妊娠急性脂肪肝剖宫产手术麻醉方式的选择

目的探讨妊娠急性脂肪肝患者行急诊剖宫产手术麻醉方式。方法回顾性分析1996年1月至2012年1月本院收治的住院期间行剖宫产手术的AFLP患者的临床特点和围术期处理。结果初产妇占73.7%。前驱症状为乏力、纳差、恶心、呕吐、黄疸。实验室检查示肝功能异常、凝血功能障碍、白细胞升高、肾功能损伤等。产妇死亡2例(10.5%),无围产儿死亡。麻醉方法采用硬膜外麻醉(6例,31.5%)、全身麻醉(9例,47.3%)和复合麻醉(4例,28.6%),无麻醉并发症出现。结论妊娠急性脂肪肝是发生于妊娠晚期的一种严重并发症。麻醉方法应依据患者凝血功能采取个体化原则,有明显凝血功能障碍的患者以全身麻醉为首选。     

妊娠急性脂肪肝剖宫产术患者临床护理体会

目的探讨妊娠急性脂肪肝剖宫产术患者围手术期护理特点。方法选择1996年1月至2012年1月本院行剖宫产手术的AFLP患者剖宫产手术围手术期护理经验进行总结。结果共计19例患者纳入研究,平均年龄（27.9±3.5）岁,其中初产妇14例（73.7%）前驱症状为乏力、纳差、恶心、呕吐、黄疸。实验室检查示肝功能异常、凝血功能障碍、白细胞升高、肾功能损伤等。入院后密切进行胎儿监测、对围手术期孕产妇进行心理干预,在术后密切注意产后出血的观察和护理,同时加强产后护理,预防感染等护理措施干预后,产妇死亡2例（10.5%）,无围产儿死亡。结论对妊娠急性脂肪肝围手术期患者采取综合护理措施,对于改善预后起到积极的帮助。     

妊娠期急性脂肪肝12例临床分析

目的探讨妊娠期急性脂肪肝(AFLP)的临床特点及诊治方法。方法回顾性分析2012年4月-2017年3月于华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院感染科诊治的12例AFLP患者的临床资料,对其基本信息、临床表现、相关实验室检查指标、影像学检查、治疗及预后进行分析。结果 12例AFLP患者均发生于妊娠晚期,临床表现以消化道症状、肝功能衰竭、黄疸和凝血功能障碍为主,12例均给予护肝、改善凝血、抗感染等综合治疗,11例行剖宫产终止妊娠,6例使用了血液滤过,5例行血浆置换治疗,孕产妇死亡1例,病死率8.3%,围生儿死亡5例,病死率35.7%。结论针对AFLP患者,早诊断、及时终止妊娠、最大限度地对症支持治疗、控制感染,并联合人工肝支持系统治疗是改善母婴预后的关键。     

妊娠期肝病对围产儿的影响

目的探讨妊娠期肝病对围产儿的影响,如何预防或减少早产和新生儿窒息率,降低围产儿死亡率。方法对1995至2008年在本院收治并分娩的妊娠期肝病患者1802例及所分娩的新生儿进行回顾性分析。结果1802例妊娠期肝病中,妊娠合并病毒性肝炎1317例,其中以慢性肝炎最多见,占74.0%,其次是急性肝炎,占17.6%,重型肝炎占5.4%,肝炎肝硬化占3.0%。慢性肝炎的围产儿死亡率、新生儿窒息率和早产率分别为0.6%、10.1%和18.5%,重型肝炎分别为23.9%、49.3%和35.2%。重型肝炎与慢性肝炎相比,围产儿死亡率、新生儿窒息率和早产率显著升高（χ^2=41.64,P〈0.01;x^2=29.99,P〈0.01;χ^2=11.71,P〈0.01）。妊娠期特有肝病485例,占妊娠期肝病的18.4%,其中以妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症（ICP）最多见（310例,占63.9%）,妊娠期急性脂肪肝（AFLP）14例,占2.9%。ICP中围产儿死亡率、新生儿窒息率和早产率分别为1.6%、36.8%和57.4%,AFLP中分别为21.4%、78.6%和85.7%。妊娠期急性脂肪肝与肝内胆汁淤积症相比,新生儿窒息率和早产率显著升高（χ^2=9.88,P〈0.01;χ^2=4.42,P〈0.05）。34例死亡围产儿的母亲中,乙型肝炎26例,占76.5%,其中重型乙型肝炎有17例,占65.4%。结论最常见的妊娠期肝病是病毒性慢性肝炎和妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症,对围产儿危害最大的是妊娠合并重型肝炎和妊娠合并急性脂肪肝。     

