移植肾活检1500例病理组织学分析

目的 观察肾移植术后移植肾多种并发症的发生情况、病理组织学特点和活检诊断意义.方法 在超声引导下对1997年1月至2010年5月华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院器官移植研究所的1500例肾移植受者移植肾施行了1712次经皮肾穿刺活检并对活检组织标本予以相应染色和病理组织学观察.结果 肾移植术后可发生多种并发症,1500例中急性T细胞介导性排斥反应的发生率为14.2%(213例)、急性抗体介导性排斥反应发生率为2.4%(36例)、慢性T细胞介导性排斥反应发生率为16.7%(251例)、慢性抗体介导性排斥反应的发生率为3.0%(45例)、急性钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(CNI)类药物肾毒性损伤发生率为7.1%(106例)、慢性CNI类药物肾毒性损伤的发生率为16.7%(251例);复发/新发性肾病的发生率为0.4%(6例).排斥反应发生并不具有确定的时间界限.移植肾CNI类免疫抑制剂慢性毒性损伤是导致移植肾失功能的重要致病因素.结论 移植肾活检病理学观察可以及时、准确地诊断肾移植术后的多种并发症,肾移植临床中应常规规范开展移植肾活检病理学诊断.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the histopathological features of posttransplant complications for renal allografts and evaluate the biopsy values. Methods Between January 1997 and May 2010, a total of 1712 percutaneous renal allograft biopsies were performed in 1500 kidney transplants and diagnostic procedures for staining, classification and staging had been performed according to the Banff 1997 and 2005 Schema. Results There were 213 ( 14.2% ) cases of acute T cell-mediated rejection post transplantation in 1500 kidney transplants. Meanwhile there were 36 ( 2.4%) cases of acute antibody-mediated rejection.Chronic T cell-mediated rejection and chronic antibody-mediated rejection were 251 ( 16.7% ) cases and 45 (3.0% )cases, respectively. Acute CNI-nephrotoxicity and chronic CNI-nephrotoxicity were 106 (7.1%)cases and 251 ( 16.7% ) cases, respectively. Relapsed or new nephropathy were 6 ( 0.4% ) cases. Chronic CNI-nephrotoxicity is the most common cause of allograft dysfunction in the long survival recipients.Conclusion Percutaneous renal allograft biopsy is valuable for the diagnosis of various posttransplantation complications.     

心脏移植中远期急性排斥反应的临床观察

目的 分析心脏移植受者中远期急性排斥反应的临床特点,提高心脏移植远期效果.方法 14例心脏移植受者,男11例,女3例.经典免疫方案3例,诱导方案11例,维持治疗采用环孢素A+硫唑嘌呤或霉酚酸酯+泼尼松三联方案.急性排斥反应发生时间:移植后3～6个月1例,6个月～1年3例,1～2年3例,2～5年6例,5年以上1例.结果 经典方案与诱导方案受者的中远期排斥率间比较无统计学差异(P>0.05).8例自行减量或停药.激素敏感急性排斥反应9例,耐激素急性排斥反应5例;接受激素冲击或抗胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白治疗,硫唑嘌呤转换为霉酚酸酯.5例死亡,4例为耐激素急性排斥反应,1例为激素敏感急性排斥反应;其余受者生活质量良好,无再发急性排斥反应、感染等并发症.结论 心脏移植受者中远期急性排斥反应与早期免疫方案无关而多与依从性有关,程度较严重,激素冲击或多克隆抗体治疗有效.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the clinical features of mid- and long-term acute cardiac allograft rejection to improve the long-term clinical outcomes of the patients.Methods Fourteen recipients(11 males and 3 females)underwent orthotopic heart transplantation with standard immunosuppressive therapy protocols(3 cases)or induction therapy protocols(11 cases).Cyclosporine,azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil,and prednisolone were applied as the maintenance immunosuppressive regimen.Acute graft rejection episodes occurred within 3 to 6 monthsin 1 case,within 6 months to 1 year in 3 cases,within 1 to 2 yearsin 3 cases,within 2t o 5 years in 6 cases,and above 5 years in 1 case.Results No significant difference was found in the incidence of late heart rejection between the patients receiving the two immunosuppressive therapy protocols.Immunosuppressants were withdrawn or spared in 8 recipients due to different causes.Nine recipients with steroid-sensitive acute cardiac allograft rejection were treated with steroid-pulse therapy,while the other 5 were treated with a short course of polyclonal antithymocyte antibodies because of steroid-resistant acute rejection;in 11 cases,azathioprine was converted to mycophenolate mofetil.Four of the 5 late deaths occurred in the recipients with steroid-resistant rejection.The surviving recipients had a good quality of life,and no recurrent episodes of rejection or infection were observed in the follow-up period.Conclusions Late acute cardiac allograft rejection is associated mainly with patient compliance but not with early immunosuppressive therapy protocols.The episodes are rather severe and should be timely treated with steroid pulses or polyclonal antithymocyte antibodies.     

