微小RNA在糖尿病肾病患者血清中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨糖尿病肾病发生、进展过程中血清微小RNA (microRNA,miRNA)表达谱及其临床意义.方法 应用miRNA基因芯片检测10例糖尿病肾病患者、10例糖尿病尿蛋白正常患者及10例健康对照者血清miRNA表达谱.实时荧光定量PCR法对66例糖尿病肾病(微量蛋白尿者36例,大量蛋白尿者30例)、40例糖尿病尿蛋白正常者及40例健康对照者进行血清miRNA表达谱验证,分析血清差异表达的miRNA与糖尿病肾病临床参数的关系.结果 实时荧光定量PCR法验证得到miR-150-5p、miR-155-5p、miR-30e-5p及miR-3196在糖尿病微量蛋白尿患者组(n=36)、糖尿病尿蛋白正常者组(n=40)及健康对照组(n=40)血清样本中表达差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).miR-150-5p (P=0.005)和miR-155-5p (P=0.006)在糖尿病微量蛋白尿组(n=36)及糖尿病大量蛋白尿组(n=30)血清中表达差异有统计学意义.大量蛋白尿组血清miR-150-5p和miR-155-5p表达水平分别是微量蛋白尿组的2.3倍、1.5倍.同时发现,miR-150-5p和miR-155-5p与糖尿病肾病患者的估算肾小球滤过率和尿蛋白排泄率具有明显相关性.结论 miR-150-5p和miR-155-5p可能参与糖尿病肾病发生及发展的病理过程;血清miR-150-5p和miR-155-5p有望成为DN早期诊断及判断预后的潜在分子标志物.     

肾脏局部醛固酮对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾小管间质转分化的作用

目的 探讨醛固酮对糖尿病肾病（DN）大鼠肾小管间质转分化的影响。 方法 采用Wistar大鼠腹腔注射链脲菌素（STZ,60 mg/kg）制备糖尿病模型,4周后尿蛋白>30 mg/d为DN模型成功（n=16）,随机分为DN组（n=8）和螺内酯组（SP组,n=8）,以另8只正常大鼠作为对照组（N组）。SP组给予螺内酯40 mg&#8226;kg-1&#8226;d-1,N组、DN组每日以等量清水灌胃。8周后处死大鼠,收集尿、血浆、肾组织检测24 h尿蛋白定量、血肌酐和肾脏病理变化;用放射免疫法检测血浆、肾组织醛固酮浓度;用免疫组化、Western印迹方法检测E钙黏蛋白（E-cadherin）、α平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）蛋白的表达;用RT-PCR的方法检测E-cadherin、α-SMA mRNA的表达。 结果 与对照组比较,DN组尿蛋白排泄量、血肌酐均显著增加（均 P < 0.01）,肾组织E-cadherin蛋白和mRNA表达显著下调（均P < 0.01）,α-SMA蛋白和mRNA表达均显著上调（均P < 0.01）。DN组大鼠肾组织醛固酮显著升高[（24.71±5.30） ng/g比（16.38±2.85） ng/g,P < 0.01],与尿蛋白排泄量、血肌酐、α-SMA蛋白表达呈正相关（r = 0.737、0.574、0.688,均P < 0.05）,与E-cadherin蛋白表达呈负相关（r = －0.659,P < 0.01）。各组间血清醛固酮含量差异无统计学意义。与DN组比较,SP组大鼠尿蛋白排泄和血肌酐显著下降（均P < 0.01）,E-cadherin蛋白和mRNA表达上调（均P < 0.05）,而α-SMA蛋白和mRNA表达显著下调(均P < 0.01)。 结论 DN大鼠肾组织局部醛固酮参与了糖尿病肾病肾间质转分化,螺内酯可以阻断醛固酮与其受体结合,抑制肾小管间质转分化,从而起到肾脏保护作用。     

Transformation of DNA demethylation in the regulatory region of TGFB1 gene in patients with diabetic nephropathy