妊娠急性脂肪肝患者剖宫产术的护理

总结36例妊娠急性脂肪肝(acute fatty liver 0fpregnancy,AFLP)围术期护理方法及经验。主要包括术前消除隐患、完善相关检查、改善凝血功能,加强术中患者生命体征观察、重视神志变化及术中出血量、预防术后感染及并发症发生,36例手术患者转归良好。     

妊娠期急性脂肪肝并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征

妊娠急性脂肪肝（AFLP）是一发病急,进展极快的妊娠特有疾病。其病理改变是以肝细胞脂肪变性为特征的多种重要器官的脂肪变性。起病急骤,病死率高,常并发弥漫性血管内凝血（DIC）、肾功能衰竭、肝性脑病等严重并发症,但目前尚未见国内外有AFLP合并急性肺损伤（ALI）／急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的报道,我院近2年内发生2例妊娠期急性脂肪肝并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征,均死亡,现报道并分析如下。     

妊娠急性脂肪肝多脏器衰竭并发耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染护理1例

妊娠急性脂肪肝（acute fatty liver of pregnancy,AFLP）是发生于妊娠晚期特有的致命性少见疾病,初产妇、妊娠期高血压疾病、双胎妊娠、单胎男胎为AFLP高危因素。AFLP因急性肝衰竭导致多器官功能衰竭,同时合并多脏器功能衰竭的母婴病死率可高达85％以上,     

妊娠急性脂肪肝并发急性肝衰竭12例临床分析

目的分析妊娠急性脂肪肝（acute fatty liver of pregnancy。AFLP）并发急性肝衰竭（acute liver failure,AtY）的Il缶床特征。方法以我院1996年9月-2009年2月收治的12例APLP合并ALF患者为研究对象,回顾性分析其临床表现、实验室检查及治疗等相关资料。结果12例年龄23～33（28．0＋3．2）岁。发病时孕周34～38（35．8±1．4）周,均为妊娠晚期发病。主要症状有恶心、乏力、呕吐和纳差。主要实验室检查指标异常,12例均WBC、TBIL、ALT或AST、Cr升高及PTA降低,9例PLT降低。主要并发症为急性肾衰竭（10例）、低血糖（10例）、弥散性血管内凝血（disseminated intravascular coagulation,DIC）（9例）、产后出血（7例）和肝性脑病（5例）。10例痊愈出院,2例死亡,新生儿死亡2例。结论AFLP并发ALF易发生急性肾衰竭和DIC等多脏器功能衰竭。早诊断、及早进行剖宫产手术及加强对症支持治疗可改善预后。经过治疗,大部分患者肝、肾功能可恢复正常。     

急性妊娠脂肪肝的诊断与治疗进展

急性妊娠脂肪肝（AFLP）是一种罕见的原因不明的并发症．常发生于妊娠中晚期。其发病率为1／1300O～1／17000，近年有所上升．主要与对该病认知程度提高有关。该病常发生于初产妇，多见于男胎及多胎妊娠，以妊娠35周后发病常见。AFLP病死率高，1970年前文献报道达85％，随着医疗水平的提高，该病的病死率已大幅下降。     

妊娠急性脂肪肝患者抢救的护理体会

妊娠急性脂肪肝是妊娠特发性疾病。特点是起病急，病情凶险，严重危及孕产妇和围产儿的生命安全，母儿病死率分别为75％和85％。早期诊断，积极有效救治与护理，可明显改善预后。1999年1月～2002年5月，我院收治4例妊娠急性脂肪肝患者，现将抢救护理体会报告如下。     

