TREATMENT OF STRAIN OF THE INFRAPATELLAR FAT PAD BY MANIPULATION——Observation of Therapeutic Effect in 117 Cases

Strain or inflammation of theinfrapatellar fat pad is one of the lesions ofthe knee joint commonly seen clinically,ac-counting for 3-5% of the outpatients of thisclinic,and over 50% of all cases sufferingfrom pain in the knee,The patients soughtmedical help for the pain and its limitationto movement of the joint.Since most casesof strain of the infrapatellar fat pad areaccompanied by traumatic arthritis of theknee joint,and the doctor often lacks a     

Calorie control increased vaspin levels of serum and periepididymal adipose tissue in diet-induced obese rats in association with serum free fatty acid and tumor necrosis factor alpha

Background Vaspin was recently identified as a novel adipokine that is predominantly secreted from adipose tissue and exerts insulin-sensitizing effects. This study was undertaken to elucidate the regulative effects of calorie control on the expression of vaspin and its potential mechanism.Methods Diet-induced obese Sprague Dawley （SD） rats were adopted as experimental models and accepted interventions of various ingestions and pioglitazone. Various differentiated stages of cultured 3T3-L1 cells were dealt with pioglitazone or TNFα in vitro for 48 hours to further verify findings in animal experiments.Results The rats were successfully induced into an obese experimental model with hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, and increased serum free fatty acid and TNFa by 12-week high-fat diet. It was found that depending on whether the rats were fed by a high-fat diet or a basal diet, there was extremely higher vaspin in the periepididymal fat pad than in subcutaneous adipose tissues by 16 weeks. Vaspin in sera and the periepididymal fat pad was much lower in rats with a high-fat diet than those with a basal diet （all P 〈0.05）, but vaspin in subcutaneous fat tissues was prone to increase in rats with a high-fat diet. A 4-week calorie restriction or pioglitazone on the obese rats resulted in a partial recovery of vaspin levels in sera and periepididymal adipose tissues, especially the latter revealed a more obvious superiority and increased vaspin levels of subcutaneous adipose. Surprisingly, the treatment of 4-week high-fat diet on non-obese rats did not significantly depress vaspin of sera and periepididymal adipose tissues. However, it is unknown if re-feeding generated the effect on vaspin levels of obese and non-obese rats on sera or adipose tissues. The correlation analysis showed that vaspin levels of serum and periepididymal fat tissues were negatively correlated with serum FFA, TNFα and insulin; meanwhile, there was a positive correlation between serum vaspin and vaspin of periepididymal fat tissues. Pioglitazone enhanced vaspin levels in cultured 3T3-L1 cells and supernatant in various differentiated stages, and this effect became more and more obvious along with the change of preadipocytes into mature fat cells. Administration of TNFα caused suppression on vaspin expression in differentiated stages of 3T3-L1 cells.Conclusions The present data indicated that a long-term high-fat diet could induce obesity metabolic syndrome in SD rats and finally lead to lower vaspin of sera and periepididymal fat, while pioglitazone and chronic calorie-control ingestion could enhance the production of vaspin. It was undoubtedly demonstrated that vaspin expression was strongly associated with insulin sensitivity, serum FFA, and TNFα.     

