Congenital Uterine Anomalies and Uterine Rupture

Congenital uterine anomalies are more common than previously recognized. While many women will have no symptoms or problems, some women with congenital uterine anomalies have increased risks of adverse outcomes during pregnancy. This article presents a case study of a woman with a congenital uterine anomaly leading to spontaneous rupture of her unscarred uterus remote from term. The most common types of congenital uterine anomalies and their associated reproductive risks are reviewed. Evaluation of congenital uterine anomalies and management alternatives are discussed.     

自身免疫性甲状腺疾病对妊娠结局和女性生育功能的影响

甲状腺自身免疫性疾病是育龄妇女的常见病,包括妊娠期甲状腺功能亢进症、甲状腺功能减退症及产后甲状腺炎。抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)及促甲状腺激素受体抗体(TRAb)是机体自身免疫功能紊乱的重要标志。甲状腺功能紊乱对妊娠妇女及胎儿可产生诸多不良影响。甲状腺功能正常但甲状腺自身抗体阳性的妊娠妇女在妊娠期发生甲状腺功能减退、分娩后发生产后甲状腺炎的危险性增高,应注意监测甲状腺功能。甲状腺自身免疫的存在可能与不孕不育以及自然流产等相关。对高危人群进行筛查、早期诊断并及时给予治疗,可有效降低妊娠不良结局的发生。     

先天性疾病研究及产前诊断中Array CGH的应用

染色体微缺失、重复、扩增和非整倍体等基因组DNA失衡是导致胎儿发育迟缓、畸形、死胎、流产和其他先天性疾病的内在原因。微阵列-比较基因组杂交技术（Array CGH）利用基因芯片取代了传统比较基因组杂交技术的正常中期染色体作为杂交靶标,与分别采用不同荧光标记的待测DNA和参照DNA杂交,通过比较两种荧光强度的比率,检测出染色体基因拷贝数变化。Array CGH已成为一个重要的细胞遗传学研究工具,用于产前诊断和先天性疾病诊断染色体亚显微结构异常。     

先天性疾病研究及产前诊断中Array CGH的应用

染色体微缺失、重复、扩增和非整倍体等基因组DNA失衡是导致胎儿发育迟缓、畸形、死胎、流产和其他先天性疾病的内在原因。微阵列－比较基因组杂交技术（Array CGH）利用基因芯片取代了传统比较基因组杂交技术的正常中期染色体作为杂交靶标,与分别采用不同荧光标记的待测DNA和参照DNA杂交,通过比较两种荧光强度的比率,检测出染色体基因拷贝数变化。Array CGH已成为一个重要的细胞遗传学研究工具,用于产前诊断和先天性疾病诊断染色体亚显微结构异常。     

子宫内膜息肉对不孕患者的影响

子宫内膜息肉（endometrial polyps,EP）是子宫内膜的局部良性病变,常发生于育龄期女性。观察性研究表明,EP对生育有不利的影响,但EP的发病机制尚不明确。EP的诊断方法通常包括二维阴道超声、三维阴道超声、生理盐水宫腔声学造影（saline infusion sonohysterography,SIS）、子宫输卵管造影（hysterosalpingography,HSG）及宫腔镜检查,宫腔镜联合活组织检查是EP诊断的金标准。在大多数情况下,较小且无症状的息肉可采取期待疗法,然而为了提高自然受孕率或辅助生殖成功率,对于不孕症患者,采取手术切除EP方法仍是首选的治疗方案,而且疗效显著。相关证据表明,在促排卵的过程中,行EP切除术,可提高体外受精（in vitro fertilization,IVF）的成功率。     

叶酸与不良生育的相关研究

不良生育主要包括早期复发性流产、胎儿发育异常等.不良生育给家庭及社会造成严重负担,减少出生缺陷是妇产科医生的一项重要工作.不良生育发病原因复杂,是遗传及环境因素综合作用的结果.叶酸与不良生育的关系始终是一个研究热点,其中叶酸缺乏或利用障碍是导致胎儿神经管畸形比较明确的一种因素.此外,叶酸缺乏还可能与早期复发性流产、男性...     