妊娠合并大动脉炎8例临床治疗体会

目的:探讨妊娠合并大动脉炎的孕期治疗与处理。方法:回顾分析我院2002年1月至2012年6月,妊娠合并大动脉炎8例患者的临床资料。结果:4例在妊娠期间首次发现大动脉炎,其中3例病情稳定,获得良好母婴结局,1例孕36w以上出现症状,大动脉炎处于活动期,进行性加重,孕36w以后剖宫产终止妊娠;4例妊娠前确诊为大动脉炎,其中3例孕前行手术或药物治疗,病情稳定后妊娠获得较好的母婴结局,1例早孕期服用激素治疗中出现胎停育,行人工负压吸引术终止妊娠。结论:①妊娠合并大动脉炎的治疗与处理需要产科、内科、血管科及麻醉科的密切合作;②孕期要尽早发现此病及可能出现的并发症,加强监护,给予有效的对症治疗,并确定适当的分娩时机和分娩方式,以获得良好的母婴结局;③孕期就诊时间晚与不良妊娠结局及妊娠并发症相关。     

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: a clinical study of 12 episodes in 11 patients.

Twelve episodes of acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) were diagnosed in 11 patients during the past 18 years in a general hospital in Santiago, Chile, with a prevalence of 1 per 15,900 deliveries. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy started between the 31st and 38th weeks of pregnancy, with malaise, vomiting, jaundice, and lethargy as the main clinical manifestations. Polydipsia (in nine episodes) and skin pruritus (in seven episodes) were unusual clinical findings. In two patients, pruritus started two and four weeks before AFLP, suggesting that an intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy preceded AFLP in those patients. Considering the current prevalence of both diseases in Chile, their association should be considered fortuitous. In another patient, two consecutive pregnancies were affected by AFLP, raising to three the number of reported patients with recurrent AFLP. In 11 episodes, liver biopsies supported the diagnosis of AFLP by showing small and midsized vacuolar cytoplasmic transformation as the most prominent histopathological feature. Positive intracellular fat staining was found in the four samples analysed. Studies by electron microscopy showed megamitochondria with paracrystalline inclusions in four samples. All the mothers survived, but fetal mortality was 58.3%. Several extrahepatic complications delayed maternal recovery for up to four weeks after delivery. This study confirms an improvement in maternal prognosis in AFLP, discusses the possibility of an epidemiological association with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, and increases the number of patients reported with recurrent AFLP.     

112例妊娠期肝损害患者妊娠结局分析*

目的 分析妊娠期肝损伤对妊娠结局的影响。方法 2013年4月~2018年4月在我院分娩的妊娠期肝损害患者112例和同期分娩但肝功能正常的孕妇50例,分析比较两组分娩情况及母婴妊娠结局。结果 产前,肝损害孕妇血清ALT和AST峰值水平分别为（146.0±46.4） U/L和（112.5±50.1） U/L,产后均恢复正常;肝损害孕妇孕周、新生儿身长和出生60 s Apgar评分与健康孕妇组比,无统计学差异（P>0.05）,而产后出血量为（206.9±80.1） ml,新生儿体质量为（3086.3±252.4） g,与健康孕妇组比,差异显著【分别为（189.8±72.2） ml和（3302.7±320.1）g,P<0.05】;肝损害孕妇羊水性状清所占比例为65.2%,显著低于对照组的82.0%,而羊水Ⅲ度污染、早产、胎膜早破和胎儿宫内窘迫比例分别为23.2%、17.0%、25.9%和18.8%,显著高于对照组的8.0%、2.0%、12.0%和6.0%（P<0.05）。结论 妊娠期肝损害对母婴结局产生负面影响,可增加羊水污染、早产、胎膜早破或胎儿宫内窘迫发生风险。     

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy causes severe acute pancreatitis and stillborn fetus: A case report

Rationale:Acutefatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) is a potentially fatal obstetric emergency characterized by acute hepatic failure secondary to fatty infiltration. The resultant effects include coagulopathy, electrolyte abnormalities, and multisystem organ dysfunction. Pancreatitis typically develops after the onset of renal and hepatic dysfunction. Pancreatitis has been suggested as a poor prognostic indicator because it is associated with more adverse outcomes.Patient concerns:A 29-year-old Chinese woman at 34.7 weeks pregnancy was admitted to hospital due to paroxysmal hypogastric pain and massive colporrhagia for 1 day.Diagnosis:Laboratory tests revealed hepatic and renal impairment, coagulopathy. Thoracoabdominal computed tomography (CT) scanning showed pleural and peritoneal effusion, fatty liver, and pancreatitis. She was diagnosed with AFLP, severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and intrauterine fetal death.Interventions:The patient was treated with blood component transfusions, plasma exchange combined with renal replacement therapy, antibiotic de-escalation, gastric and pancreatic secretion inhibitor, and enteral nutrition.Outcomes:After successful management, the patient was discharged without any complications on day 35 of admission. At 10 months follow-up, thoracoabdominal enhanced CT revealed was normal and laboratory tests revealed normal liver and kidney function.Lessons:Once AFLP is highly suspected or confirmed, the pregnancy should be terminated in time and active symptomatic management should be given.     

