Limitations and opportunities for immune checkpoint inhibitors in pediatric malignancies

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have shown great promise in a wide spectrum of adult solid and hematological malignancies, achieving objective tumor responses and prolonging survival. However, there is limited clinical success amongst pediatric patients. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of ICI and present an up-to-date overview of recent and ongoing clinical trials of ICI in pediatric malignancies. In addition, we will discuss immunologic and clinical difficulties in this young population, as well as future prospects for combination of ICI with other immune-based and conventional treatments.     

Immune blockade inhibitors and the radiation abscopal effect in gastrointestinal cancers

The field of tumor immunology has produced in the recent years a revolution in cancer therapeutics putting an end in the long lasting frustration of investigators in the area stemming from largely unsuccessful strides to develop cancer vaccines. This progress has come from the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies blocking ligand/receptor pairs with inhibitory effects for immune cells. Through this blockade immune checkpoint blockers are able to activate the immune system and create an anti-tumoral effect. A significant sub-set of patients with various types of cancers such as melanoma, lung carcinomas and urothelial cancers benefit from treatment with these drugs and survivals have improved in some cases. However other cancers are primarily resistant to immune blockers and secondary resistance is also the norm. Radiation therapy is often used in the palliative treatment of patients with advanced cancers and, in addition to the local effect in the irradiated field, it may in rare cases produce a systemic antitumor effect, termed “abscopal”. This effect has been suggested to be produced by immune mechanisms. Thus an opportunity presents for a synergistic effect of immune stimulation between radiation and immune blockade inhibitors. The therapeutic opportunities presented with the combination of radiation and these drugs for gastrointestinal cancers will be discussed in this editorial overview.     

免疫检查点抑制剂治疗非小细胞肺癌的研究进展

在全世界范围内,肺癌的发病率仍较高,且大部分患者就诊时已失去手术机会,需要化疗、放疗、靶向治疗等联合治疗,但总体治疗效果欠佳,5年生存率仍较低,亟待研究新的治疗方法.免疫治疗作为一种新兴的治疗方式,抑制免疫检查点通路被认为是最具前景的方式之一,本文就免疫检查点抑制剂治疗非小细胞肺癌的最新临床进展作一阐述.     

晚期卵巢癌患者外周血sPD-L1、sCTLA-4表达水平及临床意义

目的探讨晚期卵巢癌患者外周血可溶性程序性死亡配体-1(sPD-L1)、可溶性细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(sCTLA-4)的表达水平及其临床意义。方法选取2017年1月至2018年12月我院收治的102例晚期卵巢癌患者作为观察组,100例卵巢良性肿瘤患者作为对照组。检测两组外周血sPD-L1、sCTLA-4的表达水平并比较其差异;分析sPD-L1与sCTLA-4水平的相关性;分析晚期卵巢癌患者外周血sPD-L1、sCTLA-4的表达水平与临床病理特征及预后的关系;以晚期卵巢癌患者的sPD-L1、sCTLA-4水平均数为临界值划分高、低表达亚组,比较其预后差异。结果观察组患者的外周血sPD-L1、sCTLA-4表达水平分别为(14.82±4.74)ng/ml、(17.95±5.68)ng/ml,高于对照组的(7.78±2.26)ng/ml、(9.13±2.96)ng/ml,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。晚期卵巢癌患者的外周血sPD-L1与sCTLA-4水平呈正相关(r=0.634,P<0.001)。sPD-L1、sCTLA-4表达水平与晚期卵巢癌的组织分化程度、临床分期及...     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在膀胱癌新辅助治疗中的应用进展

膀胱癌是一种泌尿系统常见的肿瘤,单纯根治切除手术治疗的患者面临较高复发和转移风险,5年生存率为60~80%。在减少复发、转移和延长生存期的探索中,指南推荐以顺铂为基础的化疗作为标准新辅助治疗。但部分患者无法耐受化疗或对化疗不敏感,新辅助治疗应用率较低,未广泛开展。程序性死亡因子1(PD-1)和程序性死亡因子配体1(PD-L1)是重要的免疫检验点共抑制分子,通过抑制T细胞的激活和增殖通路参与肿瘤的免疫逃逸。近年来一批PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂被批准用于局晚期膀胱癌的一线、二线治疗,疗效及安全性得到证实,因此一些最新的研究探索将PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂运用于新辅助治疗。本文主要对近年来相关研究进行了回顾与总结,探讨PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在膀胱癌新辅助治疗应用的前景和可能发展的方向。     

