1989-2006年中国九省(区)居民膳食纤维摄入状况及其变化趋势

目的 分析1989-2006年中国9个省(自治区)18～45岁健康居民膳食纤维的摄入状况、膳食纤维食物来源及其的变化趋势.方法 以1989、1991、1993、1997、2000、2004和2006年中国健康与营养调查项目中连续3 d 24 h回顾法膳食调查数据为基础.将有完整膳食调查资料的18～45岁健康居民作为研究对象,7轮调查的样本量分别为5597、5596、5323、5485、5308、4144和3889名.比较不同时间、性别、地区居民膳食纤维摄入量及其食物来源地变化趋势.结果 9个省(自治区)18～45岁健康居民平均每天不溶性膳食纤维摄入量由1989年的15.1 g/d下降到2000年的11.6 g/d,总膳食纤维摄入量由22.6g/d下降到17.8 g/d.2000年农村男女平均每天不溶性膳食纤维的摄入量分别比1989年减少5.1和5.2 g(2000年分别为13.2、11.8 g;1989年分别为18.3、17.0 g),2006年农村男性和女性平均每天不溶性膳食纤维的摄入量分别为13.5和12.0 g/d.1989-2006年间城市男性和女性平均每日不溶性膳食纤维摄入量分别波动在9.4～11.8 g/d和8.3～10.8g/d,总膳食纤维的摄入量男性和女性分别波动在15.7～17.6和13.5～16.4g/d.城乡居民不溶性膳食纤维和总膳食纤维摄入量的差距呈现缩小的趋势.2006年70.6%(8.4/11.9)的不溶性膳食纤维来自蔬菜[(4.1±3.1)g/d]、面及其制品[(2.6±3.6)g/d]和米及其制品[(1.7±1.3)g/d].结论 1989-2006年9个省(自治区)居民膳食纤维摄入量呈现下降趋势.蔬菜、米、面及其制品是膳食纤维的主要食物来源.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the status and trend of dietary fiber intake and its food sources among Chinese residents aged 18-45 years old in 9 provinces(autonomous region),from 1989 to 2006.Methods Twenty-four-hour dietary recall data of three consecutive days from China Health and Nutrition Survey(1989,1991,1993,1997,2000,2004 and 2006)were used.And the 18-45 years old subjects with complete information on dietary survey were included.The sample size of these 7 surveys were 5597,5596,5323,5485,5308,4144 and 3889,respectively.The trends of dietary fiber intake and food sources by time and sex were studied.Results From 1989 to 2000,the total of daily dietary fiber intake of 18-45 years old healthy residents decreased from 15.1 g/d to 11.6 g/d,insoluble dietary fiber intake decreased from 22.6 g/d to 17.8 g/d.In villages,from 1989 to 2000,the insoluble dietary fiber intake decreased 5.1 g/d in males and 5.2 g/d in females(13.2,11.8 g in 2000,respectively; 18.3,17.0 g in 1989,respectively).In 2006,the insoluble dietary intake was 12.6 g/d in males and 11.2 g/d in females in villages.In cities,from 1989 to 2006,the insoluble dietary fiber intake was 9.4-11.8 g/d in males and 8.3-10.8 g/d in females.The total dietary fiber intake was 15.7-17.6 g/d in males and 13.5-16.4 g/d in females.The difference of insoluble and total dietary fiber intake between city and village was decreasing.In 2006,70.6%(8.4/11.9)insoluble dietary fiber came from vegetables((4.1 ± 3.1)g/d),wheat flour and its products((2.6 ± 3.6)g/d),rice and its products((1.7 ± 1.3)g/d).Conclusion Dietary fiber intake among Chinese aged 18-45 in 9 provinces(autonomous region)decreased from 1989 to 2006.Vegetables,wheat flour,rice and their products were the major food sources of insoluble dietary fiber.     

中国1 8~45岁男性人群行为习惯与代谢综合征的关系

目的 分析吸烟、饮酒、睡眠及体力活动等行为习惯因素与中国18～45岁男性代谢综合征(MS)的关系.方法 资料来源于"2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查"(在31个省、自治区、直辖市采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,调查内容包括询问调查、医学体检、实验室检查和膳食调查).结果 MS各项指标及行为习惯资料填写完整的共4937人.MS患病率为6.9%(329/4937);目前饮酒率为49.4%、吸烟率为54.4%,70.5%的被研究对象平均每天睡眠时间为7～8 h,41.9%的被研究对象每周体力活动时间超过7 h.单因素分析结果,吸烟量＞600包以及饮酒与MS危险性增加有关,每天平均睡眠时间及每周体力活动时间与MS无显著联系.多因素分析结果,与不吸烟者相比,吸烟量＞600包者的MS危险性增加;吸烟量为600～899包,RR=1.443,95%CI:1.044～1.993;吸烟量≥900包,RR=1.765,95%CI:1.150～2.708.与不饮酒者相比,每周饮酒1～2次,RR=1.525,95%CI:1.135～2.048;每周饮酒3～4次,RR=2.322,95%CI:1.671～3.255;几乎每天饮酒,RR=2.033,95%CI:1.478～2.796.结论 吸烟、饮酒与MS危险增加有关.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the relationship between prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and behavior habits such as smoking,alcohol intake,physical activity,sleeping hours.Methods A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was conducted in 31 provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities in China according to the program of National Nutrition and Health Survey.Questionnaire survey,interview,physical examination,measurement of biochemical indices,and dietary investigation were done.In total,4937 men aged 18 to 45 years old were selected.Results The MS prevalence was 6.9%(329/4937).The rate of drinking was 49.4% and smoking rate was 54.4%.The percentage of sleeping was hours from 7 to 8 was 70.5%.The percentage of spending time on physical activity over 420 minutes/week was as high as 41.9%.Data from single logistic regression showed volume of smoking more than 600 packs and alcohol intake were associated with high risk of MS and no significantly associations were found between MS and the duration of physical activity and the sleeping time.Multivariate logistic regression showed that the risk of MS in smokers with the volume more than 600 packs age increased significantly as compared to nonsmokers with the odds ratio as 1.443 (95%CI:1.044-1.993 ) and 1.765 (95%CI:1.150-2.708) in smokers with volume from 600 to 899 packs age,and more than 900 packs age respectively.Compared to the nondrinkers,the odds ratios were 1.525 (95%CI:1.135-2.048),2.322(95%CI:1.671-3.255) and 2.033 (95%CI:1.478-2.796) in subjects volume of alcohol dranking as 1 to 2 times per week,3 to 4 times per week and more than 5 times per week respectively.Conclusion Tobacco and alcohol were associated with high risks of MS.     

