The Effect of Itraconazole on the Vaginal Candidiasis under Different Immunity Conditions in Mice

To study the effect of itraconazole on the vaginal candidiasis caused by Candida under different immunity conditions, the fungal vaginitis model was established in female ICR mice by in- travaginal inoculation of suspension of C. albicans after the animal had been pretreated with estradiol or dexamethasone. Mice were divided at random into different groups and then treated with itracona- zole or IFN-γ given by gastrogavage. The burden of the fungus in the vaginal lavage fluids in the mice of the different groups was measured dynamically at different time points after the beginning of the drug treatment. The difference in the effect of itraconazole on the vaginal candidiasis between normal immune system group (group A) and control group (group D) was statistically significant (P<0.01). The difference in the efficacy of itraconazole among immunosuppressed group (group E), immuno-regulated group (group F) and the control group (group G) was statistically significant (P<0.01). But on the 5th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 11th day after the inoculation the average level of colony forming unit (CFU) of groups A, E and F showed no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). It is concluded that the efficacy of itraconazole in the treatment of the vaginal candidiasis under different immunity conditions (groups A, E and F) in mice were all good, but there was no difference in the anti-fungal effect of itraconazole among the three groups.     

Susceptibility to Vaginal Candidiasis under Different Conditions in Mice

In order to study the susceptibility of murine vaginal mucosa to Candida albicans under different conditions, vaginal lavage fluid and vaginal tissue of mice were observed and compared between murine models with normal immune system （estrogen-treated mice） and immunosuppressed murine model, and between primary infection model of vaginal candidiasis and secondary infection one. The average level of colony forming unit （CFU） from the immuosuppressed group was higher than that from estrogen-treated group at each time point and the peak time was delayed. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant （P〈0.05） from the fourth day after inoculation. A significant difference existed in the average level of CFU between the control group and the estrogen-treated group （P〈0.05）, and between the control group and the immuosuppressed group （P〈0.01）. It was concluded that the vaginal mucosa from the immunosuppressed mice is more susceptible to Candida albicans and no difference is found in susceptibility between mice with primary infection and secondary infection.     

Study of Candida Albicans Vaginitis Model in Kunming Mice

The model of vaginal candidiasis in Kunming mice was constructed in order to search for the optima construction conditions and provide an economic animal model of Candida albicans (C. albicans) vaginitis. Estrogen benzoate (E2) was given to mice at different concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 0.05 mg/mouse (4 levels) beginning 72 h prior to vaginal inoculation, then mice were in- oculated intravaginally with various concentrations of stationary-phase C. albicans blastoconidia (ATCC90028) (5 levels) in 20 μL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) in each E2 level. General state, scores of genital pathology, the hyphae and vaginal fungal burden (CFU) in vaginal lavage fluid, the hydrops rate of uterus and vaginal tissues for pathological section in mice were observed and ob- tained at day 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21 after inoculation. The results showed the infection rate in mice was related to the dosage of E2 and concentration of C. albicans blastoconidia. Additionally there was better cross-effect between the two treated factors. The infection rate was about 80% on the day 4, and could reach 100% on the day 7 until the end of experiment after inoculated intravaginally in groups of E2I3, E2 0.025 mg/mouse injected hypodermically and inoculated intravaginally with 5×104 C. albicans blastoconidia, and large amount of hyphae and blastoconidia could be observe in superfi- cial layer tissue and canal of vaginal by PAS. From the results in our experiment it was concluded that E2I3 was the optima construction condition in kunming mice.     

Local Expression of Vaginal Th1 and Th2 Cytokines in Murine Vaginal Candidiasis under Different Immunity Conditions

To investigate the expression of vaginal Th1 and Th2 cytokines in rats with experimental vaginal candidiasis under different immune conditions, ICR murine vaginal candidiasis model was established and immno-suppressed murine models of vaginal cadidiasis were established in estrogen-treated mice. Non-estrogen-treated mice were used as controls. The mRNA level of Th1 （IL-2）/Th2 （IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β1） cytokines in murine vaginal tissues was determined by RT-PCR. The cykotine in local tissues was increased to different extent under normal immune condition. IL-2 mRNA was increased during early stage of infection, while IL-10 was increased transiently during late stage of infection. TGF-β1 production was found to be increased persistently. At same time, the expression of IL-2 mRNA was suppressed in immno-suppressed group, and the level of IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β1 were higher than the normal immunity group to different degree during infection. The high level of IL-2 mRNA during early stage of infection was associated with clearance of mucosal Candidia albicans （C. albicans）, and its expression suppressed leading to decreased clearance of mucosal C. albican in immuno-suppression. The over-expression of IL-4 and IL-10 could significantly enhance the susceptibility to C. albicans infection in mice.     