Objective To investigate the role of DNA methylation changes in the regulatory region of TGFB1 gene in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods According to the WHO 1999 guideline for diabetes mellitus diagnosis and classification standard, 91 patients who were hospitalized in June 2013 to May 2015 and diagnosed as diabetes mellitus were selected, including 42 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM group) and 49 with diabetic nephropathy (DN group). Thirty cases with health examination were selected as healthy control group (Con group). DNA was extracted from all the subjects' peripheral blood and modified by sodium bisulfite. DNA methylation status of TGFB1 gene regulatory region was screened by methylation specific PCR and the DNA methylation level was detected by bisulfite sequencing PCR. ELISA was used to test serum TGF-β1. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, fasting blood sugar, postprandial blood sugar, glycosylated hemoglobin and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) were detected by automatic biochemistry analyzer. Pearson correlation analysis and multiple stepwise regression were used to analysis TGF-β1-related factors, the correlation between the level of serum TGF-β1 and the pathological grade was analyzed in DN patients. Results There were 12.2% patients in DN group with DNA methylation of TGFB1 gene regulation region, lower than those in DM group (42.8%) with Con group (73.3%) (all P＜0.05). The methylation level of TGFB1 regulatory region was 12.5%±8.1% in DN group, significantly lower than those in DM group (35.6%±6.0%) and Con group (66.7%±9.1%) (all P＜0.05). Moreover, compared with that in DM group (1367.22±126.13 ng/L) and Con group [(296.38±74.37) ng/L], TGF-β1 expression was increased significantly in DN group [(2885.73±411.36 ng/L] (all P＜0.01). In DN patients serum TGF-β1 was correlated with eGFR (β=-0.690, P＜0.01) and the methylation (β=-0.302, P＜0.01), and the serum TGF-β1 was negatively correlated with DNA methylation level (r=-0.925, P＜0.01), but positively correlated with the pathological scores among glomerulus, tubulus and arterioles (rs=0.847, P＜0.01). Meanwhile the methylation level related to the pathological grade (χ2=23.667, P=0.04). Conclusion Demethylation in the regulatory region of TGFB1 may play an important role in the activation of TGFB1 induced by high glucose in mesangial cells, so as to participate in the occurrence and development of DN.     

Renal pathology and clinical features of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease

Objective To retrospectively investigate the pathological and clinical characteristics of diabetic nephropathy and non-diabetic nephropathy diagnosed with renal pathology. Methods Data of 110 patients diagnosed as type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and conducted renal biopsy from January 2004 to December 2013 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. According to pathological diagnosis, patients were categorized into three groups: DN group, NDRD group and DN with NDRD group (MIX group). Results Membranous nephropathy was the most prevalent pathological type in NDRD group while IgA nephropathy was the major pathological type in MIX group. Compared with NDRD, DN patients had a higher anemia and diabetic retinopathy(DR) rate (all P＜0.05). The prevalence of having both nephrotic range proteinuria and kidney function decrease was higher in DN than NDRD (P＜0.05). Conclusions Renal pathology is important for the differential diagnosis of DN and NDRD since there is a relatively high rate of NDRD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and CKD.     

Relationship between E - cadherin and diabetic nephropathy

Objective To identify novel biomarker for diabetic nephropathy (DN) by urinary proteomic methods, and to detect the expression of E-cadherin in urine and renal tissue of patients with DN. Methods Urine samples were collected from 12 cases of type 1 diabetic nephropathy patients (T1DN), 12 cases of type 2 diabetic nephropathy patients (T2DN), 12 cases of nephritic syndrome patients (NS), and 12 cases of healthy Controls. Comparative proteomic approach of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS) were employed to identify DN-related biomarker in urine samples. The differential expression of the identified biomarker in urine samples and renal biopsy specimens were detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry method. Results E-cadherin was identified by 2DE/MS, which was significantly up-regulated in T1DN and T2DN groups (all P＜ 0.01). Western blotting confirmed the expression of E-cadherin was significantly higher in T1DN and T2DN groups than in NS and Control groups (all P＜0.01). Immunohistochemical stain showed E-cadherin was mainly expressed in the membrane and cytoplasm of renal tubular epithelial cell, and its expression was markedly decreased in DN kidneys compared with healthy Controls (P＜0.05). Conclusions E-cadherin is identified as a novel DN-related biomarker, which is specifically increased in urine of DN patients.     