1989-2006年中国九省(区)居民食物消费状况

目的 分析1989-2006年中国9个省(自治区)18～59岁居民膳食结构的变化趋势.方法 以1989、1991、1993、1997、2000、2004和2006年中国健康与营养调查项目中连续3 d24 h回顾法膳食调查数据为基础,选择有完整膳食调查资料的18～59岁健康居民作为研究对象,7轮调查的样本量分别为5766、7296、7019、7599、8143、7168和6827名.用非参数统计方法进行不同年度食物消费量差异比较.结果 1989-2006年成年居民谷类食物消费量呈现出逐年下降的趋势,由1989年的(528.5±192.9)g/d下降至2006年的(427.7±173.8)g/d(x2=2833.13,P＜0.01).豆类食物消费量变化不大,1989年为(22.3±39.4)g/d,2006年为(18.9±30.5)g/d,仍处在较低水平.蔬菜消费量变化有一定幅度的减少,2006年男性、女性平均每日蔬菜的消费量分别为(374.5±205.9)g/d和(346.4±187.6)g/d.水果消费率和消费量均有所增加,2006年男、女消费率分别为22.5%(741/3296)和27.7%(1004/3619),平均每日消费量由1989年的(122.4±126.9)g/d上升至2006年的(228.5±267.3)g/d(x2=539.66,P＜0.01).肉类的消费量呈现增加的趋势,1989年男性和女性平均每日肉类消费量分别为(97.0±111.5)g/d和(80.2±97.0)g/d,2006年分别达(141.5±125.2)g/d和(118.4±111.8)g/d.食用油消费量呈增加趋势,1989年和2006年平均每日消费量分别为(30.4±37.9)g/d和(42.8±32.3)g/d(x2=1646.94,P＜0.01).结论 17年间我国成年居民膳食模式正在发生转变,既存在有利于营养改善的因素,同时,也存在一些不合理食物消费现象,可能对健康造成不良影响.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the trends of food consumption among Chinese residents aged from 18 to 59 years old in 9 provinces(autonomous region)from 1989 to 2006.Methods The paper was based on data collected in 1991,1993,1997,2000,2004 and 2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey of Chinese residents of 24 h in three consecutive day dietary recall data.The healthy residents aged 18-59 years with twenty-four-hour dietary recall data were selected as study subjects.The sample sizes of these seven surveys were 5766,7296,7019,7599,8143,7168 and 6827,respectively.The trends of their food consumption in each year were analyzed through Kruskal-wallis method.Results The intake of cereals decreased significantly from(528.5 ± 192.9)g/d in 1989 to(427.7 ± 173.8)g/d in 2006(x2 = 2833.13,P ＜0.01).The minor variation of soybean food intake was observed .The average intake was(22.3 ±39.4)g/d in 1989 and(18.9 ± 30.5)g/d in 2006 which was still at a low level.The trend of vegetables intake showed a small decrease.It was(374.5 ± 205.9)g/d in males and(346.4-187.6)g/d in females in 2006,respectively.Both quantity and rate of fruits consumption showed an increase trend.Its consumption rate reached at 22.5% (741/3296) in males and 27.7% (1004/3619) in females in 2006,respectively.The average intake increased from(122.4 ± 126.9)g/d in 1989 to(228.5 ± 267.3)g/d in 2006(x2 = 539.66,P ＜0.01).At the same time,the daily intake of meat and egg showed a large increase,the average meat intake increased from(97.0 ± 111.5)g/d in males and(80.2 ± 97.0)g/d in females in 1989 to(141.5 ± 125.2)g/d in males and(118.4 ± 111.8)g/d in females in 2006,respectively.The oil consumption showed a significant increase.The average intake increased from(30.4 ±37.9)g/d in 1989 to (42.8 ± 32.3)g/d in 2006(x2 = 1646.94,P ＜0.01).Conclusions There have been noticeable changes in the Chinese dietary pattern in the past 17 years.Some changes would be helpful for nutritional improvement in Chinese people,but it also caused some adverse effects on health because of improper food consumption.     