超促排卵对不孕女性子宫内膜蠕动波的影响

目的:研究不孕女性自然周期与控制性超促排卵(COH)周期子宫内膜蠕动波的特点。方法:64名排卵正常的不孕女性分别于自然周期LH峰日、排卵日、排卵后2 d和COH周期hCG注射后1 d、采卵日、采卵后2 d阴道超声监测子宫内膜蠕动波,且同时测定血清雌、孕激素水平。结果:自然周期子宫内膜蠕动波频率是COH周期的1.31倍;COH周期与自然周期各个观测日的子宫内膜蠕动波类型分布不同;子宫内膜蠕动波频率与生理水平血清雌二醇(E2)呈正相关,与孕酮(P)呈负相关,与超生理剂量的雌、孕激素无相关性。结论:COH治疗显著地改变了子宫内膜蠕动波的自然运动模式,在胚胎移植前仍表现为较强烈的子宫内膜运动。     

先天性子宫异常矫正手术对女性生育结局的影响

先天性子宫异常在女性生殖系统发育异常中最为常见,易导致不良妊娠及产科结局,对女性生理心理上造成了严重的影响.近年来,宫腔镜、腹腔镜等微创手术在纵隔子宫、双角子宫、单角子宫及残角子宫、T型子宫、苗勒管发育不良等先天性子宫异常患者矫正中的应用越来越广泛,逐渐取代了以往的传统手术,成为先天性子宫发育异常治疗的主要方法.宫腔镜...     

子宫畸形的发生及其对妊娠的影响

子宫畸形分为先天性子宫畸形和获得性子宫畸形。先天性子宫畸形是女性生殖器官发育异常中最常见的一种,包括子宫未发育或发育不全、单角子宫、双子宫、双角子宫、纵隔子宫、弓形子宫、己烯雌酚(DES)相关异常。获得性子宫畸形多继发于流产、剖宫产、宫腔镜手术及宫颈手术后,包括宫颈宫腔粘连、子宫Ⅲ度后倾后屈、子宫前腹壁固定、颈管宫腔形态失常。介绍子宫畸形的发生原因及其对妊娠结局的影响,以期为子宫畸形患者的正常妊娠及不良妊娠结局的处理和预后提供帮助。     

41例卵泡发育不良的临床分析

目的探讨卵泡发育不良(FM)的相关因素.方法对163例不孕患者中的41例FM(FM组)及20例正常排卵者(对照组)进行连续宫颈评分,B超监测,放射免疫法测定血清中卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)值等,并行腹腔镜(或剖腹探查)和子宫-输卵管碘油造影(或输卵管通液)等检查.结果①FM组月经中期血清中FSH、LH值明显低于对照组(P＜0.001);②FM组中子宫内膜异位症、慢性盆腔炎的发病率明显高于对照组(P＜0.05);③FM组内有盆腔器质性病变者,输卵管通畅试验异常者仅占29.72%.结论①FSH、LH低值是导致FM发生的直接原因.②盆腔疾患(EMS、CPID)是FM发生的可能诱发因素.③卵泡发育不良是不孕的重要原因.     

532例不孕症行子宫输卵管碘油造影的临床应用评价

目的:评价子宫输卵管碘油造影术(HSG)在女性不孕症的应用价值.方法:对达州市生殖医院2009年1月至2010年5月532例女性不孕症患者行HSG的临床资料进行回顾性分析,比较20 ～ 30岁和≥31岁不同年龄段子宫显影和输卵管显影情况及HSG术中、术后的不良反应和随访其后的妊娠结局.结果:①宫腔形态异常109例(20.5％),其中≥31岁年龄段宫腔粘连所占比例(24.5％)高于20 ～ 30岁(14.5％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).输卵管阻塞196例(36.8％),其中≥31岁年龄段输卵管阻塞比例(62.9％)明显高于20 ～30岁(17.2％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).②术中所有患者均有不同程度的疼痛,能忍受,有4例出现呛咳、心慌;术中和术后均无大出血、感染、输卵管破裂、过敏性休克发生.③成功随访94例患者1年,自然受孕17例(18.1％).结论:HSG发生不良反应少,可以明确显示子宫形态、输卵管目前状态、阻塞部位,表明有很好的临床应用价值.对大于31岁的不孕症患者建议首先进行HSG检查,为下一步诊疗提供帮助.     

