杓状软骨的定位研究及其意义

目的为杓状软骨相关手术的术中定位提供解剖数据。方法观测30例60侧正常成人喉标本杓状软骨声带突和肌突形态及其与甲状软骨板的位置关系。结果 (1)测量了顶底间距等10项杓状软骨形态指标,除了甲杓肌附着深度外,其余指标具有性别差异(P0.05)(;2)肌突距甲状软骨下角下端距离:男(13.05±1.92)mm,女(11.76±1.79)mm;距甲状软骨板后缘间距:男(8.11±1.17)mm,女(6.95±1.26)mm;距甲状软骨板内膜间距:男(3.71±1.31)mm,女(3.65±1.23)mm。(3)杓状软骨肌突投影点位于甲状软骨板斜线后下区域,该投影点距甲状软骨下缘距离:男(7.12±1.43)mm,女(5.92±1.26)mm;距后缘距离:男(7.27±1.52)mm,女(5.81±1.47)mm。结论杓状软骨相关手术可根据甲状软骨后缘、下缘、环甲关节下缘来定位肌突。肌突距甲状软骨板内面最近,若从甲状软骨板斜线后区开窗寻找肌突可以缩短手术进路距离。     

喉上神经喉内支的分支分布及其临床意义

目的 :明确喉上神经喉内支的分支及分布情况。方法 :对 2 5例 (5 0侧 )成人新鲜正常喉的喉上神经在 10～ 2 0倍显微镜下进行解剖观测和组织染色。结果 :第 1段 (从发出至甲状舌骨膜 )长 (2 4.2± 4.2 )mm ;第 2段 (位于甲状舌骨膜内 )长 (7.0± 1.2 )mm ;第 3段 (出甲状舌骨膜至喉 )长 (13 .4± 1.6 )mm。喉内支穿甲状舌骨膜后分为内上支、中间支、后下支 3支 ,并反复分支达会厌软骨、杓会厌襞、杓状软骨粘膜、声带后 2 /3区、杓间区及环状软骨板后区粘膜。结论 :喉内支第 1段无分支且位置浅 ,可作为神经吻合的最佳部位 ,并提出了喉内支在喉内分布较详细的分布模式。     

喉返神经喉外分支的显微解剖及临床意义

目的探讨甲状腺手术区域喉返神经(RLN)的解剖特点和方法。方法运用大体解剖的方法,对48例成人标本甲状腺手术区域的RLN及其周围毗邻结构进行了观测。结果 48例96侧成人标本中,29%RLN主干穿过环咽肌肌束至致密结缔组织膜下缘,71%RLN主干走行在环咽肌深面。69%RLN在距离甲状软骨下角尖端(15.2±5.5)mm处分为前、后两支,前支多于环状软骨侧方下缘距离甲状软骨下角尖端(5.9±1.8)mm处穿过结缔组织膜,后支入喉点距甲状软骨下角尖端(4.8±2.1)mm;31%RLN未见分支。结缔组织膜下缘RLN与甲状腺下动脉(ITA)分支的关系为:66%(63/96)RLN位于ITA前方,27%(32/96)位于ITA后方。结论大多数RLN具有喉外分支,在以甲状软骨下角作为标志寻找RLN时,要同时找寻RLN及喉外分支的入喉点。ITA与RLN的关系复杂多变,ITA不作为RLN定位的首选。     

梨状隐窝定位食管入口的解剖学基础

目的:为临床介入放射置入食管内支架治疗高位食管良恶性病变提供解剖学基础。方法:经福尔马林固定的成人尸体标本共31具,沿正中矢状面做头颈部正中矢切面,以第7颈椎下缘水平切面,用1／50 mm游标卡尺和精密两脚规测量梨状隐窝下极与环状软骨板下缘之间的垂直距离,梨状隐窝下极与第5颈椎下缘的距离及其相对椎体位置关系,环状软骨板下缘与第5颈椎下缘的距离及其相对椎体位置关系。结果:(1)梨状隐窝下极与环状软骨板下缘的距离为(20.5±4.2)mm、梨状隐窝下极与第5颈椎下缘的距离为(10.7±9.3)mm、环状软骨板下缘与第5颈椎下缘的距离为(-3.5±11.7)mm。(2)环状软骨板下缘有62.5％位于颈6椎体水平。结论:以梨状隐窝下极定位食管入口的方法,是高位食管内支架置入可供选择的方法。     