Use of PCR and PCR-SSP for detection of urinary donor-origin DNA in renal transplant recipients with acute rejection

Objective To analyze the urine of renal recipients for the pressence of donor DNA in an attempt to establish an alternative diagnostic means of acute rejection.Methods Sixty-four renal transplant recipients were examined.Thirty-seven were normal after transplantation,while 22 others developed acute rejection,based on serum creatinine levels and/or needle biopsy findings of the graft.Five developed drug-induced renal dysfunction.In female recipients with a male graft,we examined urine for the presence of Ychromosome(SRY and DYZ-1) and in recipients receiving and HLA mismatched graft,we looked for HLA-DR gene(DRB1)using PCR.Results Among the 14 female recipients with male grafte demonstrating stable renal function,only one was positive for SRY and DYZ-1 on the Y chromosome.However,sry AND DYZ-1 were found in the urine of four female patients with acute rejection,but these DNA fragments were not detected in 3 of the 4 after anti-rejection therapy.The last patient was referred to hemodialysis.Of 23 recipients of a graft from HLA mismatch donors with stable renal function,DRB1 was negative in 21(91%).Of 18 patients with acute rejection,DRB1 was positive in 16(89%)and negative in 2.these ENA fragments were no longer found in 13 patients after anti-rejection therapy.In all patients with drug induced renal dysfunction,donor-derived DNA was negative.Conclusions Presence of door specific DNA in the urine of the recipient is strongly associated with acute rejection.Analysis of dna DNA derived from donor cells in urine was an effective and accurate method for the diagnosis of acute rejection of a renal transplant.     

Retroperitoneal laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy: Report of 105 cases

Retroperitoneal laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy offers an intrinsic advantage over conventional transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy because of the potentially lower risk for early and late donor intraperitoneal complications.Herein we presented our experience performing retroperitoneal laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy in 105 donors.All donor nephrectomy was successful.There were no donor deaths and no conversion to open surgery.Mean operation time was 112 min(range,70-200 min).Intraoperative blood loss was 10-150 mL with an average of 30 mL.Warm ischemia time was 1.3 to 6 min with an average of 3.1 min.Postoperative retroperitoneal hematoma occurred in only one case and there were no other surgical complications.Donors were discharged from the hospital 5 to 10 days postoperation.Average postoperative hospital stay was 6.4 days.One graft was removed due to acute rejection.Delayed graft function occurred in two recipients but renal function returned to normal within four weeks.The other recipients had normal renal function in two weeks except three recipients in four weeks.We believe that retroperitoneal laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy is safe,reliable,and less invasive.     

