飞行学员艾森克人格测试及相关因素分析

目的　探讨新入伍飞行学员人格特点及其影响因素。　方法　以空军某飞行学院 1991级新入伍飞行学员为对象 ,以同期入伍的新兵为对照 ,用艾森克人格问卷对两组人群个性特征进行了调查。　结果　飞行学员的 N分明显低于普通新兵 ,差异有显著性 ,而 P、E、L 分差异无显著性 ;来自城市的飞行学员较来自农村的飞行学员 E分高 ,L分低 ;父母受教育程度及从事职业对飞行学员 E、L有一定影响。　结论　飞行学员有良好的个性特征 ,其个性与父母受教育程度、父母职业等因素有一定关系。     

Pediatric radiation protection

OBJECTIVES: After completing this article, readers should be able to: Discuss the importance of pediatric radiation protection. List several means for reducing pediatric radiation exposure. Discuss pediatric immobilization and sedation. List and describe equipment used in pediatric radiology. Enumerate several ways to balance quality control and dose reduction. Address the radiation protection of others during pediatric radiology.     

Pediatric radiation protection

Children are more vulnerable to the late somatic effects and genetic effects of radiation than adults; therefore, every effort should be made to keep the dose as low as reasonably achievable, trying to retrieve the best possible information when performing indicated diagnostic tests. Minimizing radiation doses should be a concept applied in a chain of actions, starting from the appropriate choice of modern equipment in the Radiology Department. Pediatric-oriented protocols, especially with regard to CT protocols, regular quality assurance tests, and continuous training of staff involved, are important parts of this chain. Radiation protection rules should be meticulously applied in neonates and children. Justification of requested examinations, vetting of referrals for complex examinations, standardization of techniques and procedures, as well as optimization of protection measures are crucial components for ensuring minimization of radiation exposure. Special considerations include shielding of gonads, thyroid and lens, appropriate collimation, posteroanterior projections in females, added filtration, and grid removal. In addition, short exposure times, immobilization or sedation, entertainment, or distracting devices should be applied to eliminate patient motion. Departments can benefit from self-audits and re-evaluation of their procedures. The learning objectives of this review article comprise becoming familiar with the doses and risks associated with typical X-ray diagnostic examinations carried out in pediatric patients and getting accustomed to radiation protection methods and techniques that may be used to minimize exposure to pediatric patients during diagnostic X-ray examinations.     

护理指导对于提高CT检查中陪检者放射防护效果的研究

目的 统计调查黑龙江省某三甲医院CT诊断过程中,陪检者在护理干预和非干预情况下放射防护用品的佩戴情况,为医疗机构更好地降低陪检人群的受照剂量提供技术依据和解决方案。方法 设对照组和干预组,对防护用品佩戴情况进行调查统计,并尝试采用移动式铅屏风代替个人防护用品并调查其效果。结果 共调查CT检查中陪检者防护用品佩戴情况4 890人次。护理人员干预后,佩戴率提高由73%提高至94%,佩戴完全率由19%提高至81%。拒绝佩戴情况多为时间原因,其中急诊陪检者拒绝佩戴概率与门诊、住院陪检者拒绝佩戴概率具有统计学意义（t=4.956,P<0.05）。在使用移动式铅屏风后,人员防护概率提高至99%。结论 护理干预能够有效提高陪检者防护用品佩戴率和佩戴完全率,移动玻璃铅屏风有利于陪检者防护水平的提高。     

Exposure of medical personnel to radiation during radionuclide therapy practices

OBJECTIVES: Radioisotopes that emit beta radiation are used for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, of arthritic patients (radiosynovectomy) and treatment of bone metastases with, respectively, I-labelled lipiodol, colloidal citrate of Y or and Sm-labelled EDTMP. Radiation energy of these radioisotopes that emit beta or beta and gamma radiation (from 300 to 2000 keV) leads to an increase in radiation dose received by nuclear medicine staff. In this paper we focused on clinical and laboratory staff exposure during these types of metabolic radiation therapies. METHODS: Cylindrical LiF thermoluminescence dosimeters were used to measure radiation-related whole-body doses (WBDs) and finger doses of the clinical staff. RESULTS: Exposure of the two radiopharmacists and three nurses taking part in I-labelled lipiodol, Y-colloid and Sm-EDTMP therapies, for 12 months in succession, were 146 microSv and 750 microSv, respectively, considering WBD, and 14.6 mSv and 6.5 mSv, respectively, considering finger doses. Extrapolated annual exposures (six radiosynovectomies per year) for the rheumatologists were estimated to be 21 microSv (WBD) and 13.2 mSv (finger dose). Extrapolated annual WBDs and finger doses (25 I-labelled lipiodol treatments per year) for radiologists were estimated to 165 microSv and 3.8 microSv, respectively. CONCLUSION: Fortunately, these doses were always lower than the limits reported in the European Directive EURATOM 96/29 05/13/1996 (WBD <20 mSv.year; finger dose: 500 mSv.year) but have to be added to those relative to other metabolic radiotherapies such as radioiodine treatments and new metabolic radiotherapies (Y-conjugated peptides or antibodies). Nevertheless, the global exposure of medical staff involved in all these clinical practices justifies dosimetry studies to validate protocols and radiation protection devices for each institution.     

