踝关节骨折外踝畸形愈合的重建手术

目的总结腓骨旋转延长截骨术治疗踝关节骨折后外踝畸形愈合的临床疗效。方法对19例踝关节骨折外踝畸形愈合患者行腓骨旋转延长截骨术治疗。15例获得完整随访,应用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)评分系统评分。结果 15例获12~50个月随访,平均33个月。骨折均愈合,力线恢复良好,无感染、内固定失败、骨不连、畸形复发等。结论踝关节骨折外踝畸形愈合采用腓骨旋转延长截骨术治疗,可使踝关节功能获得较大的改善。     

Ilizarov外固定支架治疗StephenⅢ型旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的 评价llizarov外固定支架治疗StephenⅢ型陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合的疗效。方法 自2006年7月至2009年2月,采用一期距下关节融合、跟骨截骨并Ilizarov外固定支架牵伸二期纠正畸形治疗StephenⅢ型陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合患者25例,男19例,女6例;年龄19 ～49岁,平均32岁;左足15例,右足10例。既往累计手术次数1～5次,平均2次。术后应用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分系统进行评价。结果 所有患者术后获18.3个月（6～36个月）随访。治疗结束时所有患者内、外翻畸形均得到完全或大部分矫正,可以用足底行走负重。距下关节均一期融合,跟骨高度、宽度、长度、B(o)hler角及Gissane角均得到明显恢复。81％的患者取得内、外翻畸形的解剖复位或近解剖复位。AOFAS评分平均为79.4分,优2例,良18例,一般4例,差1例,优良率为80.0％。所有关节融合的部位最后均获得骨连接,无一例患者发生内、外翻畸形需再次手术。结论 对于StephenⅢ型陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合患者,采用一期距下关节融合、跟骨截骨并Ilizarov外固定支架缓慢牵伸纠正畸形可获得良好疗效。     

胫骨平台骨折畸形愈合翻修术治疗进展

胫骨平台骨折畸形愈合会出现膝内外翻、屈曲或反张、旋转畸形、髌骨运动轨迹异常、关节僵硬、膝关节不稳定等。胫骨平台骨折畸形愈合翻修术有切开复位内固定、胫骨近端截骨术、外固定支架固定、胫骨结节远端截骨术、全膝关节置换术等,其中胫骨近端截骨术是胫骨平台骨折畸形愈合常用的治疗方法,可达到满意疗效。翻修术的目的是恢复膝关节稳定性、关节面平整及下肢力线,最大限度地减少膝关节周围并发症发生。该文就胫骨平台骨折畸形愈合翻修术治疗进展作一综述。     

截骨矫形关节融合治疗Ⅲ型跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的探讨跟骨截骨矫形距下关节融合治疗创伤性Ⅲ型跟骨骨折畸形愈合的疗效。方法对27例Ⅲ型跟骨骨折畸形愈合的患者采用截骨矫形距下关节融合并跟骨外侧骨突切除,腓骨长短肌腱松解术,参照美国足踝外科协会（Americanorthopaedicfootandanklesociety,AOFAS）的踝一后足评分标准进行评分,统计学分析用卡方检验。结果所有患者术后跟距关节均融合,截骨处均愈合,骨性愈合时间平均为11．7周。27例患者术后均获随访,随访时间12—36个月,平均随访时间14．6个月。术前AOFAS评分为23～51分（平均29分）,术后12个月评分为67—96分（平均85分）,术后与术前评分卡方检验相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,其中优13例,良11例,可3例,优良率为88．9％。结论跟骨截骨矫形距下关节融合并跟骨外侧骨突切除,腓骨长短肌腱松解术治疗Ⅲ型跟骨骨折畸形愈合疗效明显。     

外固定架结合内固定治疗Pilon骨折

目的探讨应用外固定架结合有限内固定及植骨治疗Pilon骨折的疗效。方法1995年5月至2007年12月应用外固定架结合螺钉、克氏针加植骨术治疗Pilon骨折26例。结果术后26例X线片显示：关节面分离和错位小于1．0mm 22例,小于2．0mm 4例,腓骨均达解剖复位,下胫腓关节无分离,骨折全部愈合,临床愈合约8～12周。23例获得6～18个月的随访,3例失访。结论外固定架加有限切开及植骨是治疗Pilon骨折的有效方法。     

经腓骨固定胫骨结合踝关节支架治疗Pilon骨折不愈合

[目的]介绍经腓骨固定胫骨结合踝关节支架治疗Pilon骨折不愈合的方法并初步探讨其疗效。[方法]1999-2004年共收治Pilon骨折不愈合者6例，男4例，女2例；年龄21-53岁，平均34．7岁。所有骨折均累及胫骨关节面并腓骨骨折，胫骨骨折不愈合，踝关节畸形。通过后外侧入路显露腓骨胫骨，复位满意后选用重建钢板置于腓骨外侧，螺钉通过腓骨钻入胫骨固定。小腿内侧选用踝关节外固定架固定。取自体髂骨植骨于骨断端和胫腓骨间区域以获得骨性愈合和下胫腓融合。[结果]随访8个月-4年，平均22个月。5例获得骨性愈合，平均愈合时间3．5个月。1例因过早去除踝关节支架且负重，出现钢板断裂再折。[结论]对于Pilon骨折不愈合，采用小腿后外侧入路经腓骨固定胫骨结合踝关节支架，是提高复位质量，促进骨折愈合，纠正关节畸形，防止并发症的有效方法，且相对更简便可靠。     

