Nasomaxillary osteotomy in lesions of the central compartment of the middle cranial base.

The pituitary fossa, sphenoid rostrum, sphenoid sinus, nasopharynx, pterygopalatine fossa and clivus are the components of the central compartment of the middle cranial base. It is a surgical challenge to gain access to this region. This fact has led to the development of a number of surgical procedures reported in the literature. However, none of these techniques can provide a wide and direct exposure to the middle cranial fossa without morbidity on its own. In this report, nasomaxillary osteotomy is described as a satisfactory alternative to reach the middle cranial fossa. With the nasomaxillary osteotomy technique, a wide access can be obtained to the central compartment of the skull base, caudally till the inferior clivus and upper cervical vertebrae (C1, C2). Since bilateral, internal carotid arteries are in sight laterally, the technique provides a secure resection of tumors with marked lateral extensions. Repositioning the translocated bone segment, surrounding the apertura piriformis, results in satisfactory cosmesis postoperatively. The technique is discussed on the basis of eight cases with the histopathological diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma (1 case), olfactory neuroblastoma (2 cases), chordoma (2 cases) and juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (3 cases). No vascular complication has been encountered. One chordoma patient died of the disease in the follow-up period. All other cases, including one squamous cell carcinoma patient, are alive and disease-free without cosmetic deformity. In conclusion, nasomaxillary osteotomy provides a wide and direct exposure to the central compartment of the skull base in a relatively short period of time, securing the vascular and neural structures. Besides, it offers the advantage that it can be combined with other techniques in extensive tumors, while cosmesis and nasal functions are preserved.     

Midfacial degloving: an alternative approach to the frontobasal area, the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses]

Midfacial degloving can be characterized as an alternative surgical approach for exposing the bony structures of the midface. In combination with transient partial osteotomies the nasal cavities, the paranasal sinuses, the pterygopalatine fossa and the posterior parts of the anterior skull base are easily accessible. Using an intercartilaginous, a transseptal and a circumvestibular incision in the nose and a vestibular incision in the oral cavity the soft tissues of the upper face are mobilized and transposed cranially up to the infraorbital rim, the nasion and the lacrimal sac. Thus one can avoid scar formations in the face. In comparison with the common visible incisions in the face a bilateral exposure of midline structures is possible. The resected bone can be easily replaced and fixed with titanium miniplates for osteosynthesis. The soft tissue glove is replaced. A correct suture technique for readaptation especially in the nasal cavity is most important to avoid a circular stenosis of the nasal aperture. Between 1986 and 1991, 40 patients with various tumors (juvenile angiofibroma, inverted papilloma, esthesioneuroblastoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus, benign tumors of the pterygopalatine fossa, clivus chordoma) underwent this procedure. Neoplasms and fractures of the anterior frontal skull base, the frontal sinus, the orbital cavity and the zygoma were less accessible due to the unsatisfactory exposure of these regions. Complications and side effects were rare. In five cases, a transient paresthesia of the infraorbital nerve and a facial edema were observed. In one case, a circular stenosis of the nasal aperture required a second plastic procedure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

内镜下鼻腔泪前隐窝-上颌窦入路切除翼腭窝肿瘤

目的 探讨内镜经鼻腔泪前隐窝-上颌窦入路在翼腭窝病变手术中的应用.方法 回顾性分析2008年5月至2011年5月5例翼腭窝良性肿瘤患者的病例资料,5例患者均接受了内镜经鼻腔泪前隐窝-上颌窦入路的外科治疗.其中神经鞘瘤4例,神经纤维瘤1例.手术采用控制低血压全身麻醉,鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路切开鼻腔外侧壁进入上颌窦,切开上颌窦后壁进入翼腭窝切除肿瘤.结果 本组5例肿瘤均获得一次性完全切除,无任何并发症.均于术后5～12 d痊愈出院.术后随访5～28个月无复发和死亡.结论 内镜经鼻腔泪前隐窝-上颌窦入路可以安全而完整地切除翼腭窝的良性肿瘤.该术式保留了鼻泪管和下鼻甲,保留鼻腔结构和功能,从而更好地降低复发率和缩短恢复时间.     

