子宫内膜异位症伴不孕125例临床分析

目的分析子宫内膜异位症(内异症)伴不孕患者的临床情况及影响妊娠的相关因素.方法回顾分析因不孕行开腹或腹腔镜检查确诊为子宫内膜异位症125例的临床及手术情况.结果治疗后125例患者中34例受孕,妊娠率27.2%.妊娠率Ⅰ～Ⅱ期高于Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者(P均＜0.05),单纯卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿高于仅有盆腔其他部位病灶患者和囊肿合并盆腔其他部位病灶患者(P＜0.05),右侧卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿高于左侧和双侧(P＜0.05).结论子宫内膜异位症对生育的影响是肯定的,手术治疗及术后辅以药物治疗后有一定的妊娠率.临床期别、内异症病灶部位、巧克力囊肿侧别与治疗后妊娠率有关.     

重视子宫内膜异位症和子宫腺肌病患者的生育问题

Rokitansky在1860年首次报道了子宫内膜异位症(内异症)。一个半世纪过后,医学长足进步,对内异症的认识也不断深入。然而时至今日,内异症和子宫腺肌病真正的病因和发病机制仍是一个未能全面解答的谜团,它们与不     

子宫肌腺症的临床病理特点及手术指征的探讨

目的:探讨子宫肌腺症的临床病理特点及手术指征。方法:2004年1月至12月手术治疗且病理证实为子宫肌腺症340例,其中全子宫切除284例,保守手术(子宫肌腺症病灶切除术)56例,回顾分析其临床病理特点并探讨手术方式及指征。结果:340例子宫肌腺症中合并子宫内膜异位囊肿95例(27.94%),合并子宫肌瘤148例(43·5%),合并贫血95例(27.9%),合并子宫内膜息肉20例(5.9%)。痛经组与无痛经组患者合并不孕症差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组合并内膜息肉有显著的统计学差异(P<0.01),痛经者合并内膜息肉是非痛经组的5倍,95%CI为0.079~0.509。两组合并子宫内膜异位囊肿有显著的统计学差异(P<0.01)。痛经患者合并卵巢子宫内膜异位症的风险是无痛经患者的3.369倍,95%CI为1.699~6.681。多因素Logistic回归分析表明,绝经前、月经量多和子宫大的患者易并发卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿;年轻、分娩次数多和痛经重的患者易并发子宫内膜息肉;绝经前年轻女性和子宫体积大的患者易并发子宫肌瘤。分析不同手术途径表明:腹腔镜组年龄偏低,贫血、不孕比例明显增高。结论:对年轻合并性交痛、肛门坠痛等症状,伴有贫血或不孕患者首选腹腔镜检查/手术;子宫较大、B超提示合并肌瘤或既往有剖宫产史,估计盆腔粘连重者选择开腹手术;合并子宫脱垂、尿失禁等盆底组织缺陷性疾病选择阴式途径完成。保留子宫的手术可以根据患者主要症状、手术医师的技能和仪器来选择术式。对年龄大且无生育要求,合并贫血、子宫肌瘤,服药有严重副作用或无明显疗效的可行全子宫切除术。     

子宫腺肌症318例诊治分析

目的 分析近年来子宫腺肌症的发病情况、临床表现、诊断和治疗。方法 回顾性分析1997年1月～1999年12月本院收治的318例子宫腺肌症患者的临床资料。结果 318例子宫腺肌症占我院同期妇科住院人数的5.7％、妇科手术子宫切除的20.9％。术前痛经者217例(68.2％),月经过多者132例(41.5％);术前诊断为子宫腺肌症192例,诊断符合率为60.4％,B超诊断符合率为60.5％,血CA125测定阳性率为72.3％。除2例行腺肌瘤剔除术外,全部患者均行子宫切除术,其中33例术前曾使用内美通、丹那唑、米非司酮、雌孕激素类及雄激素等治疗达3个月以上,80.0％痛经明显缓解,但75.0％患者停药后第1个月经周期痛经即复发。结论子宫腺肌症目前仍以手术治疗为主,治疗子宫内膜异位症的常用药物对子宫腺肌症痛经均有效,但停药后腺肌症患者痛经易复发。     

子宫内膜肌层功能失调综合征与子宫腺肌症的关系的研究进展

子宫腺肌症(ADM)和子宫内膜异位症(EMs)均以子宫内膜肌层交界区功能异常为特征.磁共振等影像检查为发现子宫内膜肌层交界区提供了有力证据,并对ADM的组织学诊断提供了有效的方法.“子宫内膜肌层功能失调综合征”的提出,对正确理解ADM及EMs的发病机制有很大帮助,并解释了子宫内膜肌层交界区与ADM的密切关系.     

