第一跖趾关节痛风石的手术治疗

目的探讨和总结跖趾关节巨大痛风石的治疗方法、疗效分析。方法对12例第一跖趾关节巨大痛风石患者,在综合治疗基础上,行手术治疗,术后长期监控血尿酸。结果本组12例,全部得到随访,随访时间6～24个月,平均13．4个月。关节切口Ⅰ期愈合,仅1例切口出现延迟愈合,占8．3％。术后跖趾关节外观和关节功能满意。结论积极的手术治疗是治疗第一跖趾关节巨大痛风石的有效方法,能减少痛风急性发作的次数,改善足的外观、保护足的功能。     

第1跖趾关节融合结合2～5跖骨头成形治疗类风湿性关节炎前足畸形20例疗效研究

目的研究分析第1跖趾关节融合结合2～5跖骨头成形术治疗类风湿性关节炎所致前足畸形患者的临床疗效。方法本研究选取2015年8月至2017年8月本院收治的类风湿性关节炎所致前足畸形患者20例作为研究对象,对其行第1跖趾关节融合结合2～5跖骨头成形术治疗,于术后半年、1年记录所有患者AOFAS评分、VAS评分以及HVA、IMA角数值,并于术前进行比较,观察术后患者前足畸形的矫正效果。结果 20例患者在手术治疗后半年、1年的HVA、IMA角数值以及VAS评分均明显小于手术治疗前,而AOFAS评分明显大于手术治疗前(P0.05);20例患者于术后半年、1年的HVA、IMA角数值、AOFAS评分及VAS评分无明显差异(P0.05);本研究中20例患者术后均无足跖痛情况出现,37足中有4足发生第5跖骨转移性跖痛,应用前足减压垫治疗后疼痛减轻。手术治疗后20例患者均无第2～5跖骨头下硬性胼胝。20例37足患者末次随访行AOFAS优良率评估,优良率达到91.89%,且术后无其他并发症发生,治疗效果显著。结论第1跖趾关节融合术结合2～5跖骨关节成形术可以有效治疗类风湿性关节炎所致的前足畸形,患者术后疼痛减轻明显,足部外形及功能均显著改善,适合临床医师选择应用。     

微型锁定钢板关节融合术治疗足部痛风石性关节炎疗效分析

[目的]探讨采用痛风石切除+微型锁定钢板跖趾关节融合术治疗足部痛风石性关节炎的临床疗效。[方法]将2010年5月²013年3月间本院收治的21例患者(32足)采取痛风石切除+微型锁定钢板跖趾关节融合的患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。[结果]经随访,患者平均VAS评分为(2.4±0.6)分,患足平均AOFAS评分为(80.2±2.4)分,平均Tegner活动力评分为(4.3±0.9)分,较术前明显改善。1足出现手术切口皮缘坏死,其余伤口均一期愈合,1足手术部位出现痛风石复发。[结论]痛风石性关节炎易累及第1趾跖关节,严重影响足部功能及外观,单钠尿酸盐结晶沉积可造成进行性的关节退变及腐蚀,宜及早进行手术治疗。术中清除痛风石及沉积物,并以微型钢板对受累关节进行融合可取得理想的术后效果,在阻止骨质进一步侵蚀的同时,可提供稳定的固定效果。术中应注意保护局部皮瓣血运,术后进行积极的功能锻炼。     

类风湿性前足畸形的手术治疗体会

目的探讨第1跖趾关节融合联合跖骨头切除术治疗类风湿性前足畸形的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2018-01—2020-04诊治的16例(24足)类风湿性前足畸形,采用第1跖趾关节融合术矫正足拇外翻畸形,采用跖骨头切除术治疗类风湿性前足畸形中第2~5趾畸形。结果 15例(23足)获得随访,1例(1足)失访,随访时间平均13(6~20)个月。术后患足畸形获得不同程度改善,足部疼痛明显缓解,末次随访时跖侧胼胝体消失。末次随访时疼痛VAS评分、AOFAS评分、足拇外翻角、跖骨间角较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。1例术后第2天换药时发现第3趾发黑,予以截趾。1足第1跖趾关节不愈合,翻修手术中予以自体髂骨植骨内固定,术后18周愈合;其余20足第1跖趾关节获得骨性融合,融合时间平均13(10~15)周。结论第1跖趾关节融合联合跖骨头切除术治疗类风湿性前足畸形手术操作简单,近期疗效满意,并发症少,但该术式是一种挽救性手术而不是解剖重建,难以恢复足部全部功能。     