不同内镜手术入路对翼腭窝及颞下窝的显露程度比较及其临床应用价值探讨

目的应用不同的内镜手术入路解剖翼腭窝及颞下窝,比较内镜下各手术入路的显露范围,为恰当选择内镜手术入路处理翼腭窝及颞下窝病变提供解剖学方面的依据。方法 4具8侧成人尸头标本,0°内镜引导下分别采取上颌窦后壁入路、扩大上颌窦后壁入路、鼻腔外侧壁入路、揭翻经上颌窦入路进行解剖学研究,观测各手术入路的有效显露范围。结果上颌窦后壁入路能显露翼腭窝上部和颞下窝内侧区深部;扩大上颌窦后壁入路在以上手术入路的基础上进一步显露翼腭窝下部;鼻腔外侧壁入路再进一步显露整个上颌窦和上颌窦底壁平面以上的颞下窝内外侧区;揭翻经上颌窦入路则能更进一步显露整个颞下窝。结论不同的内镜手术入路对翼腭窝及颞下窝的显露程度各不相同,以此为基础选择相应的手术入路处理不同范围的翼腭窝及颞下窝病变将有利于充分显露和有效切除病变,并尽可能避免不必要的手术损伤和并发症。     

Surgical policy in patients with basally advanced form of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

The authors has modified surgical policy in a basicranially extending form of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) which is classified into tumors of stage I, II and III. Basally advanced tumors were diagnosed in 28 of 40 JNA patients: basicranially extended tumor (n=12, 30%), stage I tumor invading nasopharynx, nasal cavity, sphenoid sinus (n=4, 14.3%), stage II tumor invading nasopharynx, nasal cavity, sphenoid sinus, pterygopalatine fossa, ethmoid sinuses (n=9, 32.1%), stage III tumor invading nasopharynx, nasal cavity, sphenoid sinus, pterygopalatine fossa, ethmoid sinuses, infratemporal fossa, orbit, maxillary sinus and parapharyngeal space (n=15, 53.6%). Differential surgical treatment according to Owens (stage I tumors), Denker (stage II tumors), Moure (stage III tumors) provides radical removal of the tumor in the majority of the patients (87.7%) and therefore is an effective therapy of surgical treatment of the above patients.     

鼻内镜下经鼻腔入路翼腭窝解剖学研究

目的：通过鼻内镜下鼻腔外侧壁入路对翼腭窝的解剖学研究,为临床内镜下翼腭窝手术入路提供解剖学基础。方法：10具新鲜尸头采用内镜下鼻腔外侧壁入路对翼腭窝进行解剖,观测手术径路中重要标志及穿经血管神经结构,并观测翼腭窝内结构及其与周围结构的关系。结果：①翼腭窝及其周围结构解剖关系复杂,颌内动脉及其分支变异较大;②蝶腭孔、眶下管、圆孔和翼管是翼腭窝重要骨性标志,同时翼腭窝可作为进入颞下窝和蝶窦的通路。结论：①熟知翼腭窝及其周围恒定的解剖标志可保持方向感,提高手术安全性;②鼻内镜下经鼻腔外侧壁入路可充分暴露翼腭窝,视野清晰,术中对重要神经血管控制较好,可根据病变范围变通手术径路;③经鼻内镜下鼻腔外侧壁入路可进入翼腭窝临近区域,处理临近区域病变。     