1991-2006年中国九省(区)18～44岁居民奶类摄入状况及变化趋势

目的 分析1991-2006年中国9个省(自治区)18～44岁不同年龄、性别和居住地区居民饮奶状况及变化趋势.方法 选取1991、1993、1997、2000、2004和2006年在中国9个省(自治区)开展的中国居民健康与营养调查中18～44岁成年居民作为本次研究对象,6轮调查中18～44岁的居民分别为5593、5491、5333、5334、4188和3908名,按性别、收入水平以及不同地区分层纵向分析历年来居民饮奶率、饮奶量以及奶类所提供钙的水平变化.结果 1991-2006年间,我国成年居民饮奶率和平均每日奶摄入量总体呈上升趋势.饮奶率从1991年2.2%(123/5593)上升到2006年7.6%(297/3908)(Z=-22.16,P＜0.01),其中城市居民饮奶率由9.7%(80/823)上升到23.7%(112/472)(Z=-12.81,P＜0.01),农村居民饮奶率从0.1%(2/2937)上升到1.8%(36/1987)(Z=-9.21,P＜0.01);高收入水平的居民饮奶率由4.7%(95/2006)上升到14.6%(200/1373)(Z=-17.36,P＜0.01),低收入水平的居民饮奶率从0.1%(2/1748)上升到2.4%(28/1171)(Z=-9.58,P＜0.01).18～44岁居民每日奶类摄入量由1991年(3.6±24.6)g/d增加到2006年(11.8±51.4)g/d(F=67.07,P＜0.01),其中高收入水平的居民饮奶量由(8.5±50.9)g/d增加到(23.1±71.5)g/d,低收入水平的居民饮奶量从(0.2±6.5)g/d增加到(3.3±23.5)g/d.1991至2006年,饮奶者每日膳食钙摄入量达到中国居民膳食营养素推荐摄入量(800 mg/d)的人数百分比由6.5%(8/123)上升到12.8%(38/297)(Z=-1.67,P＜0.05),非饮奶者相应的人数百分比从1.6%(38/5470)上升到3.6%(130/3611)(Z=-5.66,P＜0.01).结论 我国居民奶类摄入水平仍然较低,尤其是农村地区居民饮奶状况亟待改善.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the age,gender and region specified milk consumption and its changing trends of Chinese 18-44 years old adults in 9 provinces(autonomous region)from 1991 to 2006.Methods The data of 18-44 aged old adults investigated in Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey from 1991 to 2006 in 9 provinces(autonomous region)were utilized.The numbers of the subjects selected in 1991,1993,1997,2000,2004 and 2006 were 5593,5491,5334,4188 and 3908,respectively.Changes of the percentage of milk consumption,average intake of daily milk and dietary calcium intake were analyzed across different groups of gender,income levels,and areas.ResultsThere was an increasing trend in the percentage of milk consumption and daily intake of milk from 1991 to 2006.The average percentage of Chinese adult milk consumption went up from 2.2%(123/5593)in 1991 to 7.6%(297/3908)in 2006(Z =-22.16,P ＜0.01).Specifically,urban adult and rural adult showed significant increase in the percentages from 9.7%(80/823)to 23.7%(112/472)(Z =-12.81,P ＜0.01)and 0.1%(2/2937)to 1.8%(36/1987)(Z =-9.21,P ＜0.01)respectively.Percentages of adult who ever drank milk at top income level and bottom income level increased from 4.7%(95/2006)to 14.6%(200/1373)(Z =-17.36,P＜0.01)and from 0.1%(2/1748)to 2.4%(28/1171)(Z=-9.58,P＜0.01),respectively.Meanwhile,the average daily intake of milk increased from(3.6 ± 24.6)g/d in 1991 to (11.8 ± 51.4)g/d in 2006(F = 67.07,P ＜0.01).The daily milk consumption among top income level adults and bottom income level adults increased from(8.5 ± 50.9)g/d to(23.1 ± 71.5)g/d and from (0.2±6.5)g/d to(3.3 ± 23.5)g/d(F= 13.90,P＜0.01),respectively.From 1991 to 2006,milk consumers significantly promoted their percentage of achieving the Chinese dietary reference intake on calcium(800 mg/d)from 6.5%(8/123)to 12.8%(38/297)(Z=-1.67,P＜0.05),whereas this percentage increased from 1.6%(38/5470)to 3.6%(130/3611)among milk non-consumers(Z =-5.66,P ＜0.01).Conclusion Chinese adult milk intake still remains in quite low level,and the situation of milk consumption among rural adults requires further promotion.     

1991年和2006年中国九省(区)居民膳食钠的摄入状况

目的 分析1991年和2006年中国9个省(自治区)18～65岁居民膳食钠的摄入状况.方法 分别于1991年和2006年在辽宁、黑龙江、山东、江苏、河南、湖南、湖北、广西、贵州等9个省(自治区)进行健康与营养调查,采用分层多阶段整群随机抽样的方法抽取样本,选取18～65岁居民作为研究对象(1991年8235名,2006年7788名),分别从性别、城乡和地区角度分析成年居民膳食钠摄入状况.结果 中国9个省(自治区)18～65岁居民钠摄入量从1991年的(6750.6±3771.5)mg/d下降到2006年的(4949.7±2829.4)mg/d(Z=-35.5,P＜0.01).1991年和2006年,居民膳食钠主要来源于盐,其次为酱油和蔬菜;1991年3者所占比例分别为79.6%[(5375.6±3532)mg/d]、8.7%[(586.7±721.7)mg/d]和7.5%[(506.9±906.1)mg/d],2006年分别为71.5%[(3539.8±2545)mg/d],8.3%[(410.7±547.9)mg/d]和6.2%[(304.6±610.7)mg/d].结论 2006年中国9个省(自治区)18～65岁居民人均钠摄入量低于1991年,但仍高于钠的适宜摄入量(2200 mg/d).调味品仍是膳食钠的主要来源.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the status of dietary sodium intake of 18-65 years old Chinese people in nine provinces(autonomous region)in 1991 and 2006.Methods In 1991 and 2006,China Health and Nutrition Survey was carried out in nine provinces,including Liaoning,Heilongjiang,Shandong,Jiangsu,Henan,Hunan,Hubei,Guangxi and Guizhou,Subjects were selected by multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method from 18-65 years old people and 8235 subjects in 1991 and 7788 subjects in 2006.Sodium intake analysis was conducted across gender,regions and rural(urban)residences.Results On average,sodium intake decreased from(6750.6 ±3771.5)mg/d in 1991 to(4949.7 ±2829.4)mg/d in 2006(Z =-35.5,P ＜0.01)among the 18-65 years old people.In 1991 and 2006,the main sources of dietary sodium were salt,soy sauce and vegetable.In 1991,the proportion were 79.6%((5375.6 ±3532)mg/d),8.7%((586.7 ± 721.7)mg/d)and 7.5%((506.9 ± 906.1)mg/d),respectively.In 2006,the proportion were 71.5%((3539.8 ± 2545)mg/d),8.3%((410.7 ± 547.9)mg/d)and 6.2%((304.6 ±610.7)mg/d),respectively.Conclusions Among 18-65 years old residents,sodium intake in 2006 was significantly lower than that in 1991 ,but still far beyond the 2200 mg/d of adequate intake level (2200 mg/d).The major source of sodium intake in Chinese diet was condiments.     