The effects of calcitriol on ameliorating podocytes impairment and its possible mechanism in DN rats

Objective To investigate the effects and underlying mechanism of calcitriol on ameliorating podocytes impairment in DN rats. Methods SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control (NC) group, calcitriol treatment (VD) group: calcitriol 0.1μg•kg-1•d-1, diabetic nephropathy (DN) group: streptozocin (STZ) 58 mg/kg, DN treated with calcitriol (DN+VD) group：calcitriol 0.1 μg•kg-1•d-1 + STZ 58 mg/kg. Rats were sacrificed at the end of 18 weeks. Results Compared with the DN group, the DN+VD group exhibited significantly lower proteinuria by 36%, improved renal histology at the end of the experiment (P＜0.05), and similar levels of blood glucose,serum urea nitrogen as well as body weight (P＞0.05). There were no significant differences in the serum concentrations of creatinine, calcium and phosphorus among the four groups (P＞0.05). In DN group, the expressions of nephrin, podocin, VDR, PI3K-p85 and p-Akt were significantly decreased and the expression of desmin was increased compared to NC group. Calcitriol treatment could attenuate the above changes. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between the expressions of nephrin and VDR (r=0.776, P＜0.05). Likewise, the expression of nephrin was positively correlated with either PI3K-p85 or p-Akt (r=0.736, r=0.855, all P＜0.05). Conclusion Calcitriol can ameliorate podocytes injury in DN rats, which might be related with the further up-regulation of PI3K/p-Akt signaling pathway.     

4-苯基丁酸对糖尿病肾病大鼠的作用

目的 探讨化学分子伴侣4-苯基丁酸（4-PBA）对糖尿病肾病（DN）大鼠的治疗作用及其机制。 方法 54只大鼠随机分为正常对照组（NC）、糖尿病肾病组（DN）和4-PBA治疗组（4-PBA）,每组各18只。在治疗第4、8及12周末分别检测各组大鼠肾质量指数（KI）、24 h尿蛋白排泄率（UAER）、血肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮(BUN)、尿丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）活性;观察肾脏病理改变;实时荧光定量PCR法检测各组大鼠肾组织p47phox mRNA的表达变化;Western印迹检测p47phox和硝基酪氨酸（NT）的蛋白表达变化。 结果 与NC组大鼠比较,在4、8和12周时,DN大鼠的KI显著增高（P < 0.05）,UAER（mg/24 h）也显著增高（4.92±0.70 比 0.26±0.07、 5.29±0.83 比0.28±0.08、5.54±0.81比0.29±0.04,均P < 0.05）。12周时病理显示DN大鼠肾小球系膜细胞增生,系膜基质积聚;而与DN组大鼠比较,4-PBA治疗组大鼠KI显著降低（P < 0.05）,UAER（mg/24 h）亦显著降低（4、8和12周分别为3.71±0.37、3.47±0.36和3.28±0.40,P < 0.05）,4-PBA能显著减轻肾脏的病理变化。在4、8和12周,与NC组大鼠比较,DN大鼠肾组织p47phox mRNA表达分别升高了154.72%、148.60%和91.95%（均P < 0.05）;p47phox蛋白表达分别升高了118.00%、140.10%和177.82%（均P < 0.05）;硝基酪氨酸蛋白表达分别升高了45.29%、59.13%和89.28%（均P < 0.05）;尿MDA含量分别增加了2.05倍、2.26倍和2.43倍;尿SOD活性分别下降了64.78%、71.29%和79.32%。与DN组比较,在8和12周时,4-PBA治疗组DN大鼠肾组织p47phox mRNA和蛋白表达均显著减少（均P < 0.05）;硝基酪氨酸蛋白表达显著减少（P < 0.05）,且与NC组差异已无统计学意义。另外,在4~12周,4-PBA治疗可显著减少DN大鼠尿中MDA含量,增加尿SOD活性（均P < 0.05）。 结论 4-PBA能显著抑制糖尿病大鼠肾脏病理变化,其机制可能与抑制肾组织氧化应激有关。     

MicroRNA-503 regulates high-glucose induced apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells by targeting Bcl-2