Robotic endoscopic surgery of the skull base: a novel surgical approach

OBJECTIVE: To describe a novel robotic surgical approach that allows adequate endoscopic access for resection of tumors involving the anterior and central skull base and allows 2-handed, tremor-free, endoscopic dissection and precise suturing of dural defects. DESIGN: Transnasal endoscopic approaches are being increasingly used for surgical access and resection of tumors of the anterior and central skull base. One major disadvantage of this approach is the inability to provide watertight dural closure and reconstruction, which limits its safety and widespread adoption in surgery of intracranial skull base tumors. Other disadvantages include limited depth perception and several ergonomic constraints. Four human cadaver specimens were used for this study. The surgical approach starts with bilateral sublabial incisions and wide anterior maxillary antrostomies (Caldwell-Luc). Transantral access to the nasal cavity is gained through bilateral wide middle meatal antrostomies. A posterior nasal septectomy facilitates bilateral access by joining both nasal cavities into 1 surgical field. The da Vinci Surgical System is then "docked" by introducing the camera arm port through the nostril and the right and left surgical arm ports through the respective anterior and middle antrostomies, into the nasal cavity. A 5-mm dual-channel endoscope coupled with a dual charge-coupled device camera is inserted in the camera port and allows for 3-dimensional visualization of the surgical field at the surgeon's console. Using the robotic surgical arms, the surgeon may perform endoscopic anterior or posterior ethmoidectomy, sphenoidotomy, or resection of the middle or superior turbinates depending on the extent of needed surgical exposure. In addition, resection of the cribriform plate is performed robotically with sharp dissection of the skull base. The dural defect is then repaired with a 6-0 nylon suture. RESULTS: Adequate access to the anterior and central skull base, including the cribriform plate, fovea ethmoidalis, medial orbits, planum sphenoidale, sella turcica, suprasellar and parasellar regions, nasopharynx, pterygopalatine fossa, and clivus, was obtained in all cadaveric dissections. The 3-dimensional visualization obtained by the dual-channel endoscope at the surgeon's console provided excellent depth perception. The most significant advantage was the ability of the surgeon to perform 2-handed tremor-free endoscopic closure of dural defects. CONCLUSIONS: Transantral robotic surgery provides adequate endoscopic access to the anterior and central skull base. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the feasibility and advantages of robotic-assisted endoscopic surgery of the skull base. This novel approach also allows for 3-dimensional, 2-handed, tremor-free endoscopic dissection and precise closure of dural defects. These advantages may expand the indications of minimally invasive endoscopic approaches to the skull base.     

翼腭窝鼻内镜临床解剖学研究

目的研究翼腭窝鼻内镜下临床解剖,为内镜下翼腭窝手术提供解剖学依据。方法10例(20侧)中国成人干性颅骨,用0°、25°Wolfe鼻内镜,在监视器下,分别从翼上颌裂、鼻腔以及底部不同角度观察翼腭窝结构。结果翼腭窝是一狭窄裂隙,由蝶骨体、蝶骨翼突和腭骨垂直板、上颌窦后壁共同围成,大小为(21.4±0.8)mm×(5.2±0.3)mm×(3.2±0.3)mm,从上面观察似三棱锥体型,上宽下窄。鼻内镜从翼上颌裂置入翼腭窝,可以观察到翼腭窝顶部眶下裂与位于其外侧3mm的圆孔,向下可见翼腭窝底部腭大孔与腭小孔。将鼻内镜置入鼻腔观察,咬除上颌窦骨性开口后方腭骨垂直部骨质并咬除上颌窦后内侧骨壁,0°鼻内镜可以窥及整个翼腭窝以及后壁全貌,后壁呈上宽下窄的梯形,见其内下方之翼管开口以及外上角之圆孔,二者之间有一明显的纵形骨嵴分隔。结论经鼻内镜下去除上颌窦口后部骨质以及部分上颌窦后内侧壁,可以完整显露整个翼腭窝的结构,表明翼腭窝范围的疾病可以采用鼻内镜处理。     

Vidian neurectomy-some technical remarks

This paper describes a new surgical technique of vidian neurectomy. Although the vidian canal is approached transantrally, it differs from the conventional technique in that this procedure does not require dissection of the pterygopalatine fossa. The maxillary sinus is opened, using Caldwell-Luc's procedure; a U-shaped mucosal incision is made and lifted up, exposing the posterior bony wall as well as a posterior part of the medial bony wall of the antrum. After removing the bony wall, the periosteum covering the pterygopalatine fossa and the nasal mucosa (underside) are revealed. There is a crevice between these soft tissues. The maxillary surface of the sphenoid can be easily touched by a small periosteal elevator inserted into the crevis. The medial corner of the pterygopalatine fossa is pushed aside laterally with the covering periosteum. This exposes a part of the bony surface of the maxillary surface of the sphenoid. Go upward, touching on the maxillary surface until the elevator goes into the funnel-like opening of the vidian canal. The content of the vidian canal is electrocauterized and sectioned. It is important to expose the whole circumference of the bony opening of the vidian canal. This guarantees the complete section of the vidian nerve. The canal is plugged with a piece of gelatine sponge and bone wax. The mucosal flap is returned back. This surgical procedure may be properly termed as “Transantral Subperiosteal Vidian Neurectomy.”     