学龄期儿童膳食钙与骨密度的关系

Objective To investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity and the nutritional status of dietary calcium intake in school-age children in Shanghai and to analyze the relationship between dietary calcium and bone mineral density (BMD).Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the second and third grade students of 10 primary schools in Yangpu District and Baoshan District in Shanghai. Food frequency questionnaire was used tu estimate the relative intake of dietary calcium of students in 6 primary schools in Baoshnn District. Quantitative ultrasound bone density examination was used to estimate the calcaneal BMD.The relation-ship between calcium intake and BMD was analyzed.Results The average calcium intake was 647 mg/d among ested students.BMD was not significantly different among different age groups (F=1.595,P=0.173),while Z-score was significantly different among different age groups (F=16.02,P=0.000).The total calcium intake was not correlated with BMD or Z-score.The percentage of dairy calcium intake was positively correlated with BMD (r=0.097,P=0.015)and Z-score (r=O.117,P=0.003),the percentage of non-dairy calcium intake and the non-dairy calcium intake were negatively correlated with BMD (r=-0.097,P=0.015) and Z-score(r=-0.110,P=0.006).When the total dietary calcium intake was ≥600 mg/d,BMD and Z-score significantly higherin students with high dairy calcium intake than those with low dairy calcium intake (P<0.05).When the total dietary calcium intake was <600mg/d,BMD and Z-score were higher in students with high dairy calcium in-take than in those with low dairy calcium intake,although no statistical significance was noted (P>0.05).Conclusions BMD and Z-score increase along with the increase of dairy calcium intake.Such effect becomes even more obvious when the total dietary calcium intake is ≥600 mg/d.     

1991-2006年中国九省(区)儿童饮奶状况及其对膳食营养素及生长发育的影响

目的 探讨1991-2006年中国9个省(自治区)7～17岁儿童饮奶状况及其对膳食营养素及生长发育的影响.方法 以1991、1993、1997、2000、2004、2006年6轮中国居民健康与营养调查中7～17岁儿童作为研究对象,共11 691名.按平均每日饮奶量将调查对象分为0(不饮奶组)、1～99、100～199、200～299、≥300g/d饮奶组.比较不同年份儿童奶类、能量、蛋白质、钙摄入情况及体质指数(BMI)的变化,以及不同饮奶量组儿童膳食营养素摄入、身高、体重的差异.结果 1991-2006年间,我国儿童饮奶率、平均每日饮奶量均有较大改善,2006年饮奶率达到14.1%(161/1145),而1991年仅为3.0%(73/2441);2006年每日饮奶量为(26.7±85.0)g/d,为1991年[(3.9±31.9)g/d]的6.8倍(x2=474.5,P＜0.01).BMI从1991年的(17.3±2.9)kg/m2增长到2006年的(18.5±6.0)kg/m2(x2=123.5,P＜0.01).能量摄入量由1991年的(8653.3±2789.2)kJ/d降至2006年的(8058.3±2866.6)kJ/d(x2=72.6,P＜0.01).蛋白质摄入量由1991年的(63.0±22.8)g/d降至2006年的(57.3±23.1)g/d(x2=71.9,P＜0.01).0(不饮奶组)、1～99、100～199、200～299、≥300g/d饮奶组的身高分别为(142.9±16.9)、(146.9±18.8)、(147.6±16.2)、(148.8±16.0)、(149.9±15.3)cm(x2=29.4,P＜0.01);体重分别为(37.1±13.2)、(40.3±13.9)、(41.3±16.9)、(41.7±14.6)、(41.4±12.2)kg(x2=25.7,P＜0.01).结论 1991-2006年间,我国9个省(自治区)儿童饮奶率和平均每日饮奶量均有较大提升,主要营养素摄入量及身高、体重等有随饮奶量增加而上升的趋势.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate milk consumption and effects on dietary nutrients and growth status among 7-17 years-old Chinese children in 9 provinces(autonomous region)from 1991 to 2006.Methods Data was collected in 1991,1993,1997,2000,2004 and 2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey,and 11 691 subjects aged 7 to 17 years old were included.The subjects were divided into the following groups according to milk consumption per day ,0(no milk drinking),1-99,100-199,200-299and ≥ 300 g/d.Variables from different years were compared,such as milk categories,energy,protein,calcium intake,body mass index(BMI),as well as that dietary nutrients,height and weight among different milk consumption groups.Results From 1991 to 2006,milk drinking rate and milk consumption among Chinese children had great improvement: milk drinking rate reached to 14.1%(161/1145)in 2006 ,while that was 3.0%(73/2441)in 1991; milk consumption reached to(26.7 ± 85.0)g/d in 2006,which was 6.8 times of that in 1991(3.9 ± 31.9)g/d(x2 = 474.5,P ＜0.01).BMI increased from(17.3 ±2.9)kg/m2 in 1991 to(18.5 ± 6.0)kg/m2 in 2006(x2 = 123.5,P ＜0.01).Meanwhile,energy intake decreased from(8653.3 ± 2789.2)kJ/d in 1991 to(8058.3 ± 2866.6)kJ/d in 2006(x2= 72.6,P ＜0.01); protein intake decreased from(63.0 ±22.8)g/d in 1991 to(57.3 ±23.1)g/d in 2006(x2 =71.9,P ＜0.01).Average height of 0(no milk drinking),1-99,1 00-199,200-299 and ≥ 300 g/d groups were (142.9 ± 16.9),(146.9 ± 18.8),(147.6 ± 16.2),(148.8 ± 16.0),(149.9 ± 15.3)cm,respectively (x2 = 29.4 ,P ＜0.01); average weight were(37.1 ± 13.2),(40.3 ± 13.9),(41.3 ± 16.9),(41.7 ±14.6),(41.4±12.2)kg,respectively(x2=25.7,P＜0.01).Conclusion In the period of 1991 to 2006,milk drinking rate and milk consumption has improved greatly.Main nutrient intake,height and weight increased with milk consumption.     