Comparison of the Effects of Three Different Anti-fungus Drugs on Candida Albicans of Murine Vaginal Mucosa

To compare the therapeutic effects of three different anti-fungal drugs (i.e., terbinafine, fluconazole and intraconazole) in the treatment of experimental vaginitis caused by Candida albicans (C. albicans) in mice, the fungal vaginitis model was established in female ICR mice by intravaginal inoculation of suspension of C. albicans after the animal had been pretreated with estradiol. Mice were divided at random into different groups and then respectively treated with terbinafine, flucona- zole and intraconazole given by gastrogavage. The burden of the fungus in the vaginal lavage fluids in the mice of the different groups was measured dynamically at different time points after the begin- ning of the drug treatment. The fungal burdens in the vaginal lavage fluids taken at different time points from the mice treated with terbinafine were significantly higher than those taken at corre- sponding time points from mice treated with fluconazole or itraconazole (P<0.01). The fungal bur- dens in the vaginal lavage fluids taken from mice 1 week after the beginning of the treatment with terbinafine remained at a relatively high level. A dramatic drop in the fungal burden was noted in the vaginal lavage fluids taken on the 2nd day of the treatment from mice treated with itraconazole or flu- conazole group and the fungal burden on the 3rd day of the treatment in these mice were at a very low level, suggesting that fluconazole or itraconazole were highly effective for the treatment. How- ever, the difference in the therapeutic effect between the two drugs was not significant (P>0.05). Itraconazole or fluconazole, but not terbinafine, is very effective for the treatment of fungal vaginitis caused by C. albicans in mice.     

Estimation of probability of unprotected heterosexual vaginal transmission of HIV-1 from clients to female sex workers in Kaiyuan, Yunnan Province, China

Objective To estimate the probability of unprotected heterosexual vaginal transmission of HIV-1 from clients to Female Sex Workers （FSWs） in Kaiyuan County, Yunnan province, China, and analyze factors which impact the transmission probability. Methods An open cohort research of FSWs in Kaiyuan was created from surveys conducted in April 2008, October 2008, and April 2009. Two cross-sectional surveys of local clients were also carried out in May 2008 and November 2008. A model was developed to estimate the probability of unprotected heterosexual vaginal transmission of HIV-1 from clients to FSWs. Results The transmission probability from clients to FSWs was estimated as 0.0023 [95% CI 0.0014-0.0032] per unprotected heterosexual act. Conclusion The transmission probability among this group engaging in commercial sex in Yunnan province differs from that found in studies from other countries, and future studies should estimate the influence factors of HIV-1 transmission probability, such as stage of HIV infection, co-morbid sexually transmitted infections （STIs）.     

Study on the Effects of Guiqi Oral Liquid (归芪口服液) in Promoting Recovery of Hematopoiesis in Acute Irradiation Injured Mice

Objective: To explore the effects and possible mechanisms of Guiqi Oral Liquid (归芪口服injured mice were randomly divided into 2 groups: the treated group and the control group, and also a normal control group was set up with 6 mice in it receiving no treatment. After the mice in the former two groups were irradiated by 6.0 Gy 60Coγ-ray, every one of them was given 0.4 ml GQOL or saline in equal volume through a gastric tube twice a day for 14 days. On the 4th, 8th and 14th day after irradiation, the bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNC) and megakaryocytes in bone marrow tissues of the mice were counted, the proportion of hematopoietic tissues (by area) was measured, and the expression of adhesion molecules, CD44 and CD54, in bone marrow were estimated by immunochemistry. The colony forming unit of spleen (CFU-S)in the mice were counted on the 8th day after irradiation. Results: On the 4th, 8th, 14th day after irradiation,the count of BMMNC and megakaryocyte, and the proportion of hematopoietic tissues in the treated group were higher than those in the control group (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05). CD44 and CD54 expression in the treated group were higher than those in the control group on the 4th and 8th day (P＜0.01), but near normal on the 14th day ( P＜0.01). On the 8th day, CFU-S count in the treated group was higher than that in the control group (P＜0.01). Conclusion: GQOL can regulate the expression of adhesion molecules, CD44 and CD54, in the bone marrow of the acute irradiation injured mice, which may be one of the mechanisms of GQOL in accelerating the early phase hematopoiesis recovery of mice.     