Objective To investigate the expression vibration of microRNA-503(miR-503) and its effect on target gene Bcl-2, caspase enzyme activity and apoptosis of human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) induced by high glucose, and to clarify the pathogenesis of renal tubular injury induced by high glucose. Methods HK-2 cells were cultured in normal glucose group (NG), mannitol hypertonic control group (MA), and high glucose group (HG). The morphology of apoptotic cells was observed using inverted microscope. The expression of miR-503 was determined using real-time quantitative PCR. The apoptosis rate of HK-2 cells was detected by Annexin Ⅴ-FITC double dye using flow cytometry instrument. The expression of Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-9 were detected by Western blotting. Results In the high glucose and mannitol groups HK-2 cell, an obviously increased apoptotic rate was observed under inverted microscope compared with normal glucose group (P＜0.05). MA and HG up-regulated miR-503 expression (P＜0.01), down-regulated anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression (P＜0.05) and up-regulated cleaved caspase-9 (P＜0.05). Conclusions The expression of miR-503 increases in HK-2 cells cultured by high glucose and mannitol. MiR-503 promotes apoptosis of HK-2 cells via activating mitochondrial apoptotic pathways and enhancing cleaved caspase-9 for Bcl-2 insufficiency. The tubular toxicity of high glucose is partly due to osmotic pressure. The miR-503 may be involved in diabetic tubular injury and may be a new therapeutic target of DN.     

Different long non-coding RNA expression profiles in diabetes and diabetic nephropathy mice kidney

Objective To find the differentially expressed long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) between db/db mice that with nephropathy (DN) or not (DM). Methods In this study, 3 DM db/db mice and 2 DN db/db mice proven by renal biopsy were randomly selected, and 3 healthy db/m mice as normal control group. Then, differentially expressed lncRNAs, mRNAs and their fragments per kilobase million (FPKM) in kidney samples were detected by high-throughput next generation sequencing technology. Sequencing data were analyzed to filter out the differentially expressed lncRNA, and their function was preliminarily investigated by bioinformatics analysis and functional enrichment analysis to predict their target genes. Total RNAs of kidneys from these 8 mice were extracted to run real time PCR (RT-qPCR) for verifying the outcomes of the high-throughput sequencing. Results The urinary microalbumin/creatinine ratio (UACR), serum creatinine, and glomerular basement membrane thickness of DN db/db mice were higher than those of DM db/db mice (all P＜0.05), while there was not significant difference in glucose between DM and DN mice. Totally 160 lncRNAs were up-regulated and 99 lncRNAs were down-regulated in kidneys of DN mice compared with those of DM mice, in which the differentially expressed lncRNAs with FPKM value≥2 and differential expression≥1 fold between groups were screened and verified by RT-qPCR. Finally three lncRNAs whose variation trend were consistent with the outcomes of the high-throughput sequencing were obtained. Conclusion There was a significantly different expression pattern of lncRNA between the kidneys of DN and DM mice, which may be involved in the progress of DN．     

维生素D受体基因BsmI多态性与2型糖尿病肾病的关系

目的 研究维生素D受体(VDR)基因BsmI位点多态性与汉族人群2型糖尿病肾病(DN)的关系.方法 应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术检测304例2型糖尿病患者(DM组)及100例健康体检者(NC组)VDR Bsml位点基因型和等位基因频率.根据尿白蛋白情况将DM组分为非糖尿病肾病组(DN0组,122例)、微量白蛋白尿组(DN1组,87例)、大量白蛋白尿组(DN2组,95例).83例病程5年以上仍未出现肾病的DM患者纳入L-NDN组;64例起病1年内即出现肾病的DM患者纳入EDN组.结果 DM组BB+Bb基因型和B等位基因频率均高于NC组(x2=7.088,P=0.008;x2=5.865,P=0.015).DN2组BB+Bb基因型和B等位基因频率高于NC组(x2=14.287,P=0.000; x2=12.621,P=0.000)及DN0组(x2=8.063,P=0.005;x2=8.173,P=0.004).其余组间差异均无统计学意义.EDN组BB+Bb基因型和B等位基因频率均显著高于L-NDN组(x2=7.228,P=0.007;x2=5.853,P=0.016).B等位基因阳性DN患者的尿白蛋白排泄率显著高于B等位基因阴性DN患者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).BsmI位点基因型与DN发生密切相关.B等位基因阳性是DN发生及早发的危险因素(OR=2.004;0R=2.394).结论 VDRBsmI基因多态性与DN易感性相关.B等位基因阳性患者更易出现大量白蛋白尿及早期发生肾病.     