双柱定性气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定上海市饮用水中微量碘化物

Objective To modify and optimize gas chromatographic conditions, qualitative and quantitative method on the base of the actual national standard detection method for drinking water on testing iodide with gas chromatography, and detect iodide in drinking water of Shanghai.Methods Iodobutanone derivative was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, then two capillary columns coupled to electron capture detector were made by qualitative and quantitative analysis.Finally, 100 ml water samples were collected respectively from raw water and finished water of three plants in which water sources were Yangtse river, Huangpu river, and inner river respectively and detected by this developed method.Results The results of mass spectrometry showed that iodide would form iodobutanone which could generate 1-iodo-2-butanone and 3-iodo-2-butanone isomers by derivatization.The data of qualitative analysis by two capillary columns revealed that iodobutanone was separated completely and the total time of chromatogram separation was 19.33 min.3-iodo-2-butanone with the high response value was selected to quantitatively analyse.The linear range was 1 - 100 μg/L,and the coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.9997.The limit of detection was 13 ng/L.Recoveries were between 97.68% and 104.37% ,and relative standard deviations were between 2.14% and 4.41%.The results of iodide detected by this method in raw water and finished water in three plants in Shanghai showed that the ranking of iodide's concentration in raw water was Huangpu river (15.14 μg/L) ＞ inner river (6.97 μg/L) ＞ Yangtse river (3.55 μg/L).The level of iodide in finished water of plant 1 (3.55 μg/L and 5.92 μg/L for raw and finished water respectively) and 3 ( 6.97 μg/L and 9.62 μg/L for raw and finished water respectively) increased slightly except for plant 2( 15.14 μg/L and 1.81 μg/L for raw and finished water respectively).The relative standard deviations of all water samples measured in duplicate were less than 9.73%.Conclusion The improved method possesses higher degree of sensitivity and accuracy of qualitative and quantitative analysis than actual national standard detection method, and it is fit for trace analysis of iodide in water.     

双柱定性气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定上海市饮用水中微量碘化物

Objective To modify and optimize gas chromatographic conditions, qualitative and quantitative method on the base of the actual national standard detection method for drinking water on testing iodide with gas chromatography, and detect iodide in drinking water of Shanghai.Methods Iodobutanone derivative was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, then two capillary columns coupled to electron capture detector were made by qualitative and quantitative analysis.Finally, 100 ml water samples were collected respectively from raw water and finished water of three plants in which water sources were Yangtse river, Huangpu river, and inner river respectively and detected by this developed method.Results The results of mass spectrometry showed that iodide would form iodobutanone which could generate 1-iodo-2-butanone and 3-iodo-2-butanone isomers by derivatization.The data of qualitative analysis by two capillary columns revealed that iodobutanone was separated completely and the total time of chromatogram separation was 19.33 min.3-iodo-2-butanone with the high response value was selected to quantitatively analyse.The linear range was 1 - 100 μg/L,and the coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.9997.The limit of detection was 13 ng/L.Recoveries were between 97.68% and 104.37% ,and relative standard deviations were between 2.14% and 4.41%.The results of iodide detected by this method in raw water and finished water in three plants in Shanghai showed that the ranking of iodide's concentration in raw water was Huangpu river (15.14 μg/L) ＞ inner river (6.97 μg/L) ＞ Yangtse river (3.55 μg/L).The level of iodide in finished water of plant 1 (3.55 μg/L and 5.92 μg/L for raw and finished water respectively) and 3 ( 6.97 μg/L and 9.62 μg/L for raw and finished water respectively) increased slightly except for plant 2( 15.14 μg/L and 1.81 μg/L for raw and finished water respectively).The relative standard deviations of all water samples measured in duplicate were less than 9.73%.Conclusion The improved method possesses higher degree of sensitivity and accuracy of qualitative and quantitative analysis than actual national standard detection method, and it is fit for trace analysis of iodide in water.     