肾移植术后单剂应用人源化抗CD3单克隆抗体的临床观察

目的 研究肾移植受者体内应用人源化抗CD3单克隆抗体(OKT3)注射液单次剂量递增给药后的短期和长期安全性.方法 2008年6-12月,共29例肾功能稳定的尸体肾移植受者入选该研究.每位受试者按入组顺序随机分至2.5 mg(n=9)、5.0 mg(n=10)、10.0 mg(n=10)3个剂量组,并于移植术后7～14 d内接受相应剂量的OKT3单次给药.同时选取同期未参加试验的30例肾移植受者作为对照组.所有患者至少随访2年,随访期间监测肝功能、肾功能、血常规等指标,并观察有无其他不良事件.结果 各剂量组受试者在给药后48 h内,出现低热(7/29)、畏寒(4/29)、肝功能损害(2/29)、上呼吸道感染(1/29)和头痛(1/29),未出现明显的首剂效应,其余的不良反应轻微,发生率与剂量无关.随访期间内,试验组和对照组2-年人/肾长期存活率分别为100%/100%和100%/97%;移植肾活检证实的急性排斥发生率分别为6.9%(2/29)和10.0%(3/30),肺部感染发生率分别为10.3%(3/29)和13.3%(4/30).术后1周及3、6、12、24个月监测血肌酐值显示,两组差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).结论 人源化OKT3不同剂量单次给药在肾移植受者体内安全性良好,其有望成为一种抗排斥能力强、毒副作用较小的免疫抑制剂.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate short-term and long-term safety of using single-dose escalation of recombinant humanized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (OKT3) in kidney transplantation recipients.Methods A total of 29 recipients of cadaveric kidney transplant from June 2008 to December 2008 were sequently assigned to receive single-dose intravenous injection of OKT3 with different doses of 2. 5 mg( n =9) , 5.0 mg (n = 10) and 10. 0 mg (n = 10) at Days 7 - 14 post-operation. Meanwhile, a control group was established by selecting kidney transplant recipients, who did not participate in the trial in the same period.All patients were followed up for at least 2 years. During this period, liver function, kidney function,hemoglobin and other biochemical indicators were monitored and adverse events recorded over time. Results No obvious first dose effect was observed,except low heat (7/29), chills (4/29) , mild liver damage (2/29) , upper respiratory tract infection and headache (1/29) across all doses. Other adverse reactions were mild, unrelated with doses. The 2-year patients/ grafts survival rates of treatment goup and control group were 100% / 100%, and 100% / 97%, respectively. The incidence of acute rejection confirmed by renal biopsy was 6. 9% (2/29) and 10. 0% (3/30) in treatment group and control group, respectively. The incidence of lung infection was 10. 3% ( 3/29 ) and 13.3% ( 4/30 ), respectively. The values of serum creatinine at 1 week and 3, 6, 12, 24 months showed no statistically significance in two groups ( all P ＞0. 05). Conclusion It is safe to use single-shot OKT3 intravenously in kidney transplant recipients. The recombinant humanized OKT3 may be an effective immunosuppressive agent with milder toxicity for solid organ transplantation.     

Clinical observation of the effect of tacrolimus（Prograf）against renal allograft rejection in 294 cases

Abstaract Objective:To study the effect of tacrolimus (Prograf ,FK506) in preventingrenal allograft reject-tion.Methods:The curative effect, therapy index,toxicity and side effects of FK506 were observed in 294 renal transplant recipients among whom 268 received FK506 24h after the operation and the other 26 with cyclosporine(CsA) developed actue rejection after transplantation and wee given FK506 to replace methyl-prednisolone(MP) when the latter did not result.All the patients were given oral mycophenolate mofetil (MMF,1.0g/d)and meticorten(Pred,30mg/d)24h later after operation.Results:In the 268 recipients previously mentioned,the incidence of acute rejection wsas 10.45%,blycometabolism disorder 9.33% ,ner-vous system disturbance 1.59%,liver function abnormality 2.99%,nephrotoxicity 1.87%,gastrointestinal disorder 17.5%,cytomegalovirus(CMV) viremia 2.99%,and non-CMV pulmonary infection 1.59%(4/268) ,with 1 fatal case for cerebral hemorrhage with normal allograft function and another 2 non-fatal cases in which function loss resulted in removal of the allografts.The blood trough concentrations of FK506 were between 5 and 20μg/L.In thd 26 cases of steroid-resistant rejection,23(88.46%,23/26)were re-versed and the rest 3 required plasma exchange and application of OKT3 before recovery.Conclusion:As a safe and effective immunosuppressant,FK506 can reduce the incidence of allograft rejection in kidney trans-plant recipients with little side effects or toxicity, which is particularly applicable in patients with steroid-re-sistant rejection or CsA nephrotoxicity.Attention should to be paid to glycometabolism disorder due to FK506,however ,the long-term effects of FK506 need further investigation.     