高龄危重患者手术麻醉方法和管理

目的探讨合并多个脏器功能异常、年龄逾90岁患者手术麻醉方法和管理的特点。方法总结近3年年龄超过90岁手术患者16例次，其中开腹手术6例次，人工髋关节置换术10例次，术前依据病史有针对性检查各重要脏器的功能，并作相应的积极准备，依手术种类和病情特点选择麻醉方法，应用Hemosonic TM100食道超声多普勒监测血流动力学、A-Line自动回归指数（AAL）监测麻醉深度以及4个成串刺激（TOF）指导追加肌肉松弛剂。结果全组患者术前均伴有2～4个脏器功能异常，且以循环、呼吸和内分泌系统改变较为常见；控制血压、营养心肌、抗心律失常、降血糖和抗感染是术前准备常用且有效的方法；开腹手术以全麻为主，追加维库溴铵间隔时间（87±16）min；人工髋关节置换术全部选择硬膜外阻滞，首次剂量1％利多卡因（7．6±0．9）ml，追加间隔时间（63±17）min。用6％羟乙基淀粉按10ml／kg静输后15min，患者每搏输出量、心输出量、心脏指数和主动脉内血流量（ABF）均分别较扩容前平均增加17％、11％、14％和15％，外周血管阻力和心率分别下降16％和9．6％。术中维持AAI 50～60，术毕出现咳嗽（吞咽）和清醒应答时AAI分别为73±9．4和81±7．3，随访术后无知晓。结论重视术前准备和术中监测；硬膜外阻滞应选用低浓度、小容量局麻药，6％羟乙基淀粉适合用于人工髋关节置换术；分次、小剂量应用静脉麻醉药，间隔更长时间再加肌松剂和维持相对较高AAI，是开腹手术实施全麻应遵循的原则。     

Prospective evaluation of abnormal liver function tests in pregnancy.

Abnormalities in liver function tests (LFT) during pregnancy are a commonly encountered problem often associated with serious consequences especially when it occurs in the third trimester. The spectrum of abnormal liver functions in pregnancy can be fairly wide and diagnostic work up often challenging. There is insufficient prospective data on the spectrum and outcome of liver disease in pregnant population from south India. This study was performed to assess the causes of deranged liver function in the pregnant population and also to prospectively determine the outcome of liver dysfunction in pregnancy. All abnormal LFT results observed in serum samples from pregnant patients attending the obstetric unit of our hospital from January 2003 to January 2005 were evaluated and prospectively followed throughout pregnancy. Laboratory investigations included coagulation profile, renal function tests, serology for viral markers (HBsAg, anti-HCV, IgM anti-HEV and IgM anti-HAV) and other relevant biochemical tests. In those with liver dysfunction in the third trimester the maternal and perinatal outcome was evaluated. A total of 125 patients were identified with abnormalities in LFT results during this period. The majority of causes were related to pregnancy specific conditions (57.6%). Most episodes of abnormal LFT occurred in the third trimester (59.2%). Hyperemesis gravidarum (55.8%) and viral hepatitis (47%) were the most common causes of abnormal LFT in the first and second trimesters respectively. HELLP (28.3%) and AFLP (14.8%) were the most common causes of abnormal LFT in the third trimester. There were no mAternal deaths due to liver dysfunction in the first or second trimester. Liver dysfunction in the third trimester (74 patients) was associated with serious consequences. DIC was the most common complication (20.2%). The overall and perinatal mortality was 20.2% and 24.6% respectively. AFLP and HELLP syndromes were associated with poor maternal and fetal outcome. We conclude that liver dysfunctions were directly related to pregnancy in the majority of patients especially in the third namely trimester. Incidence of the most serious conditions AFLP and HELLP syndromes is much greater than what has been reported and is often associated with a high maternal mortality and poor perinatal outcome.