实时定量PCR检测人全血标本中烟曲霉基因组载量的方法及临床应用

目的 建立实时定量PCR(RQ-PCR)快速检测人全血标本中烟曲霉基因组载量的方法及进行初步临床应用.方法 基于烟曲霉多拷贝基因ITS1-5.8S基因设计引物和TaqMan探针,用QIAamp(R)DNA Blood Mini Kit提取烟曲霉基因组DNA,建立20μl RQ-PCR反应体系,对含有不同载量烟曲霉基因组的模拟人全血标本和66份外科发热患者全血标本进行烟曲霉基因组的定量检测.结果 检测限为10-1基因组/μl上机待测液(即约78 CFU/ml全血);检测特异度和灵敏度分别为94.25%和99.04%,阳性预告值和阴件预告值分别为97.63%和97.62%;测定结果的平均相对误差为(3.67±13.19)%;批内及批间平均重复性变异系数分别为(12.38±1.53)%和(16.27±2.72)%;人血标本中烟曲霉基因组平均回收率为(107.81±25.92)%,回收率平均变异系数为(26.24±5.62)%.66份外科发热患者血标本中未检测出烟曲霉基因组.结论 RQ-PCR可以快速、特异、灵敏地定量检测人血标本中烟曲霉基因组的载量,且有着较好的准确度与精密度.本研究外科发热患者血中未检测到烟曲霉基因组.

Abstract：

Objective To establish a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) assay for fast detection of Aspergillus fumigatus genome in human whole blood samples and explore its clinical application.Methods The primers and the TaqMan-probe were designed on the basis of the multi-copy ITS1-5. 8S region of the rDNA of Aspergillus fumigatus. The Aspergillus fumigatus genomic DNA were extracted with QIAamp(R) DNA Blood Mini Kit.A 20 μl RQ-PCR amplification system was established, and the simulated blood samples containing various given load of Aspergillus fumigatus genome and the 66 whole blood samples of the surgical febrile patients were examined. Results The detection limit of the RQ-PCR instrument is 10-1 genomes/μl DNA sample,namely 78 CFU/ml whole blood. The specificity and the sensitivity were 94. 25% and 99. 04% respectively; and the positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 97. 63% and 97. 62% respectively. The average relative error of the quantitative results was (3. 67 ±13. 19)%, and the intra- and the inter-assay average coefficients of variation were (12.38 ± 1. 53)% and (16. 27 ±2. 72)% , respectively. The average recovery rate of Aspergillus fumigatus genomic DNA in human whole blood samples was (107. 81 ±25. 92)% , and the average coefficient of variation of the average recovery rate was (26. 24 ± 5.62) % . No Aspergillus fumigatus genomic DNA was detected among the 66 blood samples of the surgical febrile patients. Conclusions The RQ-PCR assay for fast quantitative detection of Aspergillus fumigatus genome in human whole blood samples is of high sensitivity, specificity,accuracy and precision. The Aspergillus fumigatus genome was not detected in this group of surgical febrile patients.     

饮酒行为对我国9省成年居民高血压患病的影响研究

目的探讨饮酒行为对我国9省成年居民高血压患病的影响。方法利用2006年“中国居民健康与营养调查”数据,对我国9省9111名成年居民的饮酒频率、饮酒类型以及饮酒量和高血压患病的关系进行横断面分析。结果男性、女性成年居民的饮酒率分别为58．3％和8．1％。男、女饮酒者每Et平均酒精摄入量分别为（33．3±34．1）和（15．0±16．2）g,男、女饮酒率和饮酒量的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。男性和女性高血压患病率分别为26．3％和22．1％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。男性居民饮酒者和不饮酒者高血压患病率分别为27．1％和25．0％,差异无统计学意义;女性居民饮酒者和不饮酒者高血压患病率分别为17．7％和22．5％,饮酒者高血压患病率低于不饮酒者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。无论男性和女性,高饮酒频率者高血压患病要高于低饮酒频率者（P〈0．05）。随着酒精摄人量的增加,男性居民高血压患病率未出现明显的规律性变化,但饮酒各组的高血压患病率均高于不饮酒组;女性居民每日酒精摄入量低于15g时,高血压患病率最低,而随后出现升高的趋势。结论我国男性和女性的饮酒率以及饮酒量不同,饮酒可升高我国9省男性居民的高血压患病率,而对女性居民的影响呈现出J型曲线的特点。     

深圳居民饮酒行为现况调查

目的了解广东省深圳市居民饮酒行为现况,为相关部门开展健康教育和行为干预提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法抽取深圳市3个区647名居民进行调查。结果本次调查显示深圳市居民的现在饮酒率为15.46%(100人),男性现在饮酒率为25.96%(74人),高于女性的7.18%(26人);45～59岁组饮酒率最高为24.44%(33人);现在饮酒者中<18岁开始饮酒者每天或几乎每天饮酒;饮酒主要类型依次为啤酒(37.00%)、白酒(24.00%)、其他酒类(21.00%)和果酒(18.00%);酒类消费中平均每天酒精消费量为18.84 g,其中男性为22.49 g,女性为8.17 g。酒类消费者中过量饮酒比例为22.00%(22人),其中男性为24.32%(18人),女性为15.38%(4人)。结论深圳市居民总体饮酒率不高,但是饮酒行为有年轻化趋势,并且在某些人群中饮酒率较高。     