人工全髋关节假体界膜组织细胞的间充质干细胞特性研究

目的 在人工全髋关节假体周围界膜来源的组织细胞培养中发现细胞具有间充质干细胞生长特性,因而进一步研究该细胞的部分干细胞学特性.方法 运用组织细胞培养、免疫组织化学和流式细胞术检测细胞表面相关抗原表达等方法鉴定界膜组织细胞的成纤维细胞特性和干细胞特性,并将培养的界膜成纤维细胞分别在成骨细胞培养基和成脂肪细胞培养基作用下进行分化诱导.结果 所有培养的界膜细胞都表达成纤维细胞特异性波形蛋白.其中少量细胞表达一些重要的间充质干细胞相关表面抗原,包括SSEA_4~+/CD45~-(0.1%)、Nanog~+(2.4%)、CD34~+(4.5%)和SH_2B~+(0.1%),这些细胞不表达CD133、Thy-1和SCF等造血干细胞相关表面抗原.在成骨化培养基作用下,细胞内部出现钙盐沉积,(24.5±5.5)%细胞表达碱性磷酸酶.细胞经成脂化培养基处理后,(16.0±6.5)%细胞内出现脂肪小滴聚集.结论 人工髋关节假体界膜组织细胞中有少部分细胞表达间充质干细胞相关表面抗原,能够在一定条件下向成骨细胞和脂肪细胞分化,表现出间充质干细胞的特性.

Abstract：

Objective By examining arthroplasty interface membrane-derived fibroblasts in vitro, we observed continuous morphological changes in cultured cells similar to the spontaneous differentiation of adult stem cells. This investigation is aimed to study whether the cells possess mesenchymal stem cell-like properties. Methods Tissue culture, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were used to characterize the cultured arthroplasty membrane-derived fibroblasts for their fibroblast and stem cell properties. The plasticity of these cells was also analyzed using osteogenic, adipogenic medium culture and histological techniques. Results All the cells in culture expressed vimentin. We found that 0.1% of the cultured interface membrane-derived fibroblasts possessed mesenchymal stem cell markers (SSEA4VCD45), 4.5% expressed CD34, and 2.4% were positive for Nanog. These cells did not contain cells positive for such hematopoietic stem cell markers as CD133, Thy-1 or SCF. After exposure to osteogenic differentiation cocktails, calcium deposition was found in many of the arthroplasty membrane-derived fibroblasts, and (24.5±5.5)% of the fibroblasts expressed the mineralization precursor enzyme (alkaline phosphatase). When cultured in adipogenic media, (16.0 ±6.5)% of the cells differentiated into lipid droplet- containing adipocytes. Conclusion A portion of arthroplasty interface membrane-derived fibroblasts express mesenchymal stem cell-related surface antigens. Under certain conditions, these cells can differentiate into osteoblasts or adipocytes,suggesting the properties of mesenchymal stem cells.     

Differentiation of rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells in chemical conditional medium in vitro

Objective： To investigate in vitro differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells （OPCs） into mature oligodendrocytes in chemical conditional medium. Methods： The mixed glial cells from cerebral cortices of 48-hour-old Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were cultured in vitro. The OPCs were separated by shaking procedure around 9-10 d in the primary culture. Then the isolated OPCs were further transferred into the chemical conditional medium for cell differentiation. The pattern of OPCs maturation in vitro was continuously observed with contrast phase microscopy and mature oligodendrocytes were further identified by immunocytochemical assays. Results： OPCs grew well when co-cultured with glial cells and distinct cellular stratification formed about 9-10 d in the primary culture, which indicated the appropriate opportunity for the separation of OPCs. Following cultured in the chemical conditional medium, the OPCs progressively differentiated into the mature oligodendrocytes. These mature oligodendrocytes were also immunostained with the oligodendrocyte lineage-specific antibody, Oligo2. Conclusion： The OPCs isolated from the cerebral cortices of neonatal SD rats can progressively differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes in the chemical conditional medium in vitro.     

The effects of antisense PTEN gene transfection on the growth and invasion of glioma cells

Objective:To study the effects of antisense PTEN gene on the growth and invasion of glioma cells. Methods: A pcDNA3. 1/Hygro(-) recombinant plasmid containing antisense PTEN gene fragment was constructed. Glioma cells of primary culture were transfected with antisense PTEN gene vector and stably transfected clones were selected. Then, the different growth and invasion abilities and the different MMP9 mRNA expressions of three kinds of cells were observed, including the transfected cells, untrans-fected cells and the cells transfected with empty vector. Results:The abilities of growth and invasion of the transfected cells and the expressions of MMP9 mRNA were obviously enhanced. Conclusion: Antisense PTEN gene could have a negative impact on the growth and invasion of primary culture glioma cells.     