糖尿病肾病患者血清miR-192的表达及其对转化生长因子β信号通路的影响

目的 检测糖尿病肾病(DN)患者血清中microRNA( miR)-192的表达,并探讨其在DN的作用机制.方法 应用实时荧光定量PCR检测肾活检确诊的DN组、糖尿病无肾损害组和健康人群血清中miR-192的表达,以U6小RNA为内参,计算其相对表达量.同时检测肾组织miR-210表达.探讨miR-192作为DN特异性血清学指标的可能性.用生物信息分析方法分析可受miR- 192调节的靶基因,并在体外过表达或下调miR - 192表达以进一步研究.用不同浓度转化生长因子β1( TGF-β1)刺激肾小球系膜细胞,检测细胞和培养上清中miR - 192 含量.结果 DN患者血清miR- 192表达量显著低于健康对照(0.41±0.09比1.00±0.00,P＜0.01).各组间miR-210表达差异无统计学意义.TGF-β信号通路下游基因抗锌指E盒结合蛋白1(ZEB-1)、胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)和Ⅰ型胶原(ColⅠ)可被miR- 192调节.不同浓度TGF-β1刺激均导致系膜细胞及培养上清miR-192含量显著下降.结论 血清中miR-192可能通过调节TGF-β通路参与DN的发病.miR-192具有的特异性可能会成为DN潜在的诊断标志物.     

前列地尔联合贝那普利治疗早期糖尿病肾病临床观察

目的观察前列地尔联合贝那普利治疗早期糖尿病肾病（DN）的疗效。方法将DN患者随机分为2组,在常规治疗的同时,A组服用贝那普利,B组前列地尔联合贝那普利治疗,时间均为2周,比较2组治疗前后尿自蛋白排泄率（UAER）的变化。结果两组治疗前后UAER均有显著下降（A组P〈0．05,B组P〈0．01）,B组与A组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论前列地尔联合贝那普利列地尔注射液是治疗糖尿病肾病的有效方法。     

糖尿病肾病患者血清vaspin与血清脂联素的相关性

目的 探讨血清vaspin、血清脂联素水平与糖尿病肾病的相关性.方法 选择120例2型糖尿病患者,据尿白蛋白排泄率分为正常蛋白尿组(尿白蛋白排泄率＜ 20μg/min)40例、微量蛋白尿组(尿白蛋白排泄率20～200 μg/min)45例、大量蛋白尿组(尿白蛋白排泄率＞200μg/min)35例,另选健康体检者40名为对照组.分别采用酶联免疫吸附法测定空腹vaspin、脂联素水平,同时测定空腹血糖、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹胰岛素、尿素氮、血肌酐,测量体质指数、腰围、收缩压和舒张压,比较各组间差异.结果 3组患者较对照组血清vaspin、脂联素水平显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).3组患者随着尿白蛋白排泄率升高,血清vaspin水平逐渐降低,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);随着尿白蛋白排泄率升高,血清脂联素水平逐渐升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).血清vaspin与体质指数、腰围、收缩压、空腹血糖、甘油三酯、空腹胰岛素呈正相关(P＜0.05);血清脂联素与空腹血糖、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹胰岛素、血肌酐呈正相关.结论 脂联素和vaspin均与糖尿病肾病有一定相关性,血清脂联素水平随着糖尿病肾病进展不断升高,而vaspin则随糖尿病肾病的进展下降.     