中国2012年18~59岁就业流动人口饮酒现状分析

目的 了解我国18~59岁就业流动人口的饮酒行为和模式。方法 2012年在全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)和新疆生产建设兵团的170个县(区、团),按行业分层多阶段整群抽取≥18岁流动人口作为样本,分析流动人口调查前12个月饮酒状况。结果 共有48 697名样本人群纳入分析。调查前12个月饮酒率为51.7%(男性为71.9%,女性为24.7%)。饮酒者中男性每周饮酒率和日均酒精摄入量分别为53.9%和18.7 g,女性分别为16.7%和4.1 g。饮酒者每周饮酒率随年龄增加而升高(P<0.01),随文化程度提高而降低(P<0.01)。男性饮酒者日均酒精摄入量随年龄增加而升高(P<0.01),随文化程度提高而降低(P<0.01)。过量饮酒、危险饮酒和有害饮酒流行率在男性饮酒者中分别为23.6%、6.6%和6.9%,在女性饮酒者中分别为6.3%、2.3%和1.5%。在男性饮酒者中,过量饮酒、危险饮酒和有害饮酒流行率均随年龄增加而上升(P<0.01),随文化程度提高而降低(P<0.01)。男性和女性饮酒者过去12个月发生豪饮行为的比例分别为71.2%和33.1%。在男性饮酒者中,豪饮行为的频率分布在不同年龄、文化程度及行业间的差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。各行业中,从事建筑业的男性饮酒者每周饮酒率、日均酒精摄入量、过量饮酒、有害饮酒和豪饮流行率均为最高。结论 我国流动人口饮酒行为普遍,性别差别较大;不良饮酒行为在男性饮酒者中存在明显的年龄、文化程度和行业差异。     

Prospective study of alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome

BACKGROUND: Alcohol consumption is related to the prevalent metabolic syndrome. Few studies have evaluated the effects of alcohol consumption on the development of metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between alcohol consumption and incident metabolic syndrome. DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort study of 3833 male and female Koreans aged 40-69 y and free of the metabolic syndrome at baseline. Information on alcohol consumption was obtained periodically from interviewer-administered questionnaires. Incident cases of the metabolic syndrome were identified by biennial health examinations during 4 y of follow-up between 2003 and 2006. RESULTS: Compared with nondrinkers, the multivariate relative risk [RR (95% CI)] of the metabolic syndrome for very light drinkers consuming 0.1 to 5 g of alcohol per day (g/d) was 1.06 (0.71, 1.58), that for light drinkers consuming 5.1 to 15 g/d was 1.13 (0.69, 1.83), that for moderate drinkers consuming 15.1 to 30 g/d was 1.25 (0.75, 2.09), and that for heavy drinkers consuming >30 g/d was 1.63 (1.02, 2.62). All individual components of the metabolic syndrome were significantly associated with heavy drinking, particularly among heavy liquor drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: Heavy drinking, in particular among liquor drinkers, is associated with an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome by influencing its components. Further data are warranted to clarify the association between drinking minimal alcohol and the metabolic syndrome as well as the beverage-specific association for drinking beer or wine.     

Patterns of alcohol drinking and all-cause mortality: results from a large-scale population-based cohort study in Japan

To evaluate the hypothesis that, in terms of all-cause death, drinking alcohol 1-4 days per week is less harmful than daily (5-7 days/week) drinking of the same quantity of alcohol, a prospective cohort study using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted in Japan between 1990 and 2003 of 88,746 subjects (41,702 men and 47,044 women) aged 40-69 years at baseline. Among male regular drinkers consuming alcohol more than 1 day per week, light drinkers (<300 g/week) showed no increase in all-cause mortality irrespective of frequency of alcohol intake. Heavy drinkers (> or = 300 g/week), however, showed an increased risk of all-cause mortality among those who consumed alcohol 5-7 days per week, while no obvious increase was observed among those who consumed alcohol less than 4 days per week. Hazard ratios for drinkers who consumed alcohol 5-7 days per week were 1.29 (95% confidence interval: 1.12, 1.50) for 300-449 g per week and 1.55 (95% confidence interval: 1.32, 1.81) for > or = 450 g per week when compared with those for occasional drinkers who consumed alcohol 1-3 days per month. These findings support the Japanese social belief that "liver holidays," abstaining from alcohol for more than 2 days per week, are important for heavy drinkers.     

Increased mortality related to heavy alcohol intake pattern

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Although moderate alcohol intake is related to decreased all cause and ischaemic heart disease mortality, intake of large amounts at a time may be harmful. DESIGN: A cohort study, average follow up time was 7.3 years. SETTING: Finland. PARTICIPANTS: General population sample of 5092 men, aged from 25 to 64 years, who had consumed alcohol during the 12 months before the baseline examination. MAIN RESULTS: The main outcome measure was death. After excluding cases with previous myocardial infarction at the baseline examination and after adjustment for age, education, smoking, and average alcohol intake in Cox proportional hazards model, subjects with heavy drinking pattern (six or more drinks at a time) still had higher mortality from all causes than drinkers without heavy drinking occasions (RR 1.57; 95% CI 1.17 to 2.10). Respective analyses showed increased risk also for ischaemic heart disease (1.77; 95% CI 1.01 to 3.08), external causes (2.90; 95% CI 1.47 to 5.72) and alcohol related causes of death (2.73; 95% CI 1.13 to 6.64). The last two risk ratios were not adjusted for smoking. Relative risk point estimates were approximately similar for drinkers with heavy drinking occasions irrespective of beverage type, although those for beer and wine did not reach significance, probably because of the small number of cases. The highest average alcohol intake was found among drinkers who consumed all three types of beverage. CONCLUSIONS: Consuming six or more drinks at a time is related to increased mortality among working age male drinkers. The authors found no clear evidence for beverage specific differences.     