侵犯翼腭窝肿瘤的诊断和手术治疗

目的分析肿瘤主体位于翼腭窝的临床表现,探讨其手术方法及其疗效。方法回顾分析7例以翼腭窝为主要病变区域的肿瘤性疾病的诊治经过,其中原发性肿瘤3例,分别为纤维组织细胞瘤、神经纤维瘤和胆脂瘤,继发性肿瘤4例,其中上皮肌上皮癌、腺样囊性癌各1例,鼻内翻性乳头状瘤和恶性组织细胞瘤外院术后复发各1例。神经纤维瘤和胆脂瘤患者分别行内镜辅助下鼻腔上颌窦或口腔上颌窦径路,纤维组织细胞瘤患者及4例继发性肿瘤者采用鼻侧切开径路。结果腺样囊性癌患者术后4个月局部复发,激光扩大切除后随访3年无复发或转移,其余6例患者术后1个月～3个月术腔上皮化,随访2～4年无复发或转移。主要并发症为鼻口腔瘘2例,愈合时间分别为术后9个月和11个月,鼻咽反流和下眼睑水肿各1例,分别于术后1个月和3个月消失。结论CT或MRI是诊断翼腭窝肿瘤的主要方法,经鼻腔上颌窦、口腔上颌窦或鼻侧切开径路可有效切除该处肿瘤。     

Palatal Flap Modifications Allow Pedicled Reconstruction of the Skull Base

Objectives: Defects after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches (EEA) to the skull base, have exposed limitations of traditional reconstructive techniques. The ability to adequately reconstruct these defects has lagged behind the ability to approach/resect lesions at the skull base. The posteriorly pedicled nasoseptal flap is our primary reconstructive option; however, prior surgery or tumors can preclude its use. We focused on the branches of the internal maxillary artery, to develop novel pedicled flaps, to facilitate the reconstruction of defects encountered after skull base expanded endonasal approaches. Study Design: Feasibility. Methods: We reviewed radiology images with attention to the pterygopalatine fossa and the descending palatine vessels (DPV), which supply the palate. Using cadaver dissections, we investigated the feasibility of transposing the standard mucoperiosteal palatal flap into the nasal cavity and mobilizing the DPV for pedicled skull base reconstruction. Results: We transposed the palate mucoperiosteum into the nasal cavity through limited enlargement of a single greater palatine foramen. Our method preserves the integrity of the nasal floor mucosa, and mobilizes the DPV from the greater palatine foramen to their origin in the pterygopalatine fossa. Radiological measurements and cadevaric dissections suggest that the transposed, pedicled palatal flap (the Oliver pedicled palatal flap) could be used to reconstruct defects of the planum, sella, and clivus. Conclusions: Our novel modifications to the island palatal flap yield a large (12–18 cm²) mucoperiosteal flap based on a ～ 3 cm pedicle. The Oliver pedicled palatal flap shows potential for nasal cavity and skull base reconstruction (see video, available online only).     

鼻内镜下经鼻径路解剖翼腭窝区临床观察

目的 研究鼻内镜下经鼻径路观察翼腭窝区的临床解剖特点, 以期为手术提供参考。方法 5例(10侧)成人尸头标本经乳胶灌注后, 在0°鼻内镜下分别经蝶腭孔和上颌窦后壁两种手术径路显露翼腭窝, 再开放蝶窦, 充分暴露视神经、颈内动脉及蝶窦外侧壁相关结构, 观察各解剖结构的三维立体关系。结果 不同手术径路显露翼腭窝的范围不同, 祛除上颌窦内侧壁后能最大程度显露翼腭窝内所有解剖结构, 开放蝶窦后能观察翼腭窝与蝶窦区域相关结构的解剖关系。结论 只要熟悉鼻内镜下翼腭窝及邻近区域的解剖结构及关系, 选择合适的病例, 鼻内镜下经鼻行翼腭窝区手术是安全可行的。     