Establishment of a sensitized canine model for kidney transplantation

Objective:To establish a sensitized canine model for kidney transplantation. Methods: 12 male dogs were averagely grouped as donors and recipients. A small number of donor canine lymphocytes was infused into different anatomic locations of a paired canine recipient for each time and which was repeated weekly. Specific immune sensitization was monitored by means of Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity (CDC) and Mixed Lymphocyte Culture (MLC) test. When CDC test conversed to be positive and MLC test showed a significant proliferation of reactive lymphocytes of canine recipients, the right kidneys of the paired dogs were excised and transplanted to each other concurrently. Injury of renal allograft function was scheduled determined by ECT dynamic kidney photography and pathologic investigation. Results:CDC test usually conversed to be positive and reactive lymphocytes of canine recipients were also observed to be proliferated significantly in MLC test after 3 to 4 times of canine donor lymphocyte infusions. Renal allograft function deterioration occurred 4 d post-operatively in 4 of 6 canine recipients, in contrast to none in control dogs. Pathologic changes suggested antibody-mediated rejection (delayed) or acute rejection in 3 excised renal allograft of sensitized dogs. Seven days after operation, all sensitized dogs had lost graft function, pathologic changes of which showed that the renal allografts were seriously rejected. 2 of 3 dogs in control group were also acutely rejected. Conclusion：A convenient method by means of repeated stimulation of canine lymphocyte may induce specific immune sensitization in canine recipients. Renal allografts in sensitized dogs will be earlier rejected and result in a more deteriorated graft function.     

Pathologic analysis of donor grafts in 482 cases of renal transplantation recipients

Objective To evaluate the correlation between the pathologic findings of donor renal grafts and the post-transplantative diseases throuth the biopsies of donor grafts in 482 cases. Methods The renal structures of biopsies of the donor grafts in 482 cases were observed under microscope, and the pathologic findings combined with the post-transplantative conditions were analysed. Results After transplantation, acute rejection occurred in 71 cases,of when 16(22.5%) had adverse changes in donor grafts; chronic allograft nephropahty developed in 17 cases, of whom 7 (41.2% ) had adverse changes in donor grafts; elevated sera creatinine levels with unknown causes occurred in 39 cases, of whon 7(18.0% ) had adverse changes in donor grafts. The lesion of donor renal grafts had nothing to do with the acute rejection or other abnormalities after operation ( r≤ 0.3) but some kind of lesion had certain correlation with chronic allograft nephropathy(CAN, r >0.3). Conclusion Routine biopsy of donor renal graft is help     

Marginal living donor in kidney transplantation: experience in a Chinese single center

Background Living donor kidney transplantation is becoming popular in China, whereas, in clinical situations, some kidney donors may be sub-optimal, namely marginal living donor. The present study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of marginal living donor kidney transplantation in a Chinese single center.

Methods Between January 2001 and December 2009, 888 kidney transplantations were performed in our center; 149 were living donor kidney transplantations. The living donors and recipients were followed up regularly after the operation. Of the living donors, 30 donors were marginal, who were older than 60 years or suffered from kidney anomaly or some benign diseases. Among the non-marginal living kidney transplantations, 58 donors and recipients had complete peri-operative and follow-up data. We compared the marginal and non-marginal living donor kidney transplantations with regard to donor age, follow-up period, donor’s serum creatinine at the last follow-up, recipient’s serum creatinine at the last follow-up, and graft survival at the last follow-up.

Results The mean age of donors in the marginal and non-marginal living donors were (55±9) (37–66) and (43±12) (30–59) years. The mean follow-up times of the marginal and non-marginal groups were (26.4±13.4) months and (28.8±14.8) months. The donor and recipient serum creatinine levels at the last follow-up were (1.16±0.20) mg/dl and (1.30±0.24) mg/dl in the marginal group, and (1.12±0.32) mg/dl and (1.34±0.32) mg/dl in the non-marginal group. Three recipients in the marginal group and five recipients in the non-marginal group had acute rejection episodes during the first year. Actuarial 3-year graft survival was 96.7% in the marginal group and 100% in the non-marginal group. No significant differences were detected between the two groups with regard to these data.

Conclusion Utilization of highly selective marginal living donors can be a safe, feasible, and effective way for the treatment of patients with end stage renal disease.