High alcohol intake in female Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats

Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats have been selectively bred for high alcohol preference and consumption. When exposed to the standard, home cage 2-bottle “alcohol (10%, v/v) vs. water” choice regimen with continuous access, male sP rats consume daily approximately 6 g/kg alcohol. Conversely, when exposed to the intermittent (once every other day) access to 2 bottles containing alcohol (20%, v/v) and water, respectively, male sP rats display marked increases in daily alcohol intake and signs of alcohol intoxication and “behavioral” dependence. The present study was designed to assess alcohol intake in female sP rats exposed, under the 2-bottle choice regimen, to (a) 10% (v/v) alcohol with continuous access (CA10%), (b) 10% (v/v) alcohol with intermittent access (IA10%), (c) 20% (v/v) alcohol with continuous access (CA20%), and (d) 20% (v/v) alcohol with intermittent access (IA20%). Male sP rats (exposed to CA10% and IA20% conditions) were included for comparison. Over 20 daily drinking sessions, daily alcohol intake in female CA10% and IA20% rats averaged 7.0 and 9.6 g/kg, respectively. The rank of alcohol intake was IA20% > IA10% = CA20% > CA10%. Conversely, daily alcohol intake in male CA10% and IA20% rats averaged 6.0 and 8.2 g/kg, respectively. Comparison of female and male rats yielded the following rank of alcohol intake: female IA20% > male IA20% > female CA10% ≥ male CA10%. An additional experiment found that alcohol drinking during the first hour of the drinking session produced mean blood alcohol levels of 35–40 mg% and 85–100 mg% in the CA10% and IA20% rats, respectively. These results (a) extend to female sP rats previous data demonstrating the capacity of the IA20% condition to markedly escalate alcohol drinking, and (b) demonstrate that female sP rats consume more alcohol than male sP rats. This sex difference is more evident under the IA20% condition, suggesting that female sP rats are highly sensitive to the promoting effect of the IA20% condition on alcohol drinking. These data contribute to the characterization of sP rats as a model of excessive alcohol consumption.     

2007年蓬莱市农村居民生活危险因素及相关慢性病患病情况调查

[目的]了解蓬莱市农村居民生活危险因素及相关慢性非传染性疾病（慢性病）患病情况,为制定慢性病防治政策和干预措施提供科学依据。[方法]2007年10月,在蓬莱市抽取部分15-59岁农村居民进行调查。[结果]调查320人（男性162人,女性158人）,每日摄取食盐（11.69±5.35）g,油脂（45.68±15.58）g;每日静坐时间男性为（2.90±1.87）h,女性为（3.00±2.15）h;男性吸烟率为51.85%,饮酒率为60.49%。肥胖率男性为17.28%,女性为32.91%（P〈0.01）;超重率、中心性肥胖率男性分别为32.71%、52.46%,女性分别为28.48%、62.66%（P〉0.05）;高血压患病率男性为33.33%,女性为36.71%（P〉0.05）。[结论]蓬莱市农村居民高血压患病率与肥胖罹患率较高,高油、高盐饮食者较多,饮酒率、吸烟率较高,运动时间较少。     

泸州市成年居民饮酒与慢性病患病关系

目的了解四川省泸州市成年居民饮酒与慢性病患病率的关系。方法利用2009年泸州市健康城市建设项目的调查资料,对泸州市11 425名成年居民的饮酒和慢性病现状进行分析,并采用多因素非条件Logistic回归分析是否饮酒与慢性病患病率的关系。结果泸州市成年居民慢性病患病率为24.4%,女性(26.2%)高于男性(22.1%),饮酒率为13.2%,且男性(28.2%)明显高于女性(1.3%);1 505名饮酒者中,每次酒精量<40 g者占50.9%,40～100 g者占40.5%,≥100 g者占6.1%;饮酒频率越高(χ2趋势=8.305,P=0.004),饮酒年限越长(χ2趋势=101.345,P<0.001),饮用的总酒精量越多(χ2趋势=17.651,P<0.001),慢性病患病率越高;多因素分析显示,是否饮酒与慢性病患病率之间呈负相关(β=-0.424),饮酒者患慢性病的危险低于不饮酒者,OR值为0.654(95%CI=0.559～0.766)。结论泸州市大部分饮酒者为长期、经常饮酒,应加强高饮酒率人群的健康教育,控制过量饮酒,以降低与饮酒有关的慢性病患病率。     

Patterns of drinking in Thai men

Alcohol problems have increased considerably in Thailand in recent years, in common with many other countries in South East Asia. Little is known about the patterns or contexts of alcohol consumption in these countries, and so efforts to develop preventative strategies have been hampered. To identify current patterns related to alcohol consumption, we recruited 91 alcohol-dependent subjects, 77 hazardous or harmful drinkers, and 144 abstainers or light drinkers. A structured interview incorporating the World Health Organization 'tri-level' method to determine the amount and frequency of drinking, and the Alcohol Use Disorders and Associated Disabilities to diagnose alcohol dependence and harmful drinking was used. Median alcohol intake was 75 and 49 g/drinking day in the alcohol-dependent and harmful or hazardous groups respectively. The former group drank on average 25 days/month, whereas the harmful or hazardous drinkers drank 10 days/month. Drinking alone was more common in the alcohol-dependent group (67%), whereas harmful or hazardous drinkers typically drank with friends (58%), and infrequent drinkers drank only at social functions (61%). Only 28% of alcohol-dependent subjects perceived themselves as dependent on alcohol. The alcohol-dependent subjects and hazardous or harmful drinkers were more likely to currently smoke cigarettes and have a history of marijuana use than were non-drinkers, infrequent or light drinkers. Antisocial personality disorder was more commonly associated with alcohol dependence. In conclusion, alcohol dependence was characterized by continual drinking, whereas hazardous or harmful consumption was associated with an intermittent pattern. Other forms of substance use and personality disorder were associated with alcohol dependence. Clearer understanding of these factors would be of great benefit in planning an intervention programme for excessive drinking in Thailand.