Endoscopic transnasal resection of a juvenile angiofibroma using an ultrasonically activated scalpel

We report a case of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA). A 19-year-old male came to our clinic complaining of severe nasal obstruction and epistaxis. Imaging investigations using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging techniques revealed a soft tissue mass in the nasopharynx with minimal extension to the pterygopalatine fossa. After embolization of the internal maxillary artery, we successfully performed endoscopic transnasal surgery for a JNA using an ultrasonically activated scalpel. Endoscopic follow-up for the 18 months after the surgical procedure revealed no evidence of recurrence or residual tumor.     

Surgical access for clivus chordoma. The University of California, San Francisco, experience

Surgical approaches to clivus chordoma are discussed. The approaches described in this article have been used in an attempt to minimize morbidity while maximizing exposure. The transseptal-transsphenoidal approach is appropriate for biopsy or for subtotal removal of small midline lesions of the upper (retrosellar) clivus only. The radical pterygomaxillotomy approach is used for gaining access to chordomas of the upper half of the clivus, with or without lateral extension. Removal of the lateral, posterior, and (if necessary) medial walls of the maxillary sinus is followed by resection of most of the contents of the pterygopalatine fossa. The pterygoid plates are then removed with a drill. The sphenoid sinus and upper clivus are then exposed for tumor removal. For more inferior lesions, we have modified the transoral-transpharyngeal approach by creating an inferiorly based posterior pharyngeal flap, which increases exposure of the clivus, particularly laterally. This flap can be extended laterally for paraclival extension. This approach allows removal of the lateral clivus as far laterally as the hypoglossal canal, with no dissection of tongue, mandible, lip, or cervical soft tissues.     

头颈部基底细胞腺瘤的临床分析

目的　分析9例头颈部基底细胞腺瘤的临床表现以及治疗效果。方法　回顾分析本科2007年3月～2016年1月经病理确诊的9例基底细胞腺瘤患者的临床资料。男性3例,女性6例,中位年龄48.9岁（22～65岁）。其中发生于腮腺5例,左上颌窦及颞下窝1例,鼻咽部及翼腭窝1例,鼻前庭1例,鼻中隔1例。结果　发生于鼻咽部及翼腭窝的患者并发鼻-鼻窦炎要求保守仅行鼻窦开放术局部活检病理,其余8例均行手术治疗。术后随访1～10年,其中发生于左上颌窦及颞下窝者术后1.5年复发,余均未见复发及恶变。结论  基底细胞腺瘤较少见,临床表现及影像学检查对其鉴别诊断有一定帮助,确诊须依靠病理结果。手术切除可获得较好疗效,预后良好。     

Combined median mandibulotomy and Weber-Fergusson maxillectomy

Monoblock surgical resection in combination with radiotherapy remains the most effective method of treatment for advanced carcinoma of the maxillary sinus. Extension of antral carcinoma into the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae decreases the probability of achieving an all-encompassing resection via the classic anterolateral Weber-Fergusson approach because of limited posterior access. Temporal and lateral infratemporal fossa approaches have been described and involve either mobilization of the zygomatic arch or a lateral mandibular osteotomy, respectively. We report the use of a median labiomandibulotomy combined with the Weber-Fergusson approach for lesions extending posteriorly. The labiomandibulotomy with paralingual extension along the floor of the mouth allows rotation of the coronoid process laterally and exposes the infratemporal fossa to its posterior margin. We present two cases in which this approach was used to extirpate lesions that had extended posteriorly. Relevant anatomy, operative technique, potential complications, and limitations, as well as a comparison with other methods of exposure, are discussed.     