Effect of ARB on Expression of CD68 and MCP-1 in Adipose Tissue of Rats on Long-term High Fat Diet

In adipose tissue of rats on long-term high fat diet, the inflammatory changes the roles of angiotensin receptor blocker （ARB） in pimelitis and insulin resistance （IR） were observed. LR rat model was established by feeding high calorie and high fat diet. The change in insulin sensitivity was detected by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique 8 weeks after intervention by valsartan. The expression levels of CD68 and MCP-1 mRNA and proteins in adipose tissue were examined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively. The parameters of blood glucose, insulin and blood lipid were analyzed. The results showed that in high fat diet group intra-abdominal obesity developed the content of visceral fat and the number of inflammatory cells in local adipose tissue were significantly increased （P〈0.01）, the levels of serum triglyceride, free fatty acids and fasting serum insulin were markedly increased, the insulin sensitivity was significantly lowered （P〈0.01）, and the expression of CD68 and MCP-1 was significantly increased as compared with control group （P〈0.01）. In ARB interventional group, the content of visceral fat, the number of inflammatory cells and the ex- pression of CD68 and MCP-1 in local adipose tissue were significantly reduced （all P〈0.01）, but the insulin sensitivity was significantly enhanced （P〈0.01） as compared with high fat diet group. There were pimelitis and IR in rats with obesity induced by long-term high calorie and high fat diet. The ARB can significantly inhibit the infiltration of macrophages and the expression of MCP-1 in adipose tissue, thereby attenuating the inflammation and improving LR in rats.     

COA: Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Promoted Transforming Growth Factor β3 Induced Chondrogenesis of Human Osteoarthritic Synovium-Derived Stem Cells

Background Synovium-derived stem cells (SDSCs) with greater chondrogenic potential are attracting more considerable attention as a cell source for cartilage regeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) on transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-β3)-induced chondrogenesis of SDSCs isolated from human osteoarthritic synovium in a pellet culture system. Methods Nucleated cells isolated from human osteoarthritic synovium were plated at an optimal cell density to allow the selective proliferation of SDSCs. The clonogenicity, stem cell marker expression and multi-differentiation potential were determined by CFU assay, flow cytometry assay and specific staining including alizarin red S staining, Oil red staining and alcian blue staining, respectively. SDSCs pellet was cultured in chondrogenic medium without or with TGF-β3 or/and BMP-2. At day 21, the diameter and the weight of the pellets were measured. Chondrogenic differentiation of SDSCs was evaluated by Safranin O staining, immunohistochemical staining of collagen type II, sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) synthesis and mRNA expression of collagen type II (COL2A1), aggrecan (ACAN), SOX9, link-protein (HAPLN1), collagen type X (COL10A1) and BMP receptor II (BMPR-II). Results Cells isolated under the optimized culturing density (104/60cm2) showed clonogenicity and multi-differentiation potential. These cells were positive (>99% positive) for CD44, CD90, CD105 and negative (<10% positive) for CD34 and CD71. SDSCs differentiated to a chondrocytic phenotype in chondrogenic medium containing TGF-β3 with or without BMP-2. Metachromatic staining of the extracellular matrix with Safarnin O was positive and the expression of collagen type II was detected. The combination of TGF-β3 and BMP-2 produced cell pellets with larger diameter and weight, produced more sGAGs, expression higher levels of collagen type II and chondrogenic markers, except COL10A1, than medium with TGF-β3 alone. Conclusions SDSCs could be isolated from human osteoarthritic synovium. Supplementation of BMP-2 significantly promoted the in vitro TGF-β3-induced chondrogenic differentiation of SDSCs.     