Ilizarov关节成形术治疗第一跖趾关节痛风性骨破坏

[目的]初步探讨运用Ilizarov技术配合关节成形术治疗第一跖趾关节痛风石性骨破坏的可行性及临床疗效。[方法] 2014年6月～2017年12月对12例第1跖趾关节痛风性骨破坏患者采用手术治疗。清除跖趾关节周围痛风石后,修整已被破坏的跖趾关节骨端,克氏针临时固定第1跖趾关节,安装第1跖骨Ilizarov支架,第一跖骨基底部骨膜下截骨。术后通过外固定器逐渐延长第1跖骨,以纠正短缩,定期复查X线片,待骨延长完成并达至骨性愈合时拆除外固定架。评估患足跖骨延长、畸形矫正、功能恢复及并发症情况。[结果]术后随访时间8～48个月,所有病例第一跖骨骨延长和骨矿化均满意,平均延长(11.72±2.60) mm,骨延长指数为25 d/cm,第一跖列骨破坏缺损、短缩得到恢复,关节畸形矫正满意。AOFAS评分由术前(45.58±1.61)分增加至末次随访时(83.33±8.71)分,临床结果评定为优5例,良4例,可3例。[结论]利用Ilizarov技术配合跖趾关节成形术治疗第一跖趾关节痛风石性骨破坏,新生骨生长良好,使破坏并短缩的第一跖列长度得到恢复,可有效地矫正畸形,改善症状,临床疗效满意,是一种可行的方法。     

人工跖趾关节置换的临床应用

目的：总结应用跖趾关节置换手术治疗足部疾患的临床经验,评价手术治疗效果。方法：自2009年3月至2011年6月,我科共有8例足部疾患的患者接受跖趾关节置换手术治疗,其间Freiberg病患者5例（5足）,合并躅外翻1例;第1跖趾关节骨性关节炎患者2例（2足）;第1跖趾关节创伤性关节炎患者1例（1足）。均应用Swanson人工关节假体实施跖趾关节置换手术治疗。采用美国足踝外科协会AOFAS评分系统对手术前后疼痛、行走、穿鞋及跖趾关节活动度等进行临床评价。结果：随访时间3～25个月,平均13．4个月。所有病例术后关节疼痛明显改善,活动度改善。通过AOFAS评分评定,所有患者术后较术前有明显改善。结论：Swanson人工跖趾关节置换术治疗足部疾患近期疗效满意,能明显改善关节活动度及疼痛,是一种较为可行的术式。     

手术治疗晚期类风湿性关节炎前足畸形近期疗效观察

目的评估第1跖趾关节融合联合第2～5跖趾关节成形术治疗晚期类风湿性关节炎前足畸形的近期疗效。方法 2015年6月至2016年12月手术治疗晚期类风湿性关节炎前足畸形17例31足,男3例5足,女14例26足;年龄49～77岁,平均53岁。患足均存在严重的足母外翻,同时伴第2～5跖趾关节脱位、半脱位及僵硬性锤状趾或爪形趾。比较患足术前、术后X线片上足母外翻角(hallux valgus angle,HVA)及第1～2跖骨间角(inter-metatarsal angle,IMA)改变情况结合马里兰足部评分(Maryland foot score,MFS)及疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)评估手术效果。结果本组患者均获随访,随访时间12～21个月,平均15个月。患足外形及步态均明显改善,行走时疼痛消失。术后第1跖趾关节骨不连1例,切口延迟愈合2例,无切口感染、足趾缺血性坏死、足趾畸形复发、跖底胼胝形成等并发症发生。患足MFS评分、VAS评分、HVA、IMA术前分别为(38.42±7.81)分、(8.13±1.15)分、(39.48±6.44)°和(14.74±2.46)°,末次随访时为(82.42±5.05)分、(1.61±0.92)分、(15.23±2.19)°和(9.68±2.06)°,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论第1跖趾关节融合联合第2～5跖趾关节成形术能有效矫正晚期类风湿性关节炎前足畸形,缓解疼痛,改善功能,短期疗效满意。     