鼻内镜手术颌内动脉翼腭段的应用解剖

目的：研究颌内动脉翼腭段的走行及分支规律,为经鼻内镜手术过程中合理处理颌内动脉提供解剖学依据。方法：10具去脑颅底骨正中裂开,显微镜下解剖蝶腭动脉,经鼻内镜上颌窦入路开放翼腭窝,暴露颌内动脉翼腭段所有分支,将上颌窦后、内壁交界的凹陷定义为A点,通过眶下孔的水平线与上颌窦前壁、后外侧壁交线相交于B点,上颌窦前壁、后外侧壁和底壁的交点为D点,BD连线的中点为C点,颌内动脉翼腭段发出的第一分支点为C′点,观察其分支及走行规律。结果：蝶窦口下缘到鼻后中隔上动脉的距离为（5．88±2．21）mm;C′点位于AC上13侧,占65%（13／20）;位于AB上5侧,占25％（5／20）;位于AD上1侧,占5％（1／20）;高于AB1侧,占5％（1／20）。结论：熟悉颌内动脉的分支及走行对于治疗顽固性鼻出血和翼腭窝手术有重要意义;本实验中利用A、B、C、D点为参照点确定颌内动脉走行的方法,有助于内镜经鼻（上颌窦）手术中颌内动脉的定位及结扎处理。     

The Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy approach to surgery of the skull base

A new modification of the transoral route involving a Le Fort I maxillotomy has been developed to offer much-improved exposure of the midline skull base. The procedure involves a standard Le Fort I osteotomy combined with division of the nasal septum and lateral pterygoid laminae, and excision of the inferior turbinates and vomer. With insertion of a modified Dingman gag, exposure is gained from the pituitary fossa to the arch of the atlas. The approach has been successfully employed to resect eight different skull base lesions, both intracranially and extracranially, in 20 operations involving 17 patients. Complications and morbidity were minimal. Postoperative cosmetic results and occlusion were excellent. The Le Fort I maxillotomy approach has distinct advantages in dealing with a whole spectrum of pathology around the clivus and postnasal space.     

鼻内镜辅助下外鼻整形同期鼻中隔偏曲矫正术

目的 总结33例外鼻畸形伴鼻中隔偏曲患者施行内镜辅助下鼻整形术同期鼻中隔偏曲矫正术的临床资料,分析手术方法和术后疗效。 方法 患者均在全麻下经鼻小柱鼻前庭做切口,骨膜下暴露鼻骨及上颌骨额突,在内镜辅助下进行截骨整复并矫正鼻中隔,酌情将取出的自体鼻中隔骨质及软骨条修整后填于塌陷处或支撑鼻小柱、修整鼻尖等。术中可同期行下鼻甲成形术。随访3个月以上。 结果 全部患者术后均取得满意的整形效果,鼻腔通气良好。 结论 鼻内镜辅助下鼻整形术同期行鼻中隔偏曲矫正术效果好,无排异反应,不仅能改善鼻部外观,而且能改善鼻腔通气效果。     

Extensive nasopharyngeal angiofibromas: the maxillary swing approach

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and outcome using the maxillary swing approach for the management of extensive nasopharyngeal angiofibromas. A retrospective analysis in a tertiary care center revealed five cases with extensive nasal angiofibromas operated using the maxillary swing approach between 2010 and 2012. All patients had tumor extension to the lateral-most portions of the infratemporal fossa with complete occupation and destruction of the lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus causing abutment to the cavernous sinus and complete involvement of the pterygopalatine fossa and pterygoid base. One patient displayed full occupancy of the maxillary sinus as a consequence of erosion of the posterior and medial walls of the maxillary sinus, while another had severe temporal lobe compression through the roof of the infratemporal fossa. All patients underwent tumor excision using the maxillary swing approach. Patients were followed up for a minimum period of 1 year after surgery. The maxillary swing approach gave optimal exposure of the entire central skull base including the infratemporal fossa and its extreme lateral and superior aspects. Adequate tumor exposure and vascular control could be achieved in all cases resulting in complete tumor excision. The mean operative time was 4.5 h. Post-operative healing was satisfactory with palatal fistula formation in two cases and all patients remaining disease-free up to the present time. One had minimal misalignment of the halves of the upper jaw and two had epiphora, of which one required dacryocystorhinostomy. The maxillary swing is an effective approach in the management of extensive nasopharyngeal angiofibromas and leads to optimal anatomical exposure with minimal morbidity.