免疫检查点PD-1/PD-L1阻断剂耐药机制的研究进展

免疫检查点蛋白通过复杂机制抑制抗肿瘤免疫,进而介导恶性肿瘤的“免疫逃逸”。2018年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的两位得主发现了抑制上述机制的癌症疗法,为人类抗肿瘤治疗带来曙光。近年来,针对程序性死亡受体-1（PD-1）/程序性死亡受体配体-1（PD-L1）的免疫检查点阻断治疗在多种恶性肿瘤中取得较好疗效,将肿瘤免疫治疗推向新的里程碑。然而继之出现的耐药问题,限制了其临床应用,成为这一领域新的难题。本文就PD-1/PD-L1阻断剂耐药现象及相关机制作一综述。     

PD-1/PD-L1拮抗剂在小细胞肺癌治疗中的研究进展

小细胞肺癌是以广泛转移和预后不良为特征的一种恶性肿瘤。虽然34%~85%的小细胞肺癌对化疗有效,但疾病进展迅速,后续的二线治疗效果很不理想,并且近几十年的治疗方案没有突破性进展。近几年生物治疗迅速发展,免疫治疗成为继靶向治疗后的又一次飞跃。程序性死亡蛋白-1(PD-1)与程序性死亡受体-配体1(PD-L1)结合,抑制了CD4^+和CD8^+T细胞的增殖和活化,负性调控机体免疫机制应答过程,从而介导肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸,促进肿瘤生长。PD-1/PD-L1拮抗剂在SCLC中的临床前及临床研究中均获得了良好效果,让更多的小细胞肺癌患者受益,尽可能的延长生存时间。本文就PD-1/PD-L1拮抗剂在小细胞肺癌中的研究进展作一综述。     

PD-1和PD-L1在肿瘤免疫逃逸中的作用机制及临床意义

随着人们对肿瘤免疫微环境的深入研究,发现肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸是造成肿瘤进展的关键原因,其分子机制也成为肿瘤免疫治疗研究的重点问题之一。近年研究表明程序性死亡受体-1（programmed death receptor-1,PD-1）与程序性死亡配体-1（programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1）与肿瘤发生、发展有密切联系。其中,PD-1是T细胞介导免疫反应中的重要抑制性免疫检查点,肿瘤细胞通过表达PD-L1,与肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞的PD-1结合,诱导淋巴细胞的凋亡,从而抵抗淋巴细胞的杀伤作用,最终造成肿瘤发生免疫逃逸。本文对PD-1和PD-L1在肿瘤免疫逃逸中的作用机制及在肿瘤治疗中的临床意义作一综述。     

LAG-3 及其抑制剂在肿瘤免疫治疗中应用的研究进展

[摘要] 淋巴细胞活化基因3（lymphocyte-activation gene 3,LAG-3）又称CD223,是一种由LAG-3 基因编码的含有498 个氨基酸的I 型穿膜蛋白,由胞外区、穿膜区和胞内区三部分组成。LAG-3 主要通过胞外区与配体结合,负向调控T淋巴细胞,避免T细胞过度激活引发自身免疫。与程序性死亡蛋白-1（programmed cell death 1,PD-1）和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原4（cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4,CTLA-4）一样,LAG-3 是体内重要的免疫检查点,对人体免疫系统起到平衡调控作用。肿瘤细胞通过高表达LAG-3 配体逃避机体免疫系统的监视。随着免疫检查点的研究逐渐深入,LAG-3 成为继PD-1 和CTLA-4 之后新一代的免疫治疗靶点。本文主要对LAG-3的结构、功能及其抑制剂在肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用进行综述,以期为LAG-3 的进一步研究提供参考。     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合治疗在癌症免疫治疗中的研究进展

