Mechanism of relief of angina after coronary bypass surgery: an angiographic study.

Coronary angiography was performed before and after coronary revascularization in 67 patients. The interval between studies ranged from 1 to 38 months (average 9.9). The patients were separated into four clinical groups on the basis of their symptoms at the time of restudy; Group I, 13 asymptomatic patients; Group II, 19 patients with nonanginal chest pain (18 cases) or dyspnea (1 case); Group III, 12 patients whose angina was relieved but not eliminated; and Group IV, 23 patients whose angina was not alleviated. The graft patency rate was 72 percent in Group I, 78 percent in Group II, 61 percent in Group IIII and 34 percent in Group IV. The sum of diseased, but not bypassed and unsuccessfully bypassed arteries per patient was 1.6 in Groups I and II. 2.9 in Group III and 4.0 in Group IV. The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction, defined using enzymatic and electrocardiographic criteria, was 8 percent for Group I, 26 percent for Group II, 25 percent for Group III and 52 percent for Group IV. Anginal relief after coronary bypass surgery is achieved by successful and complete revascularization rather than by perioperative myocardial infarction.     

New Q waves after coronary artery bypass surgery for angina pectoris

Pre- and postoperative electrocardiograms were evaluated in 44 patients with angina pectoris who underwent single or multiple coronary artery bypass procedures. Two groups were identified: Group A, 37 patients with bypass procedures only, and Group B, 7 patients with bypass procedures and additional surgery (valve replacement in 4 and ventricular resection in 3).Preoperative electrocardiograms showed abnormal Q waves in 14 of 37 patients in Group A and in 3 of 7 patients in Group B. After coronary artery bypass, new Q waves appeared in 11 of 37 patients (30 percent) in Group A, including 1 of 9 (11 percent) with one-vessel disease on preoperative coronary arteriograms, 7 of 20 (35 percent) with, two-vessel disease and 3 of 8 (37.5 percent) with three-vessel disease; new intraventricular conduction abnormalities appeared in 4 of the 37. None of the seven patients in Group B had new Q waves postoperatively, but three had intraventricular conduction abnormalities. There was no correlation between new Q waves and preoperative values for left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. In Group A, new Q waves were demonstrated in 2 of 9 patients (22 percent) with one coronary bypass procedure, 5 of 21 patients (24 percent) with two bypass procedures and 4 of 6 patients (67 percent) with three bypass procedures. The single patient who had four coronary artery bypass procedures had no new Q waves after operation.It is evident that the prevalence of new Q waves was greater in patients who had two- or three-vessel disease by coronary arteriography as well as in those who had three coronary artery bypasses. Postoperative clinical course and mortality were not affected.     

Reoperation for angina after previous aortocoronary bypass surgery.

A retrospective study was carried out of the outcome of 102 patients who underwent a second operation for myocardial revascularisation, necessitated by persistence or recurrence of intractable angina after their first coronary bypass procedures. Operative mortality was 2%. During follow up of the survivors (mean interval 36.4 months) five died, two after further operation, and five underwent further surgery. Sixty eight patients reported an improvement in their symptoms, 57 of whom claimed to have little or no angina. Less favourable results were recorded for those patients reviewed with longer follow up. No useful indicators of prognosis were identified. The problem of angina in patients who have already received bypass grafts is likely to increase as more revascularisation surgery is performed. Reoperation offers a reasonable prospect of helping some of these patients, but not all will be suitable. Their long term prognosis remains uncertain.     

Arrhythmias after coronary bypass surgery.

Ninety patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery were studied prospectively by bedside and subsequent ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring to investigate the incidence, possible causes, and prevention of atrial fibrillation. Patients with good left ventricular function were divided randomly into a control group or groups treated with digoxin or propranolol. In the control group the incidence of atrial fibrillation was 27% and of significant ventricular extrasystoles 3%. Propranolol reduced the incidence of atrial fibrillation (14.8%), whereas digoxin had no effect and increased the incidence of ventricular extrasystoles. Age, sex, severity of symptoms, cardiomegaly, heart failure, previous myocardial infarction, and number of grafts did not affect the result. The operative myocardial ischaemic time was related to the occurrence of atrial fibrillation. There was also a significant relation between atrial fibrillation and bundle branch block. Atrial fibrillation is common after coronary artery grafting; it may be due to diffuse myocardial ischaemia or hypothermic injury. The incidence may be reduced by beta blockade.     