尿胞外体1型辅助性T细胞/2型辅助性T细胞失衡与2型糖尿病肾病的相关性

目的 探讨2型糖尿病（DM）患者尿胞外体1型辅助性T细胞/2型辅助性T细胞（Th1/Th2）的变化与2型糖尿病肾病（DN）发生发展的相关性。 方法 选取120例2型糖尿病患者及健康对照组30例为对象,根据尿白蛋白肌酐比（UACR）,2型糖尿病患者分为糖尿病非肾病组（DM,40例,UACR<30 mg/gCr）、微量白蛋白尿组（DN1,50例,UACR≥30~300 mg/gCr）和临床白蛋白尿组（DN2,30例,UACR＞300 mg/gCr）。用特异性单克隆抗体提纯尿胞外体。用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测尿胞外体干扰素γ（IFN-γ）和白细胞介素4（IL-4）水平。用多元逐步回归方法分析尿胞外体IFN-γ/IL-4比值与糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、胆固醇（CH）、UACR、血肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）相关性。 结果 DM、DN1、DN2组胞外体Th1/Th2水平显著高于健康对照组（0.8089±0.2458、0.8993±0.3515、0.8571±0.2470比 0.6198±0.1769,均P < 0.01）。DN1组胞外体Th1/Th2显著高于DM组（P < 0.01）。尿胞外体IFN-γ/IL-4与UACR（r = 0.213,P = 0.015）、BUN（r=0.292,P = 0.001）呈正相关。逐步多元回归分析显示, BUN是尿胞外体IFN-γ/IL-4的独立影响因素（β = 0.246,P = 0.006）。 结论 尿胞外体Th1/Th2漂移与2型糖尿病肾病密切相关,可能在糖尿病早期肾病发病过程中起重要的作用。     

2型糖尿病肾病患者尿白蛋白排泄率、血清脂联素与血糖水平的相互关系

目的 研究2型糖尿病肾病(DN)患者尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）、血清脂联素（ADPN）水平及血糖水平的相互关系。 方法 选择89例2型糖尿病（DM）住院患者,根据尿白蛋白排泄率分为3组：单纯糖尿病组（35例）;微量白蛋白尿组（32例）;大量白蛋白尿组（22例）。30例健康体检者作为对照组。ELISA法检测血清ADPN,同时常规测定体质量指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、血脂水平、尿白蛋白排泄率。比较各组间的差异。 结果 糖尿病患者血清ADPN水平低于正常人群。大量白蛋白尿组的血清ADPN水平显著高于单纯糖尿病组和微量白蛋白尿组[（67.74±14.89）比（39.36±13.92）、（54.38±10.14） ng/L],差异有统计学意义（P ＜ 0.05）。多元逐步回归分析显示,餐后2 h血糖（2hPG）、HbA1c、病程、UAER、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）与脂联素水平密切相关。相关分析显示,血清脂联素与HbA1c、空腹血糖（FPG）、2hPG、BMI、WHR呈负相关,r分别为-0.479、-0.436、-0.418、-0.479、-0.531,均P ＜ 0.01;与年龄、病程、HDL、UAER呈正相关,r分别为0.255、0.405、0.501、0.843,均P ＜ 0.01。 结论 2型糖尿病患者血清脂联素水平与UAER呈正相关;与血糖水平呈负相关。血糖水平是影响血清脂联素水平的主要因素之一。严格的血糖控制有利于保持体内较高的脂联素水平。     

MTHFR基因多态性与2型糖尿病肾病相关性的研究

目的 研究亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶（MTHFR）基因多态性与2型糖尿病肾病（DN）易感性的关系.方法 选择111例山西地区汉族人2型糖尿病患者,其中糖尿病肾病（DN＋）组56例,糖尿病非肾病（DN-）组55例,运用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）技术并结合琼脂糖凝胶电泳的方法检测111例患者的MTHFR基因多态性,测定各组间基因型频率和等位基因频率.结果 纯合基因型TT、T等位基因在DN＋组（21.43％,46.43％）的频率均明显高于DN-组（7.27％,29.09％）,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.无论是在DN＋组还是DN-组中,TT基因型患者血同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）平均水平均大于CC基因型和CT基因型患者,DN＋组血浆Hcy水平明显高于DN-组,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.在叶酸浓度≤6.92nmol/L时,DN＋组（24.24％,48.49％） TT型发生率及T等位基因频率明显高于DN-组（3.70％,25.93％）（P＜0.05）,当叶酸浓度＞6,92nmol/L时,DN＋组TT型发生率及T等位基因频率与DN-组无差异（P＞0.05）.结论 MTHFR基因C677T多态性与糖尿病肾病（DN）发生具有相关性,突变的T等位基因是DN易感基因,但其影响效果受叶酸浓度的影响.     