小鼠皮下和内脏前脂肪细胞原代培养模型的建立

目的:探索小鼠皮下和内脏前脂肪细胞的培养方法?方法:取C57BL/6J 小鼠腹股沟皮下脂肪和附睾旁内脏脂肪组织,采用胶原酶消化过滤法获得梭形细胞,对培养的细胞进行形态学观察,诱导分化后用油红O染色法染色定性,荧光定量PCR检测成脂功能标志基因表达情况?结果:培养出的梭形细胞成分均一,增殖旺盛,诱导后分化率高,经油红O染色证实分离获得的前脂肪细胞可以分化为成熟脂肪细胞,荧光定量PCR检测成脂功能标志基因Fabp4(fatty acid binding protein 4)的表达量明显升高?结论:从C57BL/6J 小鼠腹股沟皮下和附睾旁内脏脂肪组织中可以分离出具有很强增殖?分化能力的皮下和内脏前脂肪细胞,这种前脂肪细胞原代培养模型的建立为在体外进一步研究皮下?内脏脂肪功能的差异提供了良好的基础?     

人网膜前脂肪细胞原代培养及其生物学特性研究

目的建立人网膜前脂肪细胞原代培养的方法,研究内脏脂肪增生肥大和内分泌功能的生物学特性。方法选取人网膜脂肪组织,采用酶消化细胞原代培养出梭形细胞,对培养细胞进行形态学观察、MTT法测定生长曲线、油红O脂肪染色法进行脂肪细胞鉴定、酶联免疫法测定脂肪细胞因子瘦素和脂联素水平。结果培养出的梭形细胞成分均一。第3天开始增殖,4～9d为指数增长期,倍增时间约为60h。经分化诱导21d约有90％的细胞分化为成熟脂肪细胞。前脂肪细胞可检出低水平瘦素分泌,经诱导分化分泌量持续增多,第17天达峰值（1．6ng·ml^-1·24h^-1）,之后保持高分泌状态至诱导结束;而脂联素直到诱导分化第7天始可检测到低水平分泌,此时光镜下已可见胞质含脂滴的细胞;7～17d分泌逐渐增多,第17天分泌达峰值（99ng·ml^-1·24h^-1）,之后有明显下降趋势。经油红0脂肪染色和瘦素、脂联素分泌检测证实分离培养的细胞为功能活跃的前脂肪细胞。结论成功建立了人网膜前脂肪细胞模型,观察到瘦素和脂联素不同分泌模式。脂联素可作为鉴定前脂肪细胞分化成熟的内分泌功能特异标志物。     

成人前脂肪细胞的原代培养

目的 探索人前脂肪细胞的原代培养方法。方法 取成人的腹部纯脂肪颗粒,采用原代消化细胞培养法培养出梭形细胞,对培养细胞进行形态学研究,测定生长曲线并用油红O脂肪染色法进行染色及定性。结果 培养出的梭形细胞成分均一,增殖旺盛,分化率高,经动态形态学观察、生长曲线测定及油红O脂肪染色法测定,证明是功能活跃的前脂肪细胞。结论 在成熟的脂肪组织中存在着可以增殖并分化成熟、形成脂肪组织的前脂肪细胞。组织工程化的脂肪组织是修复软组织缺损的最佳填充材料,该实验为脂肪组织工程的发展和应用打下了一定的基础。     

成人前脂肪细胞的原代培养

目的探索人前脂肪细胞的原代培养方法.方法取成人的腹部纯脂肪颗粒,采用原代消化细胞培养法培养出梭形细胞,对培养细胞进行形态学研究,测定生长曲线并用油红O脂肪染色法进行染色及定性.结果培养出的梭形细胞成分均一,增殖旺盛,分化率高,经动态形态学观察、生长曲线测定及油红O脂肪染色法测定,证明是功能活跃的前脂肪细胞.结论在成熟的脂肪组织中存在着可以增殖并分化成熟、形成脂肪组织的前脂肪细胞.组织工程化的脂肪组织是修复软组织缺损的最佳填充材料,该实验为脂肪组织工程的发展和应用打下了一定的基础.     