Reoperation for angina after previous aortocoronary bypass surgery

A retrospective study was carried out of the outcome of 102 patients who underwent a second operation for myocardial revascularisation, necessitated by persistence or recurrence of intractable angina after their first coronary bypass procedures. Operative mortality was 2%. During follow up of the survivors (mean interval 36.4 months) five died, two after further operation, and five underwent further surgery. Sixty eight patients reported an improvement in their symptoms, 57 of whom claimed to have little or no angina. Less favourable results were recorded for those patients reviewed with longer follow up. No useful indicators of prognosis were identified. The problem of angina in patients who have already received bypass grafts is likely to increase as more revascularisation surgery is performed. Reoperation offers a reasonable prospect of helping some of these patients, but not all will be suitable. Their long term prognosis remains uncertain.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后再发心绞痛的介入治疗分析

目的分析冠状动脉（冠脉）旁路移植术（CABG）后再发心绞痛的原因及进行介入治疗的有效性和安全性。方法再发缺血症状的CABG术后老年患者78例，进行冠脉和桥血管造影，并同时对53例进行介入治疗。结果78例均进行冠脉和桥血管造影，其中8例桥血管通畅，原冠脉病变无或有轻微发展；17例桥血管严重狭窄或全部闭塞，同时，原冠脉3支弥漫严重病变；53例原冠脉血管病变有明显进展或桥血管出现严重病变或闭塞。78例共移植桥血管226支（其中大隐静脉桥血管153支，乳内动脉桥69支，桡动脉桥4支）。大隐静脉桥血管153支中，110支发生病变（71．9％，其中长段弥漫性病变或完全闭塞77支，吻合口狭窄14支，体部狭窄19支）。乳内动脉桥共69支，27支发生病变，占39．1％（其中全程弥漫性病变和完全闭塞12支，吻合口狭窄15支）。桡动脉桥共4支，通畅3支，吻合口狭窄1支。226支桥血管发生病变共有138支（包括大隐静脉桥血管110支，乳内动脉桥27支，桡动脉桥1支），桥血管吻合口狭窄30支，体部病变19支，弥漫病变或完全闭塞89支。在吻合口狭窄的桥血管中，术后0～3个月发生21支（70.0％），术后3～12个月发生9支（30．0％），术后1年以上无吻合口狭窄。在体部病变的桥血管中术后0～3个月未发生病变，术后3～12个月发生10支（52．6％），术后1年以上发生9支（47．7％）。桥血管弥漫病变或完全闭塞术后0～3个月发生28支（31．5％），术后3～12个月发生14支（15．7％），术后1年以上发生47支（52．8％）。53例患者进行原发血管和（或）桥血管介入治疗，50例介入治疗成功（94、3％）。所有病变介入治疗后均即刻获得良好结果，30d随访，未出现严重心脏事件。结论CABG术后再发心绞痛介入治疗成功率、有效性、安全性均较高，介入治疗可作为CABG术后再发缺血的主要治疗手段之一。     

Preceding unstable angina affects inflammatory response and hemodynamics after coronary artery bypass surgery

The authors set out to investigate the inflammatory response and its impact on the hemodynamic function in stable and unstable coronary artery bypass (CABG) patients. Nineteen stable and twenty unstable patients were included in this prospective study. Serum IL-6, IL-8, TNF-, and IL-10 were measured before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Hemodynamic data was also collected. TNF- was detected more often in unstable patients than in stable patients before (p=0.03) and after CPB (p<0.01). TNF- response after CPB was evident (p=0.03). Serum IL-6 and IL-8 level were significantly increased after 10 minutes of CPB, reaching the peak value at 6 hours after declamping. IL-10 level reached the highest, 6.8 × the baseline at 6 hours after declamping in the unstable, but 3.3 × of baseline on the first post-operative day (POD) in the stable patients (p=0.04). CI was better preserved in unstable patients (p=0.04). Serum TNF- was more likely to be found in patients with recent unstable episodes. CPB induces a release of serum IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10. Recent unstable angina seems to modify the cytokine response and hemodynamic outcome.     

Arrhythmias after coronary bypass surgery

Ninety patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery were studied prospectively by bedside and subsequent ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring to investigate the incidence, possible causes, and prevention of atrial fibrillation. Patients with good left ventricular function were divided randomly into a control group or groups treated with digoxin or propranolol. In the control group the incidence of atrial fibrillation was 27% and of significant ventricular extrasystoles 3%. Propranolol reduced the incidence of atrial fibrillation (14.8%), whereas digoxin had no effect and increased the incidence of ventricular extrasystoles. Age, sex, severity of symptoms, cardiomegaly, heart failure, previous myocardial infarction, and number of grafts did not affect the result. The operative myocardial ischaemic time was related to the occurrence of atrial fibrillation. There was also a significant relation between atrial fibrillation and bundle branch block. Atrial fibrillation is common after coronary artery grafting; it may be due to diffuse myocardial ischaemia or hypothermic injury. The incidence may be reduced by beta blockade.     

Drug-eluting stents versus bypass surgery for multivessel coronary disease

Since the advent of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and the development of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), there has been debate as to which is the most optimal revascularization strategy for patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. Over the past decade, this controversy has been heightened with the introduction into the PCI armamentarium of drug-eluting stents (DES) and their profound reduction of restenosis and subsequent repeat revascularization. This article reviews the key registries and randomized clinical trials of PCI-DES and CABG in multivessel disease. Focus is placed on the recent data and evidence for long-term outcomes in patients treated with DES or CABG for complex multivessel coronary disease, including unprotected left main disease. The article also discusses risk models and the decision process for appropriate selection of revascularization techniques in patients with multivessel coronary disease.