喉上神经外支在环甲间隙的应用解剖学研究

目的为甲状腺手术中保护喉上神经外支提供解剖学基础。方法成人尸体32具(64侧),解剖观察喉上神经外支在环甲间隙的解剖学特点,观察该神经与间隙内其他解剖结构的关系。结果3侧喉上神经存在袢状结构;发现所有标本中均存在环甲肌支,71.8%(46侧)存在咽支;按Friedman分型方法进行分型:Ⅰ型占28.1%(18侧)、Ⅱ型占54.7%(35侧)、Ⅲ型占17.2%(11侧)。喉上神经外支入咽下缩肌点位置均位于胸骨甲状肌深面,斜线下方。喉上神经外支入咽下缩肌点至斜线的垂直距离为(3.60±0.30)mm,距胸骨甲状肌内侧缘的垂直距离(8.27±1.72)mm,距环状软骨中点的距离是(27.09±1.46)mm。结论甲状腺手术中,从环甲间隙入路多数情况下可以显露保护喉上神经外支环甲肌支;大于17.2%的情况下不能显露,但也不会损伤。     

喉的解剖学模型的制作及其应用

喉的解剖学是呼吸系统教学中的重点和难点。在现有的教学模型中 ,尚缺少把喉的形态、结构和功能连为一体并能演示的教学模型。为此 ,我们自制了喉的模型 ,在应用中收到了良好的教学效果。现将制作方法及其应用作一介绍。1　材料与方法1 .1　喉软骨的选材与制作 (附图 ) :1选用 3或 5 mm厚的无色透明有机玻璃板制作甲状软骨。先用硬纸片画好纸样 ,按纸样裁割有机玻璃 ,然后在电炉上加热塑形 (图 A)。2选用直径 1 0 cm、管壁厚约为 5 mm有色塑料管制作环状软骨。 3选用有色有机玻璃制作杓状软骨。 4会厌软骨采用蓝色空洗洁净塑料瓶剪制成。1 …     

环状软骨板-椎体间距的影像解剖学观测及意义

目的探讨环状软骨板-椎体间距的正常值.方法取60例(男、女各30例)成人无骨赘头颈部正中矢状断面标本,用游标卡尺测量环状软骨板至颈椎体的距离.随机选取60例(男、女各30例)在校正常大学生的头颈部侧位X线片进行环状软骨板-椎体间隙的X线测量.结果尸体标本上环状软骨板与颈椎体之间的距离环状软骨板上缘男(6.66±0.81)mm,女(5.74±0.37)mm;环状软骨板中部男(5.57±0.93)mm,女(4.64±0.61)mm;环状软骨板下缘男(7.70±1.02)mm,女(6.71±0.76)mm;性别差异t=2.10～5.64,P＜0.05.在颈椎侧位X线片上环状软骨板与颈椎体之间的距离为环状软骨板上缘男(7.34±1.12)mm,女(6.78±1.01)mm;环状软骨板中部男(6.28±1.160)mm,女(5.68±1.12)mm;环状软骨板下缘男(8.32±1.00)mm,女(7.52±1.52)mm;性别差异t=2.07～5.64,P＜0.05.结论环状软骨板中部与颈椎(C5或C6)间的距离最小.     

乳突根治术中乙状窦沟的解剖学观测

目的测量乙状窦沟到周边结构的距离,为乳突根治术提供解剖学依据。方法模拟乳突根治术耳后入路进行解剖,测量乙状窦前板到外耳道后上棘的距离,乙状窦前板到砧骨短脚中点的距离,乙状窦前板到外半规管隆凸的距离,乙状窦上膝距外耳道后上棘的距离,乙状窦下膝距外耳道后上棘的距离。结果 (1)乙状窦前板到外耳道后上棘的距离(13.19±2.37)mm;(2)乙状窦前板到砧骨短脚中点的距离(18.25±1.97)mm;(3)乙状窦前板到外半规管隆凸的距离(14.58±1.66)mm。(4)乙状窦上膝距外耳道后上棘的距离(16.95±2.06)mm;(5)乙状窦下膝距外耳道后上棘的距离(19.59±2.24)bmm。结论测量乙状突窦沟距其与周边结构间的距离,为手术安全提供了解剖学基础。     

中国人喉的研究：喉软骨的度量

应用福尔马林常规固定的成人喉软骨40例(男29例、女11例),进行了大体的测量,结果如下: 一、甲状软骨(mm)     

骨盆骨折骶髂关节分离前路钢板固定的应用解剖

目的 :为骨盆骨折骶髂关节分离行前路钢板固定时提供解剖学基础。方法 :2 0具尸体骨盆解剖观测骶骨翼大小及骶丛的位置。结果 :骶丛距骶骨翼边缘距离 (左右平均距离 )分别为 :上缘 :L4(19.1±1.5 )mm ,L5(2 4.5± 1.4)mm ,中点 :L4(17.2± 1.8)mm ,L5(2 0 .1± 1.4)mm ,下缘 :L4(13 .9± 2 .9)mm ,L5(15 .2± 1.6)mm。L4神经位于骶丛外缘。结论 :骶髂关节分离前路钢板固定时L4神经根易受损伤 ,安全放置钢板的位置是骶骨翼中上部 ,距骶骨翼边缘 2 0mm内。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008