人皮下和髌下脂肪垫干细胞治疗大鼠骨关节炎的疗效比较

 目的 比较人皮下和髌下脂肪垫干细胞体外增殖、成软骨分化潜能以及体内治疗大鼠骨关节炎的疗效差异。方法 获取上海市东方医院未患代谢性相关疾病患者的皮下和髌下脂肪垫组织,从髌下脂肪垫中分离原代脂肪干细胞（adipose-derived stem cells,ASCs）,体外诱导成脂、成骨、成软骨方向分化。EdU检测人皮下脂肪干细胞（subcutaneous ASCs,Sc-ASCs）和髌下脂肪垫干细胞（infrapatellar fat pad derived stem cells,IPFP-ASCs）体外增殖能力,流式细胞术检测干细胞表面标记蛋白CD34、血管相关标记蛋白CD31的表达。阿尔新蓝染色及Western blot检测Sc-ASCs和IPFP-ASCs体外成软骨潜能。体内实验采用8周SD大鼠随机分为对照（control,CON）组、内侧半月板不稳术（destabilisation of the medial meniscus,DMM）组和DMM手术后Sc-ASCs治疗组,DMM手术后IPFP-ASCs治疗组,通过大体观察、番红固绿染色及OARSI评分比较体内治疗效果。结果 人髌下脂肪垫组织中分离获得ASCs,形态呈长梭形,在体外具有成脂、成骨、成软骨分化潜能。Sc-ASCs和IPFP-ASCs表面标记蛋白CD34和血管相关标记蛋白CD31表达无显著性差异,但人IPFP-ASCs体外增殖能力较强。阿尔新蓝染色及Western blot显示IPFP-ASCs体外成软骨能力较强。体内大鼠实验大体形态学观察显示DMM组骨赘增多,软骨表面缺损,Sc-ASCs治疗组骨赘减少,IPFP-ASCs治疗组表面较光滑,无明显骨赘生成;番红固绿染色显示DMM组软骨层出现垂直裂缝且到达钙化软骨,Sc-ASCs治疗组关节面纤维化且软骨浅表层存在垂直裂隙,IPFP-ASCs治疗组软骨层较为连续,仅存在轻微纤维化;OARSI评分显示IPFP-ASCs治疗骨关节炎疗效更好。结论 人IPFP-ASCs体外增殖能力、成软骨分化潜能以及体内治疗大鼠骨关节炎的效果优于Sc-ASCs。     

QY1骨髓多能间质干细胞系多向分化潜能的检测

目的:检测QY1骨髓间质干细胞系在体外向脂肪细胞、软骨细胞、成骨细胞、心肌细胞、血管内皮细胞和神经细胞分化的能力.方法:选用第5代QY1骨髓间质干细胞系,分别用成脂培养基、成软骨培养基、成骨培养基、5–氮胞苷、血管内皮生长因子、神经细胞培养液(诱导液1为10mmol/L β-巯基乙醇;诱导液2为2%二甲基亚砜和10-8mol/L地塞米松)对其进行定向诱导分化.采用染色法、免疫组化法、RT-PCR法鉴定分化后的细胞.结果:在成脂培养基培养21d左右出现大量含脂滴的脂肪细胞,苏丹III染色法检测脂肪细胞胞浆呈桔红色.在成软骨培养基培养21d左右有软骨结节形成,阿尔新蓝染色法将软骨结节染为深蓝色.在成骨培养基培养35d左右有凸出的骨结节形成,Von Kossa染色法显示有黑色矿化结节形成.在10μmol/L 5–氮胞苷诱导液中能出现自发性搏动的心肌细胞和肌管样结构,免疫组化法显示心肌特异性的表面抗体α-横纹肌肌动蛋白、心肌连接蛋白-43表达阳性,RT-PCR法检测有心肌特异性因子α-肌球蛋白重链表达.在含有50ng/mL血管内皮生长因子的诱导液中能出现呈直线排列的血管内皮细胞和血管内皮细胞网状结构,免疫组化法显示血管内皮特异性表面抗体CD31和VIII因子表达阳性.神经诱导液1处理组出现神经元,免疫组化法显示胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达阴性,神经元特异性核蛋白表达阳性;神经诱导液2处理组出现神经胶质细胞,免疫组化法显示胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达阳性,神经元特异性核蛋白表达阴性.结论:本研究证实QY1骨髓间质干细胞系细胞具有分化为脂肪细胞、软骨细胞、成骨细胞、心肌细胞、血管内皮细胞、神经元和神经胶质细胞的潜能,提示QY1骨髓间质干细胞系具有向多个胚层、7个方向分化的多向潜能.     