Effects of bone morphogenetic protein 2 signal pathway on renal artery calcification in progression of diabetic nephropathy

Objective To explore the effects of renal artery calcification on the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN), the activation and its role of bone morphogenetic protein 2(BMP2) signal pathway in renal artery of rats. Methods Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into control group(CON group), DN group and DN with vascular calcification group (DN+VDN group). Rats of group DN and DN+VDN were fed with high sugar and fat diet and injected with streptozocin (STZ) into abdominal cavity to induce diabetes. After diabetic models were successfully made, rats of group DN+VDN were treated by vitamin D3 plus nicotine. The rats were sacrificed at 8th, 12th and 16th week respectively and the levels of renal function, blood glucose and 24 h urinary protein (24-h Upro) were measured. The pathologic changes to the renal artery were observed by von-Kossa staining and the calcium content was detected by calcium assay kit. The pathologic changes to the kidney were observed by HE. Immunohistochemistry was applied to detect the protein expression of BMP2/Smad1/Runx2/Osterix signal pathway in the renal artery and real-time PCR were applied to detect the mRNA expression levels of BMP2 and Runx2. Results The calcium content and the deposition of black granules in DN group were significantly higher than those in group CON and lower than DN+VDN group at each time point (P＜0.05). The renal function indices in group DN and group DN+VDN were gradually increased in 8th,12th and 16th weeks, and were higher than those in group CON (P＜0.05). Compared with that in DN group, although the level of BUN, Scr, Cys C and 24-h Upro in DN+VDN group rats were higher at different time point, the level of Cys C at each time point and the level of 24-h Upro in the 16th week showed significant differences (P＜0.05). The pathological damages of the kidney in group DN and DN+VDN showed a continual worsening trend and the pathological changes of the kidney in group DN+VDN were more serious than those in group DN. Furthermore, the levels of BMP2/Smad1/Runx2/Osterix signal protein and BMP2, Runx2 mRNA in DN rats were higher than those in CON group, lower than DN+VDN group at each time point (P＜0.05). Correlation analysis demonstrated that calcium content was positively correlated with serum BUN, Scr, Cys C, 24-h Upro and the expression of BMP2, Runx2 mRNA (r=0.835, 0.705, 0.829, 0.897, 0.641, 0.683, P＜0.01, respectively). Conclusion Renal artery calcification may participate in and promote the progression of DN, and the BMP2 signal pathway may be an important regulating factor in DN with renal artery calcification.     

Prevalence and correlation factors of cardiovascular damage in patients with diabetic nephropathy and non-diabetic nephropathy

Objective To investigate the prevalence and correlation factors of cardiovascular damage in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and non-diabetic nephropathy (NDN). Methods A total of 278 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University from January 2014 to May 2016 were enrolled, including 78 case of DN and 200 case of NDN. Patients had cardiac and carotid ultrasonography test by colour doppler ultrasonography, and their clinical and biochemical data were collected. Multiple linear regression analysis and multivariable logistic regression analysis were applied to study the correlation factors of cardiovascular damage in CKD patients. Results Mean age was 48.22 years in the 278-patient cohort, which included 178(64.03%) men. Compared with NDN group, DN patients had higher left atrial dimension, interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, left ventricular posterior wall thickness, left ventricular mass index (LVMI), carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and carotid plaques ratio. Their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the ratio between the peak speed of the early filling wave and that of the atrial contraction wave (E/A ratio) were however lower (all P＜0.05). Prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), left ventricular relaxant function reduction and cIMT thickening in DN group were 67.95%, 70.27% and 57.14%, higher than those in NDN group (40.00%, 42.31% and 17.39%, respectively) (all P＜0.05). Along with the progress of CKD, LVMI and LVH proportion in patients with DN and NDN increased gradually. LVMI and LVH proportion in DN patients in CKD 1-2 phase and CKD 3-4 phase were higher than those in NDN patients (all P＜0.05). In all CKD phases, cIMT and cIMT thickening proportion in DN group were higher than those in NDN group (all P＜0.05). Just in CKD 1-2 phase, DN group had lower E/A ratio and higher proportion of left ventricular relaxant function reduction than NDN group (all P＜0.05). After multiple linear regression analysis, gender, BMI, hemoglobin, eGFR and DN were related with LVMI; age, serum calcium and DN were related with E/A ratio; age and DN were related with cIMT (all P＜0.05). In multivariate logistic regression, DN, hemoglobin and eGFR decrease were independently associated with LVH; age and BMI were independently associated with reduction of left ventricular relaxant function; age and DN were independently associated with cIMT thickening in all CKD patients (all P＜0.05). Conclusions DN patients have more severe cardiovascular damage than NDN patients, and DN may be associated with LVMI, E/A ratio, cIMT, LVH and cIMT thickening in all CKD patients.     