原发不孕与继发不孕超声监测排卵结果对比分析

目的:探讨原发不孕与继发不孕超声监测排卵结果的差异.方法:回顾分析原发不孕组50例(A组)和继发不孕组50例(B组)各100个周期超声监测排卵结果.结果:两组卵巢体积(6.01±0.20cm3,6.25 ±0.28cm3)、优势卵泡直径(1.88±0.15 cm,2.05 ±0.11 cm)、月经周期第3天窦卵泡数(CD3-AFC)(6.12 ±1.02个,6.35 ±1.15个)、排卵期子宫内膜厚度(10.6 ±1.60cm.9.36±1.65mm),比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组无排卵周期率(15%,9%)、小卵泡排卵(SFO)率(10%,3%)、卵泡未破裂黄素化综合征(LUFS)(20%,3%)比较,A组明显高于B组(P0.05);无排卵和小卵泡排卵患者卵巢体积和CD3-AFC明显小于排卵正常者.结论:原发不孕患者排卵障碍发生率高于继发不孕患者;小卵泡排卵和无排卵是排卵障碍的主要类型;多数继发不孕患者自然周期有排卵,使用促排卵药物应了解卵情况,避免盲目使用,以减少医疗费用和促排卵治疗引起的各种不良后果.     

The Prevention of Congenital Anomalies with Periconceptional Folic Acid Supplementation

Large randomized trials have demonstrated the critical role of folic acid supplementation in the prevention of neural tube defects. Since 1992, a number of national and international professional societies have released guidelines recommending folic acid supplementation of at least 0. 4 mg/day for all women of childbearing age or women planning pregnancies, and 4 mg/day for women with a previous infant with a neural tube defect. Furthermore, a reduction in the incidence of congenital cardiac and urologie anomalies has been demonstrated in some studies following periconceptional folic acid supplementation. There is growing evidence of a possible role of folic acid supplementation in the prevention of other congenital anomalies, including cardiac defects. Since 1998, mandatory fortification of certain foods with folate has been associated with at least a 54% reduction in the incidence of open neural tube defects, yet rates of periconceptional folic acid use remain suboptimal, especially in minority women. Innovative strategies in educating women, health-care providers, and pharmacists on the benefits of folic acid supplementation need to be explored. Mandatory folate fortification of foods needs to be defined and monitored.     

Increased Incidence of Meiotic Anomalies in Oligoasthenozoospermic Males Preselected for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

Purpose: Based on data from the literature, to detect thepossible presence of an increased frequency of meiotic anomaliesin oligoasthenozoospermic (OA) patients preselectedfor intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Methods: Meiotic studies in as many successive patientswith a clinical indication for a diagnostic testicular biopsyas needed to complete at least 100 cases with a severe OA(motile sperm concentration 1.5 × 10⁶/ml). Results: An increased incidence of meiotic anomalies wasfound in 102 patients with a severe OA (17.6%) comparedto the mean for 105 patients with other etiologies in theseries (5.7%) or the mean for patients reviewed in the literature(6.5%). Conclusions: Patients with a severe OA have a higher incidenceof synaptic anomalies. This may result in themalsegregation of chromosomes at meiosis I, producingabnormal sperm, and could explain the high incidence ofsterility and some cases of abortion (in two thirds of thecouples with abortions the husband had meiotic anomalies)in this group.     

