小儿上尿路结石的微创治疗

近20年来,上尿路结石的外科治疗发生了显著变化。如今,小儿肾及输尿管结石的微创治疗几乎取代了开放手术。尽管小儿尿路结石仅占尿结石人群的1％～3％,但由于小儿尿路结石多继发于代谢异常、尿路畸形或尿路感染,导致其结石高复发,使小儿尿路结石更适合微创治疗。因此,治疗前应全面进行代谢、尿路形态和功能的检查。笔者对小儿上尿路结石微创治疗现状作一综述。 一、体外震波碎石 1986年Newman等首次报道体外震波碎石(extracorp-oreal shock wave     

小儿下尿路结石的微创治疗

目的探讨小儿下尿路结石的微创治疗方法和效果。方法总结治疗小儿下尿路结石64例的临床资料,其中ESWL组30例,TUPL组34例。结果两组间总的碎石成功率相似,差异无显著性意义(χ2=0.15,P>0.05),但TUPL组1次碎石成功率及1周结石排净率高于ESWL组(P<0.05),而总并发症发生率低于ESWL组(P<0.05)。结论TUPL具有安全、高效、损伤小、并发症少等优点,并避免ESWL治疗可能对小儿生殖腺造成的损害,是治疗小儿下尿路结石的首选方法。     

小儿尿路结石的腔内微创治疗

目的探讨小儿尿路结石施行腔内微创治疗的临床价值。方法对79例小儿尿路结石患儿施行腔内微创治疗。男47例，女32例。年龄0．5～14岁，平均7．9岁。肾结石18例；输尿管上段结石14例（阴性结石和多发性结石各1例），输尿管中段结石2例，输尿管下段结石10例，膀胱内型输尿管囊肿内结石1例，肾结石合并输尿管上段结石4例；膀胱结石18例；尿道结石12例（后尿道6例，前尿道6例）。结石横径0．5～2．8cm，长径0．5～1．5cm。上尿路结石中左侧24例，右侧22例，双侧3例。结果30例下尿路结石、13例输尿管中下段结石行经输尿管镜碎石术（URL），1例肾盂结石、4例输尿管上段结石行后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术（RPPL／RPUL），31例肾、输尿管上段结石行微创经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNL），手术均获成功。术中、术后无严重不良反应发生。结论综合应用各种腔内治疗技术，小儿尿路结石可以实现现代微创治疗，并可作为一线治疗的选择。     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术和体外震波碎石治疗下尿路结石

目的报告儿童下尿路结石的经输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术（TUPL）和体外震波碎石（ESWL）治疗经验,以探讨其微创治疗的方法和效果。方法回顾分析治疗儿童下尿路结石68例临床资料,根据采取的治疗方法不同将其分为2组：TUPL组35例,ESWL组33例。治疗后行B超或X线检查进行随访。结果二种方法碎石成功率相似,差异无显著性（χ^2=1.0P〉0.05）,但TUPL组1次碎石成功率及1周结石排净率高于ESWL组（Pa〈0.05）,而总并发症发生率低于ESWL组（P〈0.05）。结论TUPL优于ESWL,具有安全、高效、损伤小、并发症少等优点,可作为治疗儿童下尿路结石的首选方法。     

微造瘘经皮肾镜碎石术治疗学龄前儿童上尿路结石

目的 评价微造瘘经皮肾镜碎石术在治疗学龄前儿童上尿路结石的安全性和有效性.方法 应用B超引导穿刺的微造瘘(16F)经皮肾镜碎石术治疗平均年龄46个月的学龄前患儿35例共42侧上尿路结石,其中肾结石34侧,上段输尿管结石8侧,结石平均长径(16.9±9.2)mm.结果 所有病例均I期成功建立通道并处理结石,手术时间平均为(35.4±14.9)min.手术清除率分别为92.9%,术后血红蛋白含量下降了12.7%,术后感染率5.0%,没有需要输血.毗邻脏器损伤或循环超负荷的病例.结论 微创经皮肾镜碎石术治疗学龄前儿童上尿路结石是安全、有效的.     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗小儿下尿路结石疗效观察