     

Impact of human leukocyte antigen matching and recipients′ panel reactive antibodies on two-year outcome in presensitized renal allograft recipients

Background Renal transplantation in sensitized candidates remains a highly significant challenge worldwide. The production of panel reactive antibody （PRA） against human leukocyte antigen （HLA） is a major risk factor in presensitized recipients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of HLA matching and recipients＇ PRA on two-year outcome in presensitized renal allograft recipients.
Methods We determined the percentage of panel reactivity and specificity of anti-HLA immunoglobulin （Ig） G antibodies in 73 presensitized renal allograft recipients compared with 81 unsensitized recipients （control group）. HLA genotyping of both recipients and corresponding donors was performed by PCR with sequence-specific primers （PCR-SSP）. We analyzed the factors influencing the early graft outcome （two-year rejection rates and survival rates of the grafts）, including HLA mismatching, class and degree of panel reactivity, and target antigen of donors.
Results Presensitized recipients had a worse two-year outcome than unsensitized recipients （P=0.019 for rejection rate, P=0.01 for survival rate）. The difference in number of HLA-mismatched alleles with either 6-antigen matching （Ag M） standard or amino acid residue matching （Res M） standard was not significant between the rejection and non-rejection groups of presensitized recipients or between the graft survival group and graft loss group. Compared with the control group, recipients with both PRA-I and PRA-II antibodies had a significantly worse two-year outcome （P=0.001 for rejection rate, P=0.002 for survival rate）. The two-year outcomes of the peak PRA 〉50% group and its subgroup, at-transplant PRA 〉50% group, were significantly worse compared with the control group （P=0.025 and P=0.001 for rejection rate, P=0.043 and P=0.024 for survival rate）. The rejection rates of the at-transplant target antigen positive group and its subgroup, HLA-I target antigen positive group, were significantly higher than the control group （P=0.001 and P=-0.001）, target antigen negative group （P=0.003 and P=0.001）, and peak target antigen positive with negative at-transplant target antigen group （P=0.024 and ,0=-0.002）. Two-year graft survival rates of the target antigen positive group and HLA-I target antigen positive group were significantly lower than the control group （P=0.012 and ,P=0.001）. The two-year outcome of target antigen unknown group was similar to that of the target antigen positive group. Presensitized recipients with pre-transplant plasmapheresis or immunoadsorption （PRA prepared group） had a better but non-significant two-year outcome than the control group. However, the PRA unprepared presensitized recipients were different to the control group （P=-0.004 for rejection rate and P=-0.005 for survival rate）. Hyperacute rejection （HR） occurred in three recipients with positive HLA-I target antigen and without mismatch according to Res M and in one case with positive PRA-II （for an unknown target antigen）. No HR occurred in eight cases with positive HLA-II target antigens.
Conclusions Pre-transplant PRA preparations might improve the access of presensitized patients to renal donors. Avoiding antigen-positive donors remains a fundamental measure in preventing HR and early rejections.     

尸肾移植术后移植肾动脉狭窄发病原因分析

OBJECTIVE: To explore the possible causes of transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) in cadaveric transplant recipients. METHOD: We retrospectively analyzed multiple factors that may contribute to TRAS (including the patients' age, presence of diabetes, cold ischemic time, acute rejection episode, cytomegalovirus infection, serum cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, pre-operative dialysis, number of donor renal arteries, which side of donor kidney, type of surgical anastomosis, different protocols of inductive and maintenance drug therapy) in 18 recipients with transplant renal artery stenosis after cadveric renal transplantation from Jan. 2000 to Dec. 2001 in comparison with another 566 non-TRAS recipients who underwent the transplantation during the same period. RESULTS: There was a higher incidence of acute rejection in the TRAS group than non-TRAS group (66.67% vs 5.48%, P<0.01), and no significant difference was noted between TRAS and non-TRAS cases in terms of the pre-operative dialysis, presence of diabetes, cold ischemic time, number of donor renal arteries, whith side of donor kidney, type of surgical anastomosis, different protocols of inductive and maintenance drug therapy, cytomegalovirus infections and serum and LDL cholesterols. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of TRAS in cadaveric allografts is associated with acute graft rejection episode, suggesting the importance of the treatment of acute graft rejection in the prevention of TRAS.     