负重 X 线侧位片在踝关节骨折畸形愈合复位评估中的价值

 目的 探讨踝关节负重 X 线侧位片在踝关节骨折畸形愈合复位评估中的意义。方法 回顾性分析 2010 年3 月至 2012 年 10 月踝关节骨折畸形愈合接受重建手术治疗的 17 例患者资料,男 9 例,女 8 例;年龄 17～64 岁,平均 40.2岁。Takakura 踝关节炎退变分级:1 级 7 例,2 级 4 例,3 级 6 例。接受单纯切开复位内固定术 5 例,踝上胫骨截骨术 5 例,踝上腓骨截骨延长术 2 例,踝上胫腓骨截骨术 5 例。比较患者手术前、后负重 X 线正位片胫腓间隙,踝穴位 X 线片内踝间隙、胫腓间隙和胫腓重叠距离,X 线侧位片胫骨侧面角、胫骨轴线与距骨顶关节面中心的位移差（x 值）和胫距关节面圆心位移差（d 值）。应用美国足踝外科协会（American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS）踝与后足评分对患者手术前、后踝关节功能进行评估。结果 17 例患者均获 9～32 个月随访,骨折均愈合,愈合时间 11～14 周;未见踝关节退变等级加重。手术前、后负重 X 线正位片上胫腓间隙、踝穴位 X 线片上内踝间隙、胫腓间隙和胫腓重叠距离比较无差异;胫骨侧面角[术前（76.9°±4.1°）与术后（80.9°±5.2°）]、x 值[术前（10.8±2.1）mm 与术后（2.0±0.5）mm]、d 值[术前（4.5±1.5）mm 与术后（2.2±1.0）mm]比较均有差异。术前 AOFAS 踝与后足评分为（45.7±15.9）分,末次随访时为（82.0±9.9）分。结论 负重 X 线侧位片可以辅助判断踝关节复位情况,即使负重正位及踝穴位 X 线片示测量数据均在正常范围内,X 线侧位片示相关指标仍可出现明显畸形;X 线侧位片示踝关节解剖复位的标准是胫骨轴线通过距骨顶关节面中心、胫距关节面平行。     

腓骨--接骨与截骨的选择

本文讨沦胫骨骨折治疗过程巾腓骨接骨与截骨的得失通过Medline以“腓骨骨折”和“腓骨截骨术”进行检索及相关文献追踪，并结合我院的治疗经验进行讨论．伴有胫骨远端关节面移位骨折的胫腓骨远端骨折为腓骨固定的经典适应证，但在胫骨骨折时，腓骨骨折本身一般不波及下胫腓关节，不影响踝关节的稳定性，不主张对腓骨下1／3骨折进行常规固定，胫骨畸形愈合或萎缩性骨不连可以考虑腓骨截骨辅助治疗。但在对胫骨骨折治疗时，无沦对腓骨接骨与截骨，无为而治为上策。     

成人踝关节骨折手术治疗策略

目的探讨踝关节骨折手术治疗策略和效果。方法手术治疗踝关节骨折82例,双侧踝关节骨折时采用内踝骨折复位空心螺钉内固定,外踝骨折复位钢板内固定;后踝骨折大于关节面1/4时,行前后加压螺钉固定;下胫腓关节损伤不稳者,行下胫腓关节固定术,对胫骨关节面粉碎者,固定大的骨折块,恢复胫骨长度和关节面解剖,必要时行植骨术。结果随访6～36月,平均12.6月。所有患者骨折均一期愈合,骨折愈合为12～19周,平均14.5周。根据美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)制定的踝关节评定标准,从疼痛程度(40分)、踝关节功能(50分)和骨折力线(10分)方面进行评定。本组优56例,良18例,优良率为90.2%。结论恰当的手术时机、骨折良好的复位和有效的固定、积极的术后锻炼可使大多数踝关节骨折患者获得满意的功能。     

跟骨截骨丘部重建距下关节融合术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合的疗效观察

目的探讨跟骨截骨丘部重建距下关节融合术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合的临床疗效。方法自2009-11—2013-07诊治的21例（22足）跟骨骨折畸形愈合,采用跟骨外侧L形切口,切除膨出的跟骨外侧壁并松解腓骨肌腱,行跟骨截骨重建丘部距下关节融合术。比较手术前后跟骨Bohler角、Gissane角、跟骨丘部高度、跟骨宽度及美国足踝外科协会（AOFAS）踝与后足评分及视觉模拟评分（VAS）。结果所有患者术后获平均16.3（3~54）个月随访。术后4~6个月X线片显示22足融合处均骨性愈合,无内固定物松动及断裂。术后Bohler角、Gissane角、跟骨丘部高度、跟骨宽度、AOFAS评分、VAS评分等指标均较术前改善,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论跟骨截骨丘部重建距下关节融合术能矫正跟骨畸形,恢复后足外形、力线及功能,缓解跟骨畸形愈合引起的症状,临床疗效良好。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.