目的 探讨经输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术在治疗小儿下尿路结石中的应用效果.方法 收集我科2012年1月至2015年1月33例小儿下尿路结石患儿,其中男32例,女1例,年龄6个月至12岁,平均年龄29个月,年龄小于3岁的患儿有27例.膀胱结石17例,尿道结石16例,其中前尿道结石6例,后尿道结石10例,结石大小8 mm～25 mm,平均13 mm.所有患儿经B型超声、泌尿系CT等检查,均无尿道狭窄、神经源性膀胱、先天性畸形.全身麻醉、电视监视系统下应用Wolf输尿管镜(Wolf 6～7.5F,工作通道F4.0)气压弹道碎石术(碎石杆直径1.0 mm)治疗,观察碎石成功率、术后有无尿道损伤、膀胱穿孔、有无发热等并发症发生情况及结石复发情况.结果 33例患儿均1次碎石成功,碎石时间15～60 min,平均(26±9)min,术后2d～7d内结石清除率100％,4例患儿术后第一天体温超过38.0℃、无“石街”、无尿道狭窄、无尿道损伤、无膀胱穿孔和排尿异常等并发症发生,术后住院时间2～3 d,平均2.4d.随访2～24个月,无结石复发.结论 经输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗小儿尿路结石安全简便、效果确切、结石清除率高,且损伤小,术后恢复快,可作为小儿下尿路结石治疗的首选方法之一.     

小儿上尿路结石体外冲击波碎石20例

目的 探讨合理使用体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)治疗小儿上尿路结石的方法与效果.方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年5月应用ESWL治疗上尿路结石20例的临床资料.结果 20例中,肾结石16例,肾盂结石8例,肾盏结石6例,孤独肾伴结石2例,鹿角形结石2例,双输尿管畸形伴肾结石2例;输尿管结石4例.其中,单发13例,多发7例.Ⅰ期碎石有效17例,占85％;Ⅱ期有效3例,占15％.结论 使用体外冲击波碎石治疗小儿上尿路结石完全可行,疗效满意.     

经皮输尿管镜治疗小儿上尿路结石(附11例报告)

目的探讨经皮输尿管镜取石治疗小儿上尿路结石的手术方法与临床效果。方法对经皮输尿管镜取石治疗11例小儿上尿路结石的病例进行回顾性分析。结果11例均取得满意取石效果,未出现严重并发症。Ⅰ期取石9例结石取尽;2例结石残余,其中1例经同一通道Ⅱ期取石,结石取尽,另1例结石残余但梗阻解除残余结石对肾个功能无明显影响未进一步处理,结石取尽率91%。结论经皮输尿管镜取石治疗小儿上尿路结石是比较安全和有效的一种手术方法。     

微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术治疗幼儿上尿路结石

目的 总结我们应用微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术治疗幼儿上尿路结石的经验,并且探讨其安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析2006年10月到2 009年12月,我们应用微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术治疗18例幼儿上尿路结石的患儿资料.所有手术均使用8.0/9.8F输尿管镜代替肾镜,12～16F的肾通道,X线定位下完成.结果 其中16例患儿结石完全取净,清除率为88.9%,2例患儿需要联合ESWL治疗.平均手术时间76.5 min,平均血红蛋白下降18.7 g/L.Ⅰ期处理14例,Ⅱ期处理4例.结论 微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术治疗幼儿上尿路结石安全有效,并发症少,并且可以多次治疗.     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗小儿输尿管结石

目的探讨输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗小儿输尿管结石的临床效果。方法回顾性分析应用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗小儿输尿管结石32例临床资料。结果一次性治疗成功29例，成功率90．6％，手术时间为30～120min，术后无明显血尿、感染及输尿管、尿道狭窄等并发症。结论输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗小儿输尿管结石效果确切、创伤小，是治疗小儿输尿管结石的理想方法。     

经尿道输尿管镜U100激光治疗婴幼儿尿路结石

目的 探讨经尿道输尿管镜U100激光治疗婴幼儿尿路结石的有效性、可行性及应用价值.方法 2006年5月至2008年12月对28例尿路结石婴幼儿行经尿道输尿管镜U100激光碎石术,其中尿道结石6例,膀胱结石7例.输尿管结石11例,肾结石4例,疗效满意.结果 经尿道输尿管镜手术均成功,平均手术时间31 min,术后平均住院时间7.6 d, 输尿管及肾结石患儿术后均留置双J管,术后平均2周拔出.术后均无尿道狭窄、排尿异常、输尿管支架管脱落等.结论 经尿道输尿管镜U100激光碎石术是治疗婴幼儿尿路结石的有效方法,治疗效果理想.     