影响致敏患者移植肾存活的危险因素分析

目的探讨影响致敏患者移植肾存活的危险因素,识别引起移植物失功的高危患者,以提高致敏患者移植肾长期存活率。方法选择102例行肾移植术的致敏患者进行回顾性研究,用Kaplan-Meier计算1、3、5年移植肾存活率,用log-rank进行单因素分析和Cox模型多因素回归分析,计算相对危险度。结果102例致敏患者随访期间移植肾失功16例,其中死亡7例,术后1年内死亡5例,术后2及3年带肾死亡各1例。死亡原因肺部感染5例、心血管疾病2例,失访3例。1、3、5年人存活率为95%、93%和93%,1、3、5年肾存活率为90%、85%和75%,移植肾半生存期为8.9年。单因素及多因素分析表明受者年龄、移植次数、PRA水平、术后PRA水平升高、HLA相配程度、移植肾功能恢复正常时间、移植肾功能延迟恢复、急性排斥反应、血肌酐水平、感染等10个因素对移植肾的存活产生重要或非常重要影响。结论通过控制影响移植肾存活的危险因素,致敏患者移植肾存活同样能取得满意效果。     

Risk factors for graft survival in sensitized recipients of kidney transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the independent prognostic factors for graft survival in sensitized recipients undergoing kidney transplantation, so as to identify the individuals at high risk of graft loss before transplantation. METHODS: A retrospective investigation was conducted in 102 sensitized kidney transplant recipients and 31 relative variables were analyzed with SPSS10.0 software. Using log-rank method, the influence of these variables on short- and long-term graft survivals was evaluated, and Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to estimate the 1-, 3- and 5-year graft survival rates and half-life. Proportional hazards regression analysis (Cox model) was used to assess the relative risks of the potential variables. RESULTS: In the recipients with a mean half-life of 8.9 years, the 1-, 3- and 5-year graft survival rates were 90%, 85%, and 75%, respectively. By log-rank analysis, the factors affecting short- and long-term graft survivals were identified, namely the recipient age, times of transplantation, levels of panel reactive antibody and the post-operative anti-HLA-IgG antibody, HLA mismatch, renal function, time needing for graft function recovery, presence of acute rejection, delay of graft function recovery and infection, which affected the graft survival demonstrated by Cox model multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: High-quality donor kidney and minimization of the risk factors for graft survival may insure successful kidney transplantation in sensitized recipients.     

免疫抑制剂在常染色体显性遗传性多囊肾患者肾移植术后的应用

目的 探究常染色体显性遗传性多囊肾（ADPKD）患者肾移植术后免疫抑制剂合理血药浓度。方法 收集2000年3月~2018年1月首次肾移植的68例ADPKD患者和68名性别、年龄和移植日期相匹配的其他肾移植受者(对照组）的临床资料,分析两组患者人、肾存活率、术后并发症以及术后1年内不同时期免疫抑制剂浓度的差异。同时根据术后是否发生泌尿道感染将ADPKD患者分为泌尿道感染组与非泌尿道感染组,分析两组患者术后1年内不同时期免疫抑制剂浓度的差异。结果 ADPKD组与对照组患者1、5、10年移植受者存活率分别为96.6%、94.1%、90.6%和96.0%、93.9%、93.9%;ADPKD组与对照组患者肾存活率分别为95.2%、90.8%、79.0%和96.0%、87.2%、82.3%,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。在术后急性排斥反应、胃肠道症状、心血管事件、肺部感染以及肿瘤的发生率上的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。术后9月,ADPKD组比对照组的他克莫司、霉酚酸血药谷浓度更低（P<0.05）;ADPKD组比对照组更容易发生泌尿道感染,且在ADPKD中泌尿道感染组较非泌尿道感染组的霉酚酸血药谷浓度要高（P<0.05）。结论 ADPKD患者移植术后长期维持需要的免疫抑制浓度可能要低于其他肾移植患者,且较高剂量的霉酚酸血药谷浓度与泌尿道感染的发生相关。     

