was normal (or=120 micromol/l) had a sensitivity and specificity of 45.3 and 100%, respectively, to identify CKD. The combination of abnormal creatinine and albuminuria had an improved performance but still failed to detect a large number with CKD (sensitivity 82.4%, specificity 75.4%). Serum creatinine failed to identify CKD more often in females (OR 8.22, CI 6.56-10.29). CONCLUSIONS: Undiagnosed CKD is common in diabetes. Current screening strategies, based on creatinine or albuminuria, fail to identify a considerable number of subjects with CKD. Incorporating eGFR into screening for CKD would identify individuals earlier in the natural history of the disease and enable early effective treatment to delay progression of CKD.     

河南省郑州市成年人血糖异常分布与慢性肾脏病的流行病学研究

目的 了解郑州市区居民血糖异常分布情况,探讨血糖异常分布与慢性肾脏病的关系。 方法 从2007年“郑州市成年人慢性肾脏病（CKD）及其危险因素流行病学调查”资料中,取有完整资料的1593人（男性659人,女934人）列入本次研究,根据相关疾病诊断标准对资料进行分析。 结果 郑州市≥20岁居民空腹血糖异常及糖尿病粗患病率分别为30.26%和6.15%,标化患病率为30.76%和6.20%,男性血糖异常患病率高于女性（χ2 = 8.040,P = 0.005）。按年龄分组后,空腹血糖异常患病率随年龄增长而增加（χ2 = 5.571,P = 0.018）。该人群中蛋白尿、血尿、估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）下降和CKD总体患病率分别为5.64%、6.32%、1.59%和11.51%,其中糖尿病组的白蛋白尿及CKD患病率较高,分别为19.39%和28.57%,显著高于空腹血糖正常组和异常组（P ＜ 0.05）,且随着病程的延长而升高（χ2 = 37.263,P ＜ 0.01）。 结论 郑州市20岁以上人群血糖异常、糖尿病具有较高的患病率,为30.76%和6.20%,且与CKD患病率有一定关系。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合术后胆瘘及胆总管狭窄的危险因素分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查（LCBDE）及一期缝合术后发生胆瘘及胆总管狭窄的临床危险因素。方法 收集自2017年1月至2019年6月湖州市中心医院收治的92例行LCBDE胆总管一期缝合术患者的临床资料，行回顾性对列研究及多因素回归分析。结果 全组患者术后胆瘘及胆总管狭窄发生率分别为11.9%（11/92）和18.5%（17/92）。合并糖尿病、胆总管直径＜1 cm、由胆总管一期缝合手术操作例数＜30例的主刀医师行手术治疗的患者术后胆瘘及胆总管狭窄的发生率明显升高（P＜0.05）。多因素回归分析发现，上述三个因素是LCBDE胆总管一期缝合术后胆瘘发生的独立危险因素[合并糖尿病：OR（95%CI）4.782（1.176～19.439），P=0.029；胆总管直径＜1 cm：OR（95%CI）5.743（1.535～21.481），P=0.009；胆总管一期缝合手术操作例数＜30例：OR（95%CI）4.693（1.251～17.612），P=0.022]，同时上述三个因素也是术后胆总管狭窄发生的独立危险因素[合并糖尿病：OR（95%CI）3.455（1.147～10.406），P=0.028；胆总管直径＜1 cm：OR（95%CI）4.667（1.500～14.518），P=0.008；胆总管一期缝合手术操作例数＜30：OR（95%CI）3.094（1.049～9.121），P=0.041]。结论 合并糖尿病、胆总管直径＜1 cm、主刀医师经验不足（操作例数＜30例）是LCBDE胆总管一期缝合术后发生胆瘘及胆总管狭窄的独立危险因素。对存在糖尿病或胆总管直径＜1 cm的患者应避免行胆总管一期缝合术；在学习曲线内的主刀医师应采取合理的胆总管一期缝合方式以避免术后胆瘘及胆总管狭窄的发生。     