Laparoscopic management of pediatric renal and ureteric stones

ObjectiveTo assess the feasibility of laparoscopy in the treatment of pediatric urolithiasis, we report our experience with the transperitoneal laparoscopic removal of stones.MethodRenal pelvic stones of size ≥1 cm on ultrasound were included for laparoscopic pyelolithotomy while smaller stones were managed with shock-wave lithotripsy monotherapy. Intrarenal stones, calyceal stones, complete staghorn stones, multiple stones and kidneys with intrarenal pelvis were excluded. Ureteric stones included for laparoscopic ureterolithotomy were of size ≥1 cm in the upper, mid or lower ureter, and smaller stones not responding to non-operative treatment.ResultsA total of 22 procedures were performed: 12 pyelolithotomies, and 8 lower and 2 upper ureterolithotomies. Complete removal of calculi was accomplished in 21 (95.45%) procedures. Complications associated with laparoscopic lithotomy included urinoma (4.54%), failure (4.54%) and omental prolapse (4.54%).ConclusionLaparoscopic lithotomy is safe and feasible in pediatric urolithiasis with pyelic and ureteric stones, with minimal complications and failure rate.     

小儿尿路结石的ESWL及腔道处理

探讨ＥＳＷＬ及腔道处理治疗小儿尿路结石的疗效及治疗方式。对肾、输尿管上段结石，首选ＥＳＷＬ；输尿管中、下段结石，经尿道输尿管镜，用ＡＰＬ弹道碎石机击碎结石，碎片推回肾内，停留支架再行ＥＳＷＬ。结果，单次ＥＳＷＬ后Ｘ线片示结石完全粉碎者１９例，停留支架管再行ＥＳＷＬ者３例，本组无严重的并发症。因此，通过选用合适的腔道设备，配合规范的ＥＳＷＬ，可减少结石治疗过程中对小儿的伤害。     

Urolithiasis in children: surgical approach

Over the past 3 decades, minimally invasive stone surgery has completely overtaken open surgical approaches to upper tract pediatric urolithiasis. Progressing from least to most minimally invasive, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy are the surgical methods of today for kidney and ureteral stones. The choice of treatment modality is individualized in children, considering patient age, stone size, number, location, and anatomic and clinical contributing factors. The purpose of this article is to review these techniques for pediatric upper urinary tract stones and summarize outcomes and complications.     

Minimal access surgery in the management of pediatric urolithiasis

PurposeIn contrast to adult patients, a relatively large number of open surgical procedures are still needed in the treatment of urolithiasis in children. Since almost all open surgical techniques may be reproduced by minimal access surgery (MAS), there is a rationale to apply the latter in the management of pediatric urolithiasis. Our study aimed to assess the feasibility and outcome of MAS in the treatment of pediatric urinary calculi.Materials and methodsThe charts of patients with urolithiasis submitted to MAS between 1994 and 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. The inclusion criteria were contraindication for and failure of lithotripsy or endourology techniques. Demographic data, lithiasis characterization (location, dimension, composition), predisposing factors (anatomic or metabolic) and surgical approach (technique and outcome) were evaluated.ResultsFifteen consecutive patients (eight girls, seven boys) with a median age of 108 months (range: 10–297) were elected for MAS. Eleven (73%) children had associated urogenital malformations and three (20%) presented metabolic abnormalities. A total of 17 procedures were performed laparoscopically: three nephrolithotomies (one transperitoneal, two by retroperitoneoscopy), four pyelolithotomies (retro), three ureterolithotomies (trans) and seven cystolithotomies (suprapubic approach). Five patients underwent concomitant correction of urological anomalies (three calyceal diverticula, one obstructive megaureter, one ureteropelvic junction obstruction). Complete removal of calculi was accomplished in 14 (82%) procedures. There were two perioperative complications (one intraperitoneal vesical perforation and one perivesical urinoma). At a median follow up of 4 years (range: 1 month to 11 years), four patients have developed recurrence.ConclusionsMinimal access surgery is an effective and safe approach for urolithiasis in children who are not candidates for minimally invasive modalities. Individualized application of different techniques may solve virtually all cases. In selected cases, the role of MAS as first-choice therapy deserves consideration.     