尸肾移植术后移植肾动脉狭窄发病原因分析

目的探讨尸体肾移植术后移植肾动脉狭窄(TRAS)的可能发病原因。方法对尸体肾移植术后18例TRAS患者与未发生TRAS的566受者有可能影响TRAS发生的多个因素进行统计分析。结果(1)TRAS患者的肾移植术后急性排斥反应发生率显著高于非TRAS者(66.67% vs5.48% , P<0.01);(2)发生与未发生TRAS的受者在术前透析方式、糖尿病发病、供肾冷缺血时间、供肾动脉数、供肾侧、供肾动脉吻合方式、术后免疫诱导用药、术后口服免疫维持治疗、术后巨细胞病毒感染以及发病时血脂等诸方面均无显著差异。结论肾移植术后TRAS的发生与移植术后急性排斥反应的发生有密切关系。     

肾骨髓联合移植与嵌合体发生及急性排斥反应的关系

目的　研究肾骨髓联合移植与嵌合体发生及急性排斥反应的关系。方法　采用供体骨髓与肾脏联合移植 ,进行 2 4例造血干细胞微嵌合体诱导 ,采用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)技术检测受者嵌合状态 ,与单纯肾脏移植组 37例比较嵌合发生率及急性排斥反应发生率。结果　随访 1年 ,肾骨髓联合移植组术后嵌合体发生率 (87 5 % ,2 1/ 2 4 )明显高于单纯肾脏移植组 (40 5 % ,15 / 37) ,差异有显著意义 (P 0 0 0 1) ;嵌合阳性组急性排斥反应发性率 (19 4 % ,7/ 36 )与嵌合阴性组 (44 % ,11/ 2 5 )相比差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　肾骨髓联合移植可诱导嵌合体发生并增加受者对供体器官的免疫耐受 ,降低急性排斥反应发生率 ,嵌合现象与免疫耐受具有相关性     

同种异体肾移植患者B型钠尿肽水平的临床观察

目的：探讨同种异体肾移植患者和发生急性排斥反应时血浆B型钠尿肽（BNP）水平及其临床意义。方法：采用免疫夹心化学发光法检测17例首次肾移植患者术前1d、术后第1天、第2天、第3天、1周、2周和3个月血BNP浓度。17例健康体检者作对照。结果：肾移植患者术前1d血BNP浓度显著高于健康对照组（P〈0．01）。肾移植术后血BNP浓度呈下降趋势（χ^2=14．25，P=0．027）。13例没有发生急性排斥反应的患者血BNP浓度术后1周和3个月与肾移植术前比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；4例发生急性排斥反应患者，发生急性排斥反应当天的血BNP浓度显著增高，加强抗排斥治疗后很快下降。结论：肾移植成功后可以降低血BNP水平，但发生急性排斥反应时血BNP浓度显著增高。因此，血BNP浓度可作为早期诊断移植肾急性排斥反应发生的敏感指标。     

活体肾脏移植供者年龄和性别对术后早期发生急性排斥反应的影响

目的 探讨供肾因素导致活体肾脏移植受者早期发生急性排斥反应的危险因素.方法 采用前瞻性定群研究对2004年4月至2007年11月的117例首次活体肾脏移植受者进行随访,记录急性排斥反应.按供者年龄分为两组,应用Kaplan-Meier乘积极限法计算急性排斥反应累积发病率;并以对数秩检验比较两组差异.应用COX比例风险模型分析受者术后早期发生急性排斥反应的独立危险因素.结果 随访中位数时间为16个月(术后3～44个月).供者年龄≥50岁组的受者在移植术后2周、6周急性排斥反应发生率分别为13.0%和19.5%;高于供者年龄<50岁组(2.8%和8.5%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.010).COX比例风险模型分析显示,女性供者(RR=2.731,95%CI:1.018～7.326)、老年供肾(RR:1.054,95%CI:1.004～1.107)是受者术后早期急性排斥反应发生率的独立危险因素(均P＜0.05).结论 活体肾脏移植中,老年供者选择应更加严格;在老年供肾摘取和移植过程中应尽最避免肾脏损伤;接受老年或女性供肾的受者,术后早期免疫抑制药物应足量应用.