腹腔镜下子宫内膜异位症生育指数在子宫内膜异位症合并不孕中的应用研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜下子宫内膜异位症生育指数(EFI)对子宫内膜异位症(EMT)合并不孕患者的生育力评估的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析在我院进行腹腔镜手术治疗的EMT合并不孕、随访资料完整的118例患者的临床资料进行EFI评分,随访术后妊娠情况。结果:118例患者术后3年累积妊娠率为46.6%;术后第1、2、3年的妊娠率分别为28.8%、14.4%和3.4%,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。EFI评分9～10分、5～8分、≤4分者的术后3年累积妊娠率分别为76.2%、47.4%、10.5%,术后3年累积妊娠率与EFI评分、术后使用促排卵药物治疗呈正相关(tau-b=0.367,0.439;P<0.01);与美国生育协会修订的EMT分期(r-AFS)标准及使用促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(GnRH-a)无相关性(tau-b=0.006,0.076;P>0.05)。不同临床类型的术后3年累积妊娠率间两两比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:腹腔镜下EFI评分用于评估EMT合并不孕患者的生育力,指导后续治疗有重要的参考意义,可根据EFI评分,综合评估患者的生育状况,选择个体化的后续治疗方案;EMT合并不孕患者不建议长期期待以提高患者的妊娠率。     

子宫内膜异位症和子宫腺肌病与复发性流产

子宫内膜异位症和子宫腺肌病是妇科常见疾病。越来越多的证据表明,这两种疾病对生殖功能有重要影响。临床可表现为不孕不育和流产等,尤其是早期流产。子宫内膜异位症引起流产的原因主要有疾病导致的内分泌功能异常、子宫内膜容受性降低和免疫因素等。子宫腺肌病导致流产的机制主要是子宫螺旋动脉重塑受损和子宫结合带结构功能异常。临床应注重自然流产患者子宫内膜异位症和子宫腺肌病的有关筛查与诊断,并在下次妊娠前给予积极的治疗。     

有生育要求子宫内膜异位症和子宫腺肌病复发患者的处理

子宫内膜异位症（内异症）、子宫腺肌病共同特点是治疗后易复发,且与不孕不育密切相关,对于有生育要求的复发患者处理相对棘手,但首要问题仍是解决生育问题,需要普通妇科医师和生殖内分泌科医师通力合作,综合评估患者的生育能力和内异症严重程度,制定出个体化的治疗方案。     

子宫内膜异位症和子宫腺肌病与复发性流产

子宫内膜异位症和子宫腺肌病是妇科常见疾病。越来越多的证据表明,这两种疾病对生殖功能有重要影响。临床可表现为不孕不育和流产等,尤其是早期流产。子宫内膜异位症引起流产的原因主要有疾病导致的内分泌功能异常、子宫内膜容受性降低和免疫因素等。子宫腺肌病导致流产的机制主要是子宫螺旋动脉重塑受损和子宫结合带结构功能异常。临床应注重自然流产患者子宫内膜异位症和子宫腺肌病的有关筛查与诊断,并在下次妊娠前给予积极的治疗。     

子宫内膜异位症和子宫腺肌病对生育功能的影响

子宫内膜异位症及子宫腺肌病是常见的妇科疾病之一,近年来发病率明显增高,由于子宫内膜异位症及子宫腺肌病患者盆腔结构改变,卵巢子宫内膜功能及免疫功能异常等,常合并不孕、流产,严重影响了妇女的生育功能。     

Conservative surgical management of endometriosis in women with pelvic pain

Endometriosis is a common cause of pelvic pain in women. This article addresses the conservative surgical treatment of endometriosis for this indication.     

Prediction of pregnancy in infertile women with endometriosis

To estimate the probability of pregnancy in infertile women with endometriosis, two series of multivariate analyses were performed in Tohoku University Hospital. In the first series, from 1993 to 1997, 103 patients participated. The Cox proportional hazard regression model revealed a hazard ratio of 2.43 in patients with high ovarian adhesion scores. Bilateral ovarian adhesion was an important variable in anatomical factors, probably second only to bilateral tubal adhesion. In the next series, from 1998 to 1999, 23 patients were included, and the preoperative serum concentrations of cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were analyzed. Only TNF-alpha was selected with a forward stepwise analysis after forcing age and infertile duration. In the logistic regression model, the serum TNF-alpha level had a significant and negative impact on the likelihood of pregnancy.     

Conservative surgical treatment in infertile patients with endometriosis

In the period 1985-1988 23 infertile patients with pelvic endometriosis underwent conservative surgery with microsurgical technique. 8.7% (only 2 women) of the patients were in 2nd stage, 43.5% in 3rd stage and 47.8% in 4th stage of the American Fertility Society classification (1985). Associated pathology was found in 52.2% of the patients. Surgical techniques and results are presented. We obtained 13 (56.5%) full term pregnancies. The postoperative birth rate was 50% in 2nd stage, 80% in 3rd stage and 36.4% in 4th stage. Associated pathology was present in 69.2% of pregnant patients. Ten women (43.5) did not conceive: 10% were at 2nd, 20% at 3rd and 70% at 4th stage. Associated disease was present in 30% of women that did not become pregnant.     