ALARA and an integrated approach to radiation protection

Exposures of individuals to ionizing radiation have been restricted for many years by a number of guidelines and rules developed by various advisory and regulatory groups. Accompanying these restrictions has been an evolving principle that exposures to individuals and groups should be kept "as low as reasonably achievable" (ALARA), consistent with provision of the benefits of radiation use to society. Although the ALARA concept is a laudable goal in principle, its implementation in a clinical facility has not been a straightforward process. Problems of implementing ALARA have been confounded further by the efforts of regulatory agencies to incorporate the ALARA concept into regulations governing radiation exposures. To facilitate the implementation of ALARA as a workable construct in a clinical facility, guidelines are needed for its application to both individual and collective exposures to radiation. The provision of such guidelines, including action and inaction levels for both individual and collective exposures, are presented here.     

Comparing radiation toxicities across species: An examination of radiation effects in Mus musculus and Peromyscus leucopus

Abstract

Purpose: Life shortening and pathological complications in similarly irradiated cohorts of the laboratory mouse Mus musculus and the white-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus were recorded in the course of the Janus studies conducted at Argonne National Laboratory from 1970–1992. This study examines how lifespan, tumor and non-tumor disease incidence, and tumor multiplicity are differentially affected by gamma-rays and neutron radiation exposure in two different animal species.

Materials and methods: Survival analyses examined differences in lifespan across species, while decision tree analyses examined statistically significant associations between lifespan, radiation exposure, and specific diseases. Logistic regression models were generated to examine the likelihood of disease incidence in these two species following gamma-ray or neutron radiation exposure.

Results: Life shortening in response to radiation was more significant in Peromyscus leucopus than in Mus musculus, irrespective of radiation quality. Many types of tumor and non-tumor diseases were found to be consistently species specific. Tumor multiplicity was observed in both species in response to radiation, although more pronounced in Mus musculus.

Conclusion: The response to radiation was highly species specific, highlighting the difficulty in extrapolating conclusions from one species to another, irrespective of their phenotypic similarities and ecologic niches.     

辐射损伤相关生物标志物的研究进展

核与辐射事故发生时,快速评估人体吸收的辐射剂量对于伤员的分类和救治极为重要。为制定有效的辐射损伤救治方案和研发抗辐射新药,辐射损伤相关生物标志物的研究引起了研究者的浓厚兴趣。通过辐射损伤相关生物标志物的变化评估辐射吸收剂量或抗辐射药物的有效性成为研究的热点。笔者围绕近年来用于评估辐射吸收剂量和抗辐射药物有效性的生物标志物展开综述。     

放射诊断检查频次变化趋势及其影响因素分析

目的 探讨某综合医院近四年放射诊断检查频次的变化趋势及其相关影响因素。方法 利用医院信息系统和放射信息系统收集2019—2022年门急诊、住院人数和放射诊断检查信息。使用数据透视表对各种影像设备的检查频次和占比进行统计,并计算各检查项目频次及其占比。统计放射诊断检查的阳性率、患者性别和年龄分布情况;对放射检查人次数与门急诊、住院人数的关系采用Spearman相关分析。结果 2019—2022年放射诊断检查每年的频次分别为 307 306、 245 418、317 250、325 625人次,累计1 195 599人次;其中CT、X射线摄影、床旁X射线摄影、骨密度、消化道造影、乳腺X射线摄影的占比分别为59.74%、38.04%、1.39%、0.42%、0.21%、0.19%。各年度中,CT在所有放射诊断检查中的占比依次为49.58%、63.40%、60.40%、65.20%。急诊CT和急诊胸部CT检查频次与急诊就诊人次数具有相关性(r=0.63、0.61,P<0.05),非急诊CT检查频次与门诊、住院人次数有相关性(r=0.61、0.66,P<0.05)。CT检查阳性率除2021年最低为79.95%外均高于80%。结论 放射检查尤其是CT检查显著增加,在疾病诊断中发挥着重要的作用,但应重视CT检查正当性的判断。及时统计分析放射检查信息,可为放射检查科学管理提供数据支持和参考。     

Guidelines for radiation protection

Guidelines for radiation protection originate from numerous federal, state, and local agencies. Webster defines a guideline as a line by which one is guided, especially as an outline (as by a government) of policy or conduct. Guidelines in radiation protection can be either mandatory or advisory. Regulations by federal, state, and local governments for the use of radioactive materials define operating practices. Adherence to these regulations is required by law and there are penalties for noncompliance. Regulations generally constitute the minimum requirements for good practice and are usually supplemented by less formal recommendations from regulatory agencies and advisory groups. The regulatory guides published by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and by radiation control groups of agreement states are intended to assist the user of radioactive material in maintaining compliance with regulations. These guides recommend good practice but are not mandatory in that the user can propose alternatives to the regulatory agencies to meet the regulations. Many groups serve in an advisory capacity in formulating reports and recommendations for the safe use of radioactive material. The most prominent and influential among these are the National Council in Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Often the recommendations of these advisory groups evolve into either regulatory guidelines or regulations for the use of radioactive materials. At the present time, the backbone of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's regulations relating to the medical use of radionuclides, "Standards for Protection Against Radiation" (10CFR20) and "Human Use of Byproduct Material (10CFR35), are undergoing extensive review with major revisions anticipated within the very near future. These proposed changes could have a significant impact on the practice of nuclear medicine. The changes will have some influence on radiation safety practice as it relates to the radiation worker, the patient, and the environment.