成都市城市人群慢性肾脏病流行病学调查

目的 探讨成都市城市人群中慢性肾脏病(CKD)的患病情况和相关危险因素,以及危险人群CKD的患病情况.方法 通过对成都市常住居民中的铁路职工健康体检,进行CKD及相关危险因素的问卷调查(既往史、吸烟、饮酒等)、体格检查(血压、身高和体质量等)和相关血尿指标检测(血糖、血脂、血尿酸、血肌酐、尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值、尿常规等),了解成都市城市人群CKD的患病情况及相关危险因素,以及危险人群CKD的患病情况.结果 在5326例资料完整的人群中,经过人口年龄和性别构成比校正后,白蛋白尿的患病率为11.54％,肾功能下降的患病率为5.54％,血尿的患病率为3.87％.该人群中CKD的患病率为18.32％,知晓率为1.93％.3098例高血压、糖尿病和高血脂人群中,白蛋白尿的患病率分别为23.79％、28.00％、14.08％;肾功能下降的患病率分别为4.76％、4.53％、3.26％;血尿的患病率分别为2.94％、3.20％、2.37％.多因素Logistic回归提示,女性、高血压、糖尿病、高血脂和高体质量指数是白蛋白尿的独立危险因素;女性、年龄、高尿酸和高血压是肾功能下降的独立危险因素,丽饮酒与肾功能下降呈负相关;女性和年龄是血尿的独立危险因素.结论 成都市城市人群中,CKD的患病率较高,知晓率较已报道的城市人群低.相关危险因素包括年龄、女性、糖尿病、高血压、高血脂、高尿酸、高体质量指数等.控制代谢性疾病的发生发展可减少CKD的发生.     

身体成分与慢性肾脏病患者心血管疾病的相关因素分析

目的:探讨慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）患者身体成分与心血管疾病（cardiovascular disease,CVD）的相关关系。方法:纳入2017年1月至2019年12月于重庆市人民医院肾脏内科住院治疗且临床生化资料完整的CKD患者,根据病史及相应辅助检查分为CKD伴CVD组、C...     

507例2型糖尿病合并慢性肾脏病患者肾活检的临床病理特点

目的 总结和分析糖尿病肾病(diabetic kidney disease,DKD)与非糖尿病肾病(non-diabetic kidney disease,NDKD)患者临床病理特点,为临床2型糖尿病合并慢性肾脏病患者肾活检指征提供循证医学证据.方法 通过南方医科大学南方医院大数据库收集2002年2月至2018年6月在该院接受肾活检的2型糖尿病合并慢性肾脏病患者,并根据肾活检结果将其分为DKD组和NDKD组(包括DKD合并NDKD),比较两组间临床表现及病理类型特点,并采用Logistic回归模型分析DKD和NDKD患者的相关因素.结果 共纳入507例患者,DKD患者114例(22.5%),NDKD患者393例(77.5%).病理表现:NDKD的最常见病理类型为膜性肾病(30.0%)和IgA肾病(19.1%),其中有5.6%患者为DKD合并NDKD.临床表现:与NDKD组患者相比,DKD组患者有更长的糖尿病史(>1年,76.3%比36.1%,P<0.001),更易发生糖尿病视网膜病变(42.1%比4.8%,P< 0.001),24h尿蛋白量更高[3.69(1.70,6.74)g比2.21 (0.91,4.97)g,P<0.001],血肌酐更高[117.5 (85.8,194.5) μmol/L比89.0 (68.0,143.8) μmol/L,P<0.001],血红蛋白更低[(105.07±20.85) g/L比(124.41±25.02) g/L,P=0.002],胆固醇更低[(5.69±1.87) mmol/L比(6.43±2.75) mmol/L,P=0.001].Logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病史(OR=4.162,95%CI 1.717~10.098,P=0.002)、较高收缩压(每增加1 mmHg,OR=1.028,95%CI 1.011~1.045,p=0.001)、降压药服用史(OR=3.141,95%CI 1.496~6.591,P=0.002)、糖尿病视网膜病变(OR=5.561,95%CI2.361~13.100,P<0.001)、较高糖化血红蛋白(每增加1%,OR=1.680,95%CI1.333~2.118,P<0.001)是DKD的相关因素,而血尿(OR=2.781,95%CI 1.334~5.798,P=0.006)和较高血红蛋白(每增加1g/L,OR=1.022,95%CI1.008~1.037,P=0.002)则为NDKD的相关因素.结论 DKD与NDKD之间的临床表现及病理类型存在差异,糖尿病病史、眼底检查、大量蛋白尿、降压药服用史、较高的糖化血红蛋白水平对DKD的诊断有较好的预测作用,而血尿和较高的血红蛋白水平对NDKD的诊断有一定指导意义.糖尿病合并慢性肾脏病患者行肾活检的指征需根据各临床表现综合分析.     