Nocturnal prolactin levels in infertile women with endometriosis

Both hyperprolactinemia and endometriosis are associated with infertility. A study was performed to ascertain whether sleep-related prolactin (PRL) hypersecretion was present in endometriosis. Fifty-five consecutive infertile women with regular menstrual cycles and admitted for diagnostic laparoscopy were studied. Blood samples were drawn throughout the night preceding surgery. Serum PRL, estradiol and progesterone levels were measured with radioimmunoassays. Nocturnal patterns of PRL secretion may be altered in infertile women with endometriosis, with an exaggerated and prolonged nocturnal peak. This alteration in PRL dynamics may contribute to infertility in women with endometriosis and may be a part of the pathophysiology of this disease.     

Subsequent pregnancies in previously infertile women with endometriosis

Sixty-eight previously infertile patients with endometriosis who had delivered a child tried to conceive again. Fifty-two of them were successful, 28 within 1 year, and 16 were not. The ability to conceive a second child was uniformly good regardless of the stage of the previous disease, the method of treatment, the duration of the initial sterility, or the age of the patient. Patients with endometriosis and infertility who deliver should be reassured concerning their chances of completing their families.     

Cumulative pregnancy rates in infertile women with endometriosis

We compared the effects of expectant and medical treatment on the fertility outcome in women with mild endometriosis. The five-year cumulative percentage of pregnancy with expectant treatment was 90%. In cases treated with 800 mg danazol a day for six months, the five-year cumulative percentage of pregnancy was 55.2. There was no statistical difference between the two groups. In surgically treated severe endometriosis the five-year cumulative percentage of pregnancy was 89.4. Patients with minimal or mild endometriosis should be offered expectant management for at least six months after all the associated factors are treated. Microsurgery is acceptable management for severe stages of the disease.     

Fecundity of infertile women with minimal or mild endometriosis

Despite significant developments in medical and surgical approaches for treating endometriosis, the optimal therapy has yet to be established. The relationship between prevalence of fecundity and stage of endometriosis according to their management was studied. Of 151 consecutive women with laparoscopy-proved endometriosis stage-1 and 2, operative laparoscopy was performed in 49, medical treatment in 59 and expectant management in 43 cases. During a 24-month period the cumulative pregnancy rates were found to be 36.7%, 30.5% and 20.9% respectively. Survival analysis showed that the probability of carrying the pregnancy beyond 20 weeks were 30.6%, 25.4% and 16.2% respectively. Diagnosis and treatment of early endometriosis is beneficial for the infertile women. Laparoscopic surgery seems to be the milestone of treatment in these cases, increasing the fecundity and involving minimal risk.     

Combination medical and surgical therapy for infertile patients with endometriosis

Endometriosis is a difficult problem for practicing gynecologists and is commonly associated with infertility. The diagnosis of endometriosis should only be made at the time of laparoscopy or laparotomy and should be confirmed with biopsy if possible. Once the diagnosis is made, it should be classified according to the revised AFS system. The treatment of infertility associated with endometriosis is controversial and usually consists of either medical therapy with hormonal manipulation designed to suppress the disease, surgical therapy designed to debulk the disease and repair anatomic distortion, or a combination of both. Despite an abundance of research on the treatment of endometriosis, the pregnancy rate for patients with endometriosis remains lower than that of the normal population. The reasons for this are obscure. Endometriosis does not respond to hormonal changes the same way that normal endometrium does and has been shown to persist despite extensive medical therapy. The recurrence rate of the disease is impressively high after either medical or surgical therapy. Interestingly, expectant management of minimal or mild disease is associated with pregnancy rates equal to those of any other type of therapy. Only when the disease is more extensive does aggressive treatment appear to show improvement in pregnancy rates. Whether combination therapy of endometriosis is better than single agent therapy remains open to debate. Some of the best-designed studies using combination therapy have shown no difference in pregnancy rates. Yet, when taken as a whole, it would appear that if combination medical and surgical therapy is chosen, the medical therapy should be given preoperatively. The literature abounds with a wide variety of classification systems, methods of calculating pregnancy rates, and inclusion of control groups. Because of this disparity between studies, reliable conclusions cannot be drawn.     

Medical and surgical management of adenomyosis

Adenomyosis of the uterus is a common condition amongst women in their reproductive years. It is defined as the presence of heterotopic endometrial glands and stroma in the myometrium with adjacent smooth muscle hyperplasia. The common presenting symptoms are painful and heavy periods and infertility, although many women are asymptomatic. Adenomyosis is thought to affect 1% of women and is typically diagnosed in the 4th and 5th decades of life. The aetiology is unclear, and until recently a diagnosis was made only after invasive and destructive surgery. With the advent of improved imaging of the pelvic organs, and in particular magnetic resonance imaging, the diagnosis of adenomyosis is being made more frequently. Unfortunately, because the disease has been infrequently diagnosed prior to hysterectomy, there are few well-designed studies of medical or surgical management. Management with hormonal treatment that aims to reduce the proliferation of endometrial cells is promising, but there is a paucity of well-designed studies to guide treatment. Hysterectomy or use of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) remains the mainstay of treatment.