氧化应激介导糖尿病大鼠肾小管上皮细胞转分化及普罗布考的干预作用

目的 研究氧化应激在糖尿病肾病（DN）大鼠肾小管上皮细胞转分化中的作用,探讨抗氧化剂普罗布考对大鼠DN的肾脏保护作用。 方法 30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、DN组和普罗布考干预组（1％普罗布考饮食）,每组10只。分别于第3周、第8周及第12周检测24 h尿蛋白（UTP）;12周末检测各组大鼠血糖、血脂（胆固醇、三酰甘油）、Scr、肌酐清除率（Ccr）、肾脏组织匀浆液丙二醛（MDA）含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性。肾组织病理切片行 HE和Masson染色;采用免疫组化和Western印迹检测肾组织核转录因子Sp1、α平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）及E钙黏蛋白（E-cadherin）表达。 结果 与正常对照组比较,DN组血糖、Scr、肾组织匀浆MDA和24 h UTP水平显著增高（均P < 0.01）,Ccr显著降低（P < 0.01）;肾组织肾小管损伤分数、α-SMA和 Sp1蛋白表达水平明显增高（均P < 0.01）;肾组织E-cadherin蛋白表达明显下调。肾组织MDA含量分别与α-SMA及Sp1蛋白表达呈正相关（r ＝ 0.896,P < 0.01;r ＝ 0.862,P < 0.01）,与E-cadherin蛋白表达呈负相关（r = -0.673, P < 0.01）。普罗布考干预组Scr、24 h UTP、肾组织MDA、肾小管损伤分数及肾组织α-SMA、 Sp1蛋白表达水平较DN组均明显降低（均P < 0.01）;Ccr和肾组织E-cadherin蛋白表达水平较DN组均明显增加（均P < 0.01）。 结论 氧化应激在DN大鼠肾小管上皮细胞转分化中起重要作用。普罗布考可能通过抗氧化、下调肾组织Sp1蛋白表达及抑制肾小管上皮细胞转分化延缓DN大鼠肾脏病变进展。     

乙酰肝素酶在糖尿病肾病大鼠蛋白尿发生中的作用

目的 观察糖尿病肾病大鼠肾组织乙酰肝素酶（HPA）的表达，探讨其在糖尿病肾病大鼠蛋白尿发生中的作用。 方法 SD健康大鼠被随机分为健康对照组（n = 6）、糖尿病6周组(DM6w, n = 10)和糖尿病12周组(DM12w, n = 10)，采用一次性腹腔注射链脲菌素（STZ）的方法建立糖尿病大鼠模型。分别于造模后6周和12周末测定各组大鼠相对肾质量、血糖、尿素氮、血肌酐、24 h尿量及尿蛋白量(24 h)等指标，并观察肾脏病理改变。RT-PCR和免疫组织化学法检测各组大鼠肾组织HPA mRNA和蛋白表达变化，并分析其与蛋白尿发生的相关性。 结果 （1）DM6w和DM12w组大鼠的相对肾质量、血糖、尿素氮、24 h尿量及尿蛋白量(24 h)与健康对照组相比明显升高, 差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。（2）DM6w和DM12w组大鼠HPA mRNA和蛋白表达比健康对照组均显著增高(P < 0.01)。（3）大鼠肾组织HPA mRNA和蛋白表达与尿蛋白量(24 h)之间均呈正相关 (r = 0.783，P < 0.01；r = 0.793，P < 0.01)。 结论 HPA在糖尿病肾病中的表达升高可能参与了糖尿病肾病蛋白尿的发生。