Childhood urolithiasis: experiences and advances

Between June 1979 and June 1989, 54 children with urolithiasis were evaluated and treated at the Johns Hopkins Children's Center. The most common symptoms were flank or abdominal pain (58%) and gross hematuria (28%). In 46 children (86%), stones were secondary to a preexisting condition and in only 8 (14%) no apparent cause of stone formation could be found. Thirty-six patients (66%) had a solitary stone, most commonly found in the kidney. Urinary tract infections were present in 25 (47%) of the patients who had stones. Stones composed either of calcium oxalate or struvite were the most frequently recovered in these patients with infections. Twenty-one patients (39%) spontaneously passed their stones whereas 23 (43%) required either surgery or extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy to resolve stones. Ten (20%) showed recurrence of their urolithiasis, with follow-up examination periods ranging from 1 month to 10 years. Recent advances in the management of urolithiasis and their applicability to the pediatric population are discussed.     

经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗婴幼儿输尿管结石

目的 探讨经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗婴幼儿输尿管结石的可行性和疗效.方法 回顾性分析2008年12月至2010年10月36例41侧婴幼儿输尿管结石采用经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗的临床资料.结果 36例41侧输尿管结石,其中32侧一次入镜碎石成功;8侧采用导丝、输尿管导管、双J管扩张后碎石成功;1侧改经皮肾穿刺钬激光碎石术.所有病例术后均留置双J管1～4周,拔管后2周内复查B超或KUB结石全部排尽,清石率97.6％.7侧合并有输尿管息肉者,息肉切除.发生输尿管口撕裂1例,黏膜下假道2例,留置双J管4周,无输尿管反流和狭窄并发症.1例出现术后发热,经抗感染后体温正常.所有病例术后随访3～24个月未见输尿管狭窄和结石复发.结论 选择合适的输尿管镜,熟炼掌握操作技术,采用经输尿管肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗婴幼儿输尿管结石安全有效.     

A Case of Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Childhood Found by a Chance Hematuria

A 10-yr-old boy visited Minoh City Hospital complaining of gross hematuria. Laboratory investigations revealed hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and elevated serum levels of parathyroid hormone. A stone was found in the right ureter with drip infusion pyelography. A parathyroid adenoma was successfully diagnosed with computed tomography, ultrasonography, and methoxy-2-isobutyl isonitrile (MIBI) scintigraphy. Multiple endocrine neoplasia was ruled out by normal results of endocrine laboratory examinations. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy was performed to treat the urolithiasis, and the parathyroid adenoma was surgically removed. Primary hyperparathyroidism is rare in childhood; however, this case suggests that gross hematuria is an important sign of hyperparathyroidism.     

Recent management of urinary stone disease in a pediatric population

The incidence of stone disease has been increasing and the risk of recurrent stone formation is high in a pediatric population. It is crucial to use the most effective method with the primary goal of complete stone removal to prevent recurrence from residual fragments. While extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is still considered first line therapy in many clinics for urinary tract stones in children, endoscopic techniques are widely preferred due to miniaturization of instruments and evolution of surgical techniques. The standard procedures to treat urinary stone disease in children are the same as those used in an adult population. These include ESWL, ureterorenoscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (standard PCNL or mini-perc), laparoscopic and open surgery. ESWL is currently the procedure of choice for treating most upper urinary tract calculi in a pediatric population. In recent years, endourological management of pediatric urinary stone disease is preferred in many centers with increasing experience in endourological techniques and decreasing sizes of surgical equipment. The management of pediatric stone disease has evolved with improvements in the technique and a decrease in the size of surgical instruments. Recently, endoscopic methods have been safely and effectively used in children with minor complications. In this review, we aim to summarize the recent management of urolithiasis in children.     

Urolithiasis in infants

There are few publications about urolithiasis of the new born baby and infant (UNI). The UNI represents 20% of the pediatric urolithiasis. The etiologies in this age group are chiefly dominated by the urinary-tract infections and metabolic abnormalities. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of infant urolithiasis and to define the various treatment modalities adapted to this age group.