不孕症合并子宫肌瘤的治疗进展

子宫肌瘤是女性生殖系统最常见的良性肿瘤。随着生育年龄的推迟以及中国二胎政策的放开,不少子宫肌瘤患者在就诊时仍有生育要求,但此类患者的最佳治疗方式至今尚无定论。尽管国内外相关共识或指南中对不孕症合并子宫肌瘤的处理给予了一定的建议,但是这些建议也常模糊不清,有时甚至相互矛盾。有指南指出有生育需求的子宫肌瘤患者不推荐孕前行子宫肌瘤剔除术,除非子宫肌瘤曾导致妊娠并发症;有指南认为子宫肌瘤合并不孕就是治疗指征;而另有指南建议对于不孕症合并子宫肌瘤的治疗要根据子宫肌瘤的类型而定,建议对黏膜下肌瘤或引起宫腔形态改变的肌壁间肌瘤行手术治疗,其他部位肌瘤不论其大小均不建议治疗。现结合文献报道及相关指南建议,探讨不孕症合并子宫肌瘤的基本处理原则,为其规范化治疗提供参考。     

Congenital Müllerian anomalies: a review of currently available imaging modalities

Congenital uterine anomalies are associated with infertility and adverse obstetric outcomes. The sensitivity of transvaginal sonography in diagnosing these anomalies ranges from 42% to 87%. More recently three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography has opened new diagnostic possibilities for the study of these malformations. The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography depends on the knowledge and familiarity of sonographers with uterine anomalies and with their capacity to form a mental image of these malformations during ultrasound scanning. The American Fertility Society has classified uterine anomalies into seven groups. Sonographers maybe able to delineate the nature of uterine malformations and improve diagnostic accuracy with complementary use of transabdominal, transvaginal and three-dimensional ultrasonography.     

Uterine tachysystole in spontaneous labor at term

Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the incidence of uterine tachysystole and its association with spontaneous labor at term.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 8008 women in spontaneous labor (without prostaglandins or oxytocin). Fetal heart tracings and uterine activity were recorded every 15?min. Primary outcome: occurrence of tachysystole (> 5 uterine contractions /10?min over 30?min periods). Secondary outcomes: non-reassuring fetal heart tracings (NRFHT), NICU admissions, and cesarean deliveries.

Results: About 890 patients (11.1 %) had at least one episode of tachysystole. Non-whites have higher incidence of uterine tachysystole; adjusted odds ratio (aOR) was 1.66 for Hispanics (95% CI 1.28–2.05), 1.58 for African Americans (95% CI 1.05–2.38), and 1.51 for Asians (95% CI?=?1.13–2.0). The use of epidural analgesia was higher in the tachysystole group (62.2% versus 40.9%, aOR 1.89, CI 1.58–2.26; p?< 0.001). Tachysystole was more frequent among nulliparous women and in women carrying higher weight fetuses. Oligohydramnios (aOR 1.62, CI 0.70–3.72; p?<?0.004), and NRFHT were more common in the tachysystole group (4.2% versus 2.5%, p?=?0.002). Newborns in the tachysystole group were two times more likely to be admitted to NICU (30 /890 [3.4%] versus 122 /7118 [1.7%], OR?=?2, p=0.001). There was no difference in the frequency of meconium-stained amniotic fluid or Apgar scores <7 at 5?min.

Conclusion: Uterine tachysystole occurs in more than 10% of spontaneous labors and is associated with NRFHR, increased rate of caesarean deliveries and NICU admissions. It is not associated with low Apgar scores or meconium-stained amniotic fluid.     

诱发排卵治疗女性不孕症成功妊娠133例分析

目的总结我院诱发排卵为主治疗女性不孕症133例的成功经验.方法回顾分析1995年4月至2000年3月采用诱发排卵为主治疗女性不孕症成功妊娠133例的不孕原因、治疗方法和妊娠结局.结果女性不孕症的不孕原因以排卵障碍为主,共93例,占70%.其次为盆腔炎、子宫内膜异位症和盆腔肿瘤.妊娠结局为足月产107例,早产3例,流产20例,异位妊娠3例;分别占80.4%,2.3%,15%及2.3%,多胎4例,占3%.诱发排卵疗程与妊娠相关,克罗米芬/人绒毛膜促性腺激素(CC/hCG)方案诱发排卵,1～3周期治疗成功者56例,占83.6%.结论处理女性不孕症重在查清楚不孕原因,针对原因进行治疗可收到立罕见影之效.诱发排卵治疗是不孕症的主要治疗措施,需注意防止卵巢过度刺激征(OHSS)、流产及多胎等并发症.