Effect of atmospheric pressure non-equilibrium plasmas on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</Emphasis>

In this study, the sterilizing effect of atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasmas （APNPs） on Neisseria gonorrhoeae （N. gonorrhoeae） was preliminarily examined and the possible mechanisms were explored. N. gonorrhoeae FA1090, FA19 and MSll were treated by APNPs and their survival rate was analyzed by using CFUs counting and structurally studied by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The morphological changes of bacterial cell membrane and wall were studied under TEM. Our results showed that APNPs had strong sterilizing effect on N. gonorrhoeae. The survival rate of MS11 in N. gonorrhoeae liquid medium was 60.65% after disinfection with the APNPs for 5 rain, whereas, the survival rate of FA19 was 92.60% and the rate of FA1090 was 96.40%. The survival rate of MS 11 was 21.13% after exposure to APNPs for 6 rain, whereas the survival rate of FA19 was 31.60% and the rate of FA1090 was 91.00%. N. gonorrhoeae was structurally damaged after treatment with APNPs. It is concluded that APNPs is able to effectively and quickly kill the N. gonorrhoeae, and the killing effect is related to the architectural damage of cell membrane.     

Gonorrhea screening in male consorts of women with pelvic infection.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from 39% of male contacts of women with acute gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease (PID); 22% of these men were asymptomatic. More than half of those women with gonococcal PID had at least one male sexual consort with gonorrhea. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from 15% of male contacts of women with nongonococcal PID; 30% were asymptomatic. Since a substantial number of male contacts of women with acute PID will have cultures positive for N gonorrhoeae and are asymptomatic, all male sexual consorts should be examined and have cultures grown for gonorrhea.     

利用雌激素构建小鼠淋病奈瑟菌感染模型

目的探讨用雌激素构建淋病奈瑟菌感染小鼠模型的方法。方法淋病奈瑟菌WHO-A接种经皮下注射苯甲酸雌二醇和真皮下埋植尼尔雌醇片（雌三醇）预处理的雌性ICR小鼠，小鼠阴道拭子接种T-M选择培养基培养分离淋病奈瑟菌，取小鼠阴道分泌物涂片染色观察淋病奈瑟菌感染情况，比较两种雌激素对小鼠淋病奈瑟菌感染的差异。结果与对照组相比，苯甲酸雌二醇小鼠体内淋病奈瑟菌有短时间的定植，而尼尔雌醇组与对照组无差异。结论雌激素（尤其是雌二醇）有利于淋病奈瑟菌在小鼠阴道内的定植。     

牙科粘结剂对人中性粒细胞的影响

目的:研究3种固定修复用粘结剂对人中性粒细胞(polymorph nuclear neutrophils,PMNs)相关活性以及致炎性等方面的影响?方法:在24孔板底部铺上玻璃离子水门汀?聚羧酸锌水门汀?光固化树脂水门汀,采集健康成人志愿者静脉血分离提纯PMNs,将PMNs与3种粘结剂接触培养4 h后,检测细胞的早期凋亡率?坏死率以及存活率的变化,产生的活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)以及分泌白介素(IL)-8的量?结果:3组粘结剂的早期凋亡率?坏死率和存活率两两比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),其中聚羧酸锌水门汀组早期凋亡率?坏死率最高,存活率最低;玻璃离子水门汀组早期凋亡率?坏死率最低,存活率最高?玻璃离子水门汀组的早期凋亡率与存活率与空白对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),而3组粘结剂的坏死率均高于空白对照组(P < 0.05)?PMNs释放IL-8的量,3组粘结剂均高于空白对照组,其中聚羧酸锌水门汀组最高,玻璃离子水门汀组最低,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)?PMNs的ROS产生强度,只有玻璃离子水门汀组高于空白对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)?结论:3种粘结剂对人中性粒细胞的相关活性以及致炎性均有影响,其中玻璃离子水门汀的致炎性相对较低,抗菌性能相对较高?     

产生过氧化氢的乳酸杆菌抑制淋球菌生长物质的初步鉴定

目的研究产生过氧化氢的乳酸杆菌抑制淋球菌生长的作用机制。方法将产生过氧化氢的乳酸杆菌与淋球菌在体外混合培养并将其超声裂解,然后通过各种不同分子量可通过的滤过膜滤过,收集分离的不同分子量蛋白成分,分别测定其对淋球菌过氧化氢酶的影响。结果产生过氧化氢的乳酸杆菌在ｐＨ５．０情况下对淋球菌过氧化氢酶活性有明显的抑制作用,其裂解物也能有效抑制淋球菌过氧化氢酶活性。该裂解物加热１００℃１５ｍｉｎ后仍具备以上抑制作用,但经蛋白酶Ｋ处理抑制作用丧失。结论产生过氧化氢的乳酸杆菌能产生淋球菌过氧化氢酶的抑制物质,通过对这种酶的抑制,进而抑制淋球菌的生长。     

An unusual cause of an epidural abscess

A previously well 30-year-old man presented with severe progressive back pain, joint pain and fever. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed an epidural abscess. A sexual history revealed both risk factors for and previous symptoms of a sexually acquired infection. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from a rectal swab and from a wrist aspirate, consistent with disseminated gonococcal infection. The epidural abscess resolved clinically and radiologically after treatment for N. gonorrhoeae with ceftriaxone.     