山西省右玉县城镇成人慢性肾脏病的流行病学研究

目的 研究山西省右玉县城镇成人慢性肾脏病（CKD）的患病率及其影响因素,以便提出相应的防治措施。 方法 采用随机整群抽样的方法抽取右玉县城18岁以上的居民3603名进行CKD及其影响因素的问卷调查和相关检测。 结果 （1）资料完整的为3502名,经年龄和性别校正后,白蛋白尿患病率为6.8%（95%CI：6.5%～7.1%）;血尿患病率为7.1%（95%CI：6.8%～7.4%）;估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）下降患病率为2.0%（95%CI：1.8%～2.2%）。该人群CKD患病率为15.1%（95%CI：14.5%～15.5%）,知晓率为6.9%。（2）女性白蛋白尿、血尿和eGFR下降的患病率均显著高于男性（均P ＜ 0.01）。（3）白蛋白尿、eGFR下降和CKD患病率均随年龄增加而逐渐增加,男女均有同样趋势（均P ＜ 0.01）,而总体血尿与年龄无关。（4）多因素Logistic回归分析显示,白蛋白尿与性别、糖代谢异常、高脂血症、肾病史及心血管疾病史独立相关;eGFR下降与性别、年龄、高血压、糖代谢异常、肾病史、肾病家族史及白蛋白尿独立相关;血尿与性别相关。 结论 山西省右玉县城镇成人的CKD患病率较高,危险因素与国内发达城市和西方国家类似。在经济不太发达地区开展CKD防治工作更为迫切。     

上海城市社区成年人群慢性肾脏病流行病学研究

目的 获取上海城市社区成年人群慢性肾脏病流行病学及其高危人群数据，有助于慢性肾脏病的早期发现、早期诊断、早期治疗及有助于国家卫生政策的制定。 方法 采用多阶段整群随机抽样法对上海市长宁区江苏街道中2596名18岁以上常住居民进行问卷调查并检测肾脏损伤指标及相关危险因素，包括体格检查、尿常规+沉渣镜检、尿白蛋白/肌酐比值（ACR）、Scr、BUN、血尿酸、血糖、血胆固醇（Cho）、血三酰甘油（TG）、血红蛋白（Hb）及肾脏B超等。调查员均经过培训及接受技术指导，同时培训社区居委会有关人员，以便与居民的沟通与联络。3个月后对ACR试纸半定量检查阳性者进行复查。 结果 在2554例资料完整的居民中，白蛋白尿患病率为6.3%；肾功能下降为5.8%；镜下血尿为1.2%。该人群中CKD患病率11.8%，知晓率8.2%。多因素Logistic回归提示，CKD的最强烈危险因素为高尿酸血症，其余依次为肾结石、贫血、糖尿病、腹型肥胖、高血压、年龄。 结论 在上海城市社区人群中，CKD患病率为11.8%，知晓率仅为8.2%。CKD的危险因素为高尿酸血症、肾结石、贫血、糖尿病、腹型肥胖、高血压、年龄。