氧化应激对3T3-L1脂肪细胞MCP-1、PAI-1、脂联素表达的影响

目的观察氧化物质第三丁基过氧化氢(t-BHP)对3T3-L1脂肪细胞表达单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、1型纤溶酶原激活物抑制物(PAI-1)、脂联素的影响初步探讨氧化应激引发脂肪细胞功能障碍的可能作用机制。方法培养3T3-L1脂肪细胞,将其诱导分化为成熟的脂肪细胞,不同浓度t-BHP(100,200,300,400,500μmol/L)作用10min后继续培养。MTT比色法检测24h时3T3-L1脂肪细胞的存活率;荧光定量PCR检测8h时MCP-1、PAI-1、脂联素的表达,Real-time PCR检测t-BHP(500μmol/L,10min)作用于3T3-L1脂肪细胞后不同时间点(2,4,8,12,24h)MCP-1、PAI-1、脂联素的表达。结果 (1)t-BHP对3T3-L1脂肪细胞的存活状态无明显影响;(2)t-BHP可剂量依赖性的降低脂联素而增加MCP-1、PAI-1mRNA的表达;(3)500μmol/L的t-BHP对脂联素、MCP-1、PAI-1的调节具有时间相关性。结论氧化损伤能够促进MCP-1、PAI-1的表达、抑制脂联素的表达,这是其介导脂肪细胞功能障碍的可能机制之一。     

高频彩色多普勒超声对髌下脂肪垫损伤的诊断价值

目的通过对髌下脂肪垫损伤超声诊断价值的研究对其声像图特点及其相关性病变进行探讨。方法应用ATL-3000型、ALOKA-4000型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,5～10 MHz线阵高频探头和选用骨骼肌肉软件系统对髌下脂肪垫损伤患者进行超声诊断。结果 108例患者中,96例表现为单膝髌下脂肪垫损伤,12例为双膝髌下脂肪垫损伤,合并膝关节滑膜炎63例（占58.3%）、膝关节骨性关节炎21例（占19.4%）。髌下脂肪垫损伤声像图表现为患侧髌韧带深面脂肪垫肿胀、增厚,内部回声减低;彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）特点是患膝髌下脂肪垫内部及周边无明显血流信号。结论高频彩色多普勒超声对髌下脂肪垫损伤及其相关性病变有很大诊断价值,可为临床诊断及治疗提供可靠的信息。     

小鼠棕色脂肪原代培养模型的建立

目的:探索小鼠棕色脂肪细胞原代培养的方法?方法:取C57BL/6J小鼠棕色脂肪组织,采用胶原酶消化过滤法获得梭形细胞,对培养出来的细胞进行形态学观察,诱导分化后用油红O染色法染色定性,荧光定量PCR检测棕色脂肪标志基因表达情况?结果:培养出的梭形细胞成分均一,增殖旺盛,诱导分化后分化率高,经油红O染色证实为脂肪细胞,荧光定量PCR检测棕色脂肪标志基因UCP-1表达量明显升高?结论:从C57BL/6J小鼠棕色脂肪组织中可以分离出具有很强增殖?分化能力的前棕色脂肪细胞,这种棕色脂肪细胞原代培养模型的建立为在体外进一步研究棕色脂肪的功能提供了良好的基础?