Prevalence and site-pathogen studies of Neisseria meningitidis and N gonorrhoeae in homosexual men

Prevalence and site-pathogen studies of pathogenic Neisseria were conducted in 815 homosexual men over a 12-month period. Neisseria meningitidis was isolated from more patients than N gonorrhoeae (43.1% vs 33.1%). A high oropharyngeal carriage of n meningitidis (42.5%) was present, with much lower urethral (0.7%) and rectal (2.0%) colonization. Although N meningitidis urethral isolates were associated with urethral discharge in five of six patients, N meningitidis in the oropharynx or rectum was not usually associated with clinical illness. Neisseria meningitidis was usually isolated from only one site in individual patients. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from the urethra (18.5%), rectum (16.3%), and oropharynx (5.6%). Of the 270 patients with gonococcal infection, 49.1% had urethral gonorrhea only, and 20.7% were infected at two or more body sites. Virtually all patients with urethral infection had symptoms of urethritis, whereas 89.1% of patients with oropharyngeal infection and 61.9% of patients with anorectal infection had no local symptoms.     

Auxotypes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from localized and disseminated infections in Montreal.

A survey recently made in the United States on the regional distribution of auxotypes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae suggested that isolates from different geographic areas often differ in auxotype. A subsequent auxotyping study in Montreal of 901 isolates of N. gonorrhoeae, 15 from patients with disseminated gonococcal infection, proved interesting in many regards. Gonococcal genetic medium, modified by the addition of other amino acids, was used. Most (93%) of the strains isolated from patients with localized infection belonged to one of the following three phenotypes: arginine-, hypoxanthine- and uracil-dependent (44%); prototrophic (33%); and proline-dependent (16%). Of the 15 strains responsible for disseminated infection 14 required arginine, hypoxanthine and uracil for growth.     

380例女性淋病临床观察与分析

目的 总结分析女性淋病临床特点,探讨临床诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析380例不同年龄女性淋病资料.结果 380例淋球菌培养均为阳性.其中新生儿淋菌性结膜炎32例,幼女淋菌性外阴阴道炎58例,淋菌性宫颈炎187例,淋菌性尿道炎74例,淋菌性前庭大腺脓肿29例,380例全部治愈.结论 淋球菌培养是筛查淋病的金标准,临床上对疑似病例应常规作淋球菌培养,以提高确诊率,减少漏诊.治疗应遵循尽早、彻底、足量、规则、合理、抗生素联合全身用药的原则,避免产生耐药菌珠,提高治愈率.     

新淋球菌应激蛋白的确认及其作用研究

目的研究生长条件改变对淋球菌毒力的影响。方法将淋球菌暴露于低浓度亚致死量即１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＨ２Ｏ２作用１ｈ,用放射性同位素标记和ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法分析。结果发现淋球菌能产生一种新的分子量为６２０００应激蛋白,而且这种经１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＨ２Ｏ２作用后的淋球菌与未经低浓度Ｈ２Ｏ２作用的对照菌株相比,对高浓度的Ｈ２Ｏ２和人体中性白细胞的灭菌作用表现出明显的抵抗（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论这种新的６２０００应激蛋白有增加淋球菌毒力的作用,并可能与淋球菌在人体中性白细胞内不能被杀灭而产生的一种适应性调节蛋白有关。     

大观霉素与其他4种抗生素体外抗淋球菌活性比较

目的：比较大观霉素与其他4种抗生素对临床分离淋球菌的体外抗菌活性。方法采用琼脂稀释法测定淋球菌株抗生素的最小抑茵浓度（ MIC）,按WH0西太区淋球菌耐药性监测统一标准判断敏感性。用纸片酸度定量法检测产B一内酰胺酶淋球菌菌株。结果本研究共测定493株淋球菌,大观霉素对淋球菌的敏感性为100%,其MIC50和MIC90均为16μg/ml,对产B一内酰胺酶淋球菌,大观霉素的MIC50和MIC90也为16μg/ml,均比耐药标准低8倍;其次为头孢曲松,虽未检出耐药株但中敏检出l64株（33.3%）;抗淋球菌活性最差的是青霉素,耐药率为89.0%;环丙沙星和四环素的耐药率也较高,分别为88.2%和85.6%。青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星的MIC。及MIC。均已超过耐药标准,尤其是青霉素最严重,其MIC50和MIC90均超过耐药标准的4倍和l28倍。结论大观霉素对淋球菌具有强大的抗菌活性,头孢曲松对淋球菌的抗菌活性也较高,两者可作为治疗淋病的首选药物,大观霉素对青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星耐药率较高,提示这3种抗生素对淋病的治疗作用差。