第一跖趾关节融合联合二至五跖趾关节成形治疗类风湿关节炎致前足畸形

 目的 探讨采用第一跖趾关节融合联合二至五跖趾关节成形治疗类风湿关节炎致前足畸形的效果。方法 回顾性分析2007年6月至2010年10月采用第一跖趾关节融合联合二至五跖趾关节成形治疗19例(35足)类风湿关节炎致前足畸形患者资料,男2例(4足),女17例(31足);年龄33～73岁,平均56岁。患者均有不同程度外翻锤状趾畸形和跖痛。采用美国足踝外科协会(American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)趾、跖趾、趾间关节评分及视觉模拟(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分评价手术效果。在术前及术后X线片上测量外翻角(hallux valgus angle,HVA)及第一、二跖骨间角(intermetatarsal angle,IMA),了解畸形矫正情况。结果 术后17例(32足)患者获得平均42个月随访,患足外形均得到不同程度改善;29足跖痛完全消失;3足出现第五跖骨外侧转移性跖痛,经垫前足减压垫缓解。1足因趾末节部分坏死而切除。成形的跖趾关节均有不同程度僵硬。AOFAS评分、VAS评分、HVA及IMA度数,术前分别为(46．82±6．13)分、(9.03±1.82)分、38.96°±10.13°、15.87°±3.43°,末次随访时为(84.25±2.87)分、(2.12±0.67)分、15.84°±5.12°、10.35°±1.67°。根据AOFAS评分,优23足,良5足,可4足,优良率为87.5%(28/32)。结论 第一跖趾关节融合联合二至五跖趾关节成形治疗类风湿关节炎致前足畸形效果优良,术后能明显矫正畸形,缓解疼痛,改善功能。     

人工跖趾关节置换的临床应用

目的总结应用跖趾关节置换手术治疗足部疾患的临床经验,评价手术治疗效果。方法自2011年3月至2012年6月,我科共有52例足部疾患患者接受跖趾关节置换手术治疗,其间Freiberg病患者28例（35足）,合并腮外翻15例（16足）;第1跖趾关节骨关节炎患者18例（20足）;跖趾关节创伤性关节炎患者6例（6足）。均应用Swanson人工关节假体实施跖趾关节置换手术治疗。采用美国足踝外科协会评分系统对手术前后疼痛、行走、穿鞋及跖趾关节活动度等进行临床评价。结果随访时间3—25个月,平均13．4个月。所有病例术后关节疼痛明显改善,活动度改善。通过AOFAS评分评定,所有患者术后较术前有明显改善。结论Swanson人工跖趾关节置换术治疗足部疾患近期疗效满意,能明显改善关节活动度及疼痛,是一种较为可行的术式。     

跖趾关节内侧副韧带重建术治疗外翻

目的 探讨跖趾关节内侧副韧带重建加跖趾关节成形术治疗外翻疗效.方法 采用改良跖趾关节成形术治疗外翻23例(38足),并对趾畸形的矫正程度、疼痛症状的改善及行走功能的恢复等进行充分评估.结果 本组患者外翻角(HAV)及第一、二跖骨间夹角(IMA)术前、后比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).术后随访(13.6±2.3)个月,疗效优28足,良8足,可1足,差1足,总优良率达94.7%.结论 跖趾关节内侧副韧带重建加跖趾关节成形术能够治疗多种中、重度外翻及合并趾跖关节炎患者,能有效改善足部外形及症状,恢复行走功能,并发症少.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.