程序性死亡蛋白-1(programmed cell death-1,PD-1)是一种免疫检查点的负性调控因子,通过与其配体PD-L1/PD-L2结合,抑制T细胞的免疫功能,而PD-1抑制剂则可恢复免疫系统的抗肿瘤作用。较其他治疗手段而言,PD-1抑制剂有显著的临床疗效,然而其仍然存在不足,即目前仍有很大一部分癌症患者对PD-1抑制剂治疗是无效的。研究表明联合治疗可改善PD-1抑制剂单药治疗的有效率。联合治疗包括联合免疫检查点抑制剂、放疗、化疗、癌症疫苗和其他癌症治疗方法。FDA已批准了PD-1抑制剂联合CTLA-4阻断剂治疗,其抗肿瘤效率与肿瘤微环境以及免疫相关因子有关,但关于免疫系统,特别是T细胞对肿瘤阳性响应率的潜在作用机制研究甚少。本文将综述免疫检查点PD-1抑制剂的临床疗效以及其影响因素、作用机制以及PD-1抑制剂联合其他治疗的研究现状。     

PD-1/PD-L1免疫检查点抑制剂在多形性胶质母细胞瘤中的研究进展

多形性胶质母细胞瘤(Glioblastoma multiforme, GBM)是目前最常见的原发性恶性脑肿瘤之一。GBM具有高侵袭性、高复发率和低生存率等特点,预后较差。程序性细胞死亡受体1(Programmed cell death receptor 1,PD-1)/程序性细胞死亡配体1(Programmed cell death ligand 1,PD-L1)作为主要的免疫检查点(Immune checkpoint, IC),形成免疫通路,可触发免疫反应的负性调控,增强脑组织中GBM细胞的侵袭性。在GBM的治疗研究中,免疫检查点抑制剂(Immune checkpoint inhibitor, ICI)也受到了相当大的关注。ICI通过抑制负性免疫调节途径来激活抗肿瘤反应,为GBM提供了新的治疗途径。目前已有多项临床研究集中在标准治疗(替莫唑胺、放疗)、靶向治疗和其他免疫治疗的联合应用方面。本综述阐述了PD-1/PD-L1通路,概述了PD-1/PD-L1 ICI单药、新辅助治疗以及联合化疗、放疗、靶向治疗、激素等多种方式治疗GBM的研究进展。     

PD-1、CTLA-4、BLTA在食管鳞状细胞癌患者外周血中的表达及临床意义

目的 检测食管鳞癌患者外周血中抑制性协同刺激因子受体PD-1、CTLA-4、BLTA表达情况,并分析其临床意义。方法 选取2016年6月—2017年4月河北医科大学第四医院胸外科90例食管鳞状细胞癌患者(其中50例患者行手术治疗)和40例健康对照者为研究对象,收集其外周血液标本,采用酶联免疫吸附方法检测血清中可溶性PD-1(sPD-1)、可溶性CTLA-4(sCTLA-4)及可溶性BLTA(sBLTA)的表达水平。结果 食管鳞癌组血清中sPD-1、sCTLA-4及sBLTA水平均明显高于对照组(P＜0.05);食管鳞癌组手术前后血清中sPD-1、sCTLA-4及sBLTA水平均无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。sPD-1和sBLTA的表达水平与临床病理特征无相关性,sCTLA-4的表达水平与TNM分期相关(P＜0.05),与T分期、N分期、肿瘤体积大小、肿瘤部位、组织分化程度、性别、年龄无相关性;血清中sPD-1、sCTLA-4及sBLTA两两间无相关性(P＞0.05)。结论 食管鳞癌患者血清中sCTLA-4较正常人表达升高,且sCTLA-4的表达水平与TNM分期相关,说明血清中sCTLA-4表达水平与病情发展变化有一定相关性。     

抗生素对免疫检查点抑制剂治疗非小细胞肺癌疗效影响的Meta分析

目的:通过Meta分析的方法评价抗生素对免疫检查点抑制剂治疗非小细胞肺癌(non-small lung cancer,NSCLC)疗效的影响.方法:检索Pubmed、Cochrane Library、EMbase、EBSCO循证医学数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中国知网(CNKI)中收录的关于抗生素对免疫检...     

Malignant mesothelioma: Advances in immune checkpoint inhibitor and mesothelin-targeted therapies

Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. For many years, the only US Food and Drug Administration-approved first-line treatment for unresectable mesothelioma was pemetrexed plus cisplatin. However, the recent approval of nivolumab plus ipilimumab as frontline treatment for patients with pleural mesothelioma marks a significant milestone for the treatment of this disease. In this review, the authors describe recent advances in therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with advanced, unresectable mesothelioma, highlighting the emerging use of immunotherapy and mesothelin-targeted therapies for the management of malignant mesothelioma.     

Immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced non–small cell lung cancer

The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer has led to major changes to the therapeutic landscape of lung cancer. Improvements in overall survival relative to standard chemotherapy have been observed in the first‐line and second‐line therapy settings for patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Consequently, every patient with advanced‐stage NSCLC is now a candidate for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. However, it is clear that the benefit from therapy is not universal, and identification of biomarkers to select therapy has assumed importance. In addition to programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 expression, both tissue‐based and blood‐based markers are under evaluation to select patients. In an era of increasing costs of care and potential for toxicities related to immune checkpoint inhibition, proper patient selection is critical to the optimal use of this new class of agents. In addition, development of novel combination approaches has also emerged as an important way to improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition. Studies in earlier stages of NSCLC are already underway with the hope of improving the cure rate. In this article, the authors review the current landscape of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced NSCLC. Cancer 2018;124:248‐61 . © 2017 American Cancer Society.     

外周血sCTLA-4作为晚期非小细胞肺癌患者的预后因子

目的:通过检测晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small-cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者外周血可溶性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(soluble cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4,sCTLA-4)的表达,探讨其与晚期NSCLC患者生存期的关系.方法:采集2010年8月至2013年6月上海中医药大学附属龙华医院肿瘤科经病理证实的58例晚期NSCLC患者和30例正常人的外周血,运用ELISA法检测血中sCTLA-4含量,通过电话随访或上海市疾控中心获得患者生存期数据,分析sCTLA-4表达与NSCLC生存期的关系.结果:NSCLC患者外周血sCTLA-4表达率高于正常人(70.7％ vs 6.7％,x2 =32.44,P＜0.01),外周血sCTLA-4增高的患者中位生存期(MST)较短(41.63个月vs 31.57个月,x2 =7.765,P＜0.01),死亡风险高于其他患者(RR =3.05,x2=8.01,P＜0.01).结论:NSCLC患者外周血中sCTLA-4高表达,sCTLA-4可能成为晚期NSCLC患者的预后因子之一.     

免疫检查点PD-1／PD-L1通路在小细胞肺癌中的作用

小细胞肺癌（SCLC）主要的特点为生长迅速且早期易发生广泛转移。尽管SCLC对于化疗和放疗敏感,但几乎所有的患者均在治疗后发生复发转移,预后差。免疫检测点抑制剂,尤其程序化细胞死亡受体-1（PD-1）／程序化细胞死亡配体-1（PD-L1）拮抗剂在SCLC的临床前和临床研究中均获得了良好效果,并且能够延长患者生存。免疫检测点疗法作为一种新兴的方法在未来可能会改变SCLC治疗模式。此外,有限的数据显示出PD-L1表达可能成为筛选获益人群一个有效的生物标记物。本文总结PD-L1作为标记物的发展历程,并同时阐述PD-1／PD-L1抑制剂在SCLC治疗中的进展。     

Cancer immunotherapy: Opportunities and challenges in the rapidly evolving clinical landscape

Cancer immunotherapy is now established as a powerful way to treat cancer. The recent clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade (antagonists of CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1) highlights both the universal power of treating the immune system across tumour types and the unique features of cancer immunotherapy. Immune-related adverse events, atypical clinical response patterns, durable responses, and clear overall survival benefit distinguish cancer immunotherapy from cytotoxic cancer therapy. Combination immunotherapies that transform non-responders to responders are under rapid development. Current challenges facing the field include incorporating immunotherapy into adjuvant and neoadjuvant cancer therapy, refining dose, schedule and duration of treatment and developing novel surrogate endpoints that accurately capture overall survival benefit early in treatment. As the field rapidly evolves, we must prioritise the development of biomarkers to guide the use of immunotherapies in the most appropriate patients. Immunotherapy is already transforming cancer from a death sentence to a chronic disease for some patients. By making smart, evidence-based decisions in developing next generation immunotherapies, cancer should become an imminently treatable, curable and even preventable disease.     

细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4（CTLA－4）与肺癌的研究进展

细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4（cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen－4,CTLA－4）是一种跨膜蛋白质,能够抑制T细胞的增殖与活化,降低机体抗肿瘤免疫反应。CTLA－4与多种肿瘤的形成相关,其与肺癌的内在联系也备受关注。同时在肺癌的免疫治疗中CTLA－4也扮演着重要的角色。本文就近年来CTLA－4与肺癌的研究进展进行综述。