利用多媒体微机实现诱发电位仪视听复合模式刺激的同步触发

目的和方法 复合模式事件相关电位（ＣＥＲＰ）是人在处理两种或两种以上感觉刺激时，由头皮记录到的电位变化。与单一模式事件相关电位（ＳＥＲＰ）相比，ＣＥＲＰ更准确地反映了真实情况下人的认知加工，便于利用更复杂的知觉模型进行ＥＲＰ研究，具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。本研究分两部分，第一部分：利用多媒体技术开发、实现了ＳＥＲＰ和ＣＥＲＰ的记录。第二部分：在此基础上完成了视听觉多模式刺激事件相关电位的初步实     

经圆窗引导的40Hz电位与耳蜗电图慢成分的比较研究

目的：对比观察两种电位，为临床低频听力检测提供适宜指标，方法：将球形电极置于豚鼠圆窗膜上，引导出两种听觉诱发电位，即耳蜗电图慢成分（ＳＷＣ－ＥｏｃｈＧ）和听觉早潜伏期４０Ｈｚ相关电位（４０ＨｚＡＥＲＰ－ＥＬＲ）。结果：两种电位的共同特点是频率响应好，波形稳定，易辨认，反应阈值低，４０Ｈｚ－ＡＥＲＰ－ＥＬＲ的振幅与声强始终成正比，阈值时各略高于ＳＷＣ－ＥｃｏｃｈＧ但差异不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论     

高血压患者血浆降钙素相关肽水平及与内皮素,心钠素之间相关？…

目的：观察高血压患者血浆降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）水平及与心钠素（ＡＮＰ）、内皮素（ＥＴ）、胰岛素（ＩＮＳ）之间相关性。方法：２放射免疫法对６５例原发性高血压和５６例正常对照组者血浆ＣＧＲＰ、ＡＮＰ、ＥＴ、ＩＮＳ水平进行测定分析。结果：高血压组ＣＧＲＰ水平降低。男性高血压降低更为明显。ＡＮＰ水平高于对照组。ＥＴ水平两组无显著性差异。ＣＧＲＰ与ＥＴ之间于正相关，ＣＧＲＰ与ＡＮＰ、ＩＮＦ之间无明显相     

高血压患者血浆降钙素基因相关肽水平及与内皮素、心钠素之间相关性探讨

目的：观察高血压患者血浆降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）水平及与心钠素（ＡＮＰ）、内皮素（ＥＴ）、胰岛素（ＩＮＳ）之间相关性。方法：采用放射免疫法对６５例原发性高血压和５６例正常对照组者的血浆ＣＧＲＰ、ＡＮＰ、ＥＴ、ＩＮＳ水平进行测定分析。结果：高血压组ＣＧＲＰ水平降低（Ｐ＝０．０６７），男性高血压降低更为明显（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＡＮＰ水平高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＥＴ水平两组无显著性差异。ＣＧＲＰ与ＥＴ之间呈正相关（Ｐ＝０．００５８），ＣＧＲＰ与ＡＮＰ、ＩＮＳ之间无明显相关性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。ＳＢＰ与ＡＮＰ之间呈正相关（Ｐ＝０．０３２９）。结论：高血压患者ＣＧＲＰ水平降低，其作用比ＥＴ水平变化更为明显。ＡＮＰ水平与高血压程度有关，呈代偿性增加     

P300在抑郁症患者认知功能评定中的价值

事件相关电位Ｐ３００的靶刺激Ｐ３潜伏期是反映受试者认知功能的一个电生理指标。本研究记录了３５例正常被试和５０例抑郁症患者（按是否服用抗抑郁药分为未服药组１８例和服药组３２例）的听觉事件相关电位Ｐ３００；结果发现：与正常对照组相比，两组抑郁症患者的靶刺激Ｐ３潜伏期不仅明显延长，而且与其ＭＭＳＥ评分呈显著性负相关，提示：Ｐ３潜伏期可以辅助抑郁症患者的认知功能评定。     

跨通路选择性注意脑内记忆痕迹的位置

目的：研究脑内记忆痕迹的位置。方法：采用“跨通路延迟反应”实验模式，研究１２名正常青年愉注意与非注意条件下的事件相关电位（ＥＲＰｓ）。实验分为二项：①注意视觉通路，忽视听觉通路；②注意听觉通路，忽视视觉通路。主要分析偏差刺激ＥＲＰ减去标准刺激ＥＲＰ的编差成分地形图。结果：发现视呼通路在注意时最大失匹配负波（ＭＭＮ）波幅分布于它们的初级感觉投影，而在非注意条件下视听最大ＭＭＮ波幅均分布于额中央部。结     

轻型颅脑外伤患者事件相关电位的研究

目的：研究事件相关电位（ＥＲＰ） 对轻型颅脑外伤患者脑认知功能变化的评估作用。方法：用听觉ｏｄｄｂａｌｌ 刺激序列ＥＲＰ检测２２ 例轻型颅脑外伤患者并和２０ 位正常人对照。结果：病例组ＥＲＰ 的Ｐ３ 峰潜伏期较正常对照组明显延长（Ｐ＜０－０１） ;随着病情的好转,Ｐ３ 潜伏期逐渐缩短,波幅亦逐渐增高。结论：ＥＲＰ是测定轻型颅脑外伤患者脑认知功能变化的一项客观指标。     

蛛网膜下腔出血与内皮素和降钙基因相关肽的关系研究

目的：探讨蛛网膜下腔出血（ＳＡＨ）后血液、脑脊液中内皮素（ＥＴ）、降钙基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）含量变化及与血管痉挛（ＣＶＳ）的关系。方法：用放免法检测３２例不同时期、不同病因、不同病情ＳＡＨ患者血液、ＣＳＦ中ＥＴ、ＣＧＲＰ含量变化并与对照组比较。结果：ＳＡＨ后血浆、ＣＳＦ中ＥＴ对照组明显升高,Ｐ〈０．０５。ＣＧＲＰ则明显低于对照组,Ｐ〈０．０１。ＥＴ升高和ＣＧＲＰ降低与病情程度、病后时间有关,与引起ＳＡＨ的原因无关。结论：ＥＴ和ＣＧＲＰ的变化与ＳＡＨ后脑血管痉挛有关,可作为ＳＡＨ后血管痉挛（ＣＶＳ）的一种观察指标。     

CRP、ESR对感染性肾积水和肾积脓的诊断意义

目的：探讨Ｃ反应蛋白（ＣＲＰ）、红细胞沉降率（ＥＳＲ）在临床诊断感染性肾积水和肾积脓中的意义。方法：对临床确诊的２２例感染性肾积水患者和３１例感染性肾积脓患者及２０例正常对照者分别用ＥＬＩＳＡ法和魏氏法测定其血液ＣＲＰ和ＥＳＲ。结果：与正常对照组比较,感染性肾积水组的ＣＲＰ和ＥＳＲ明显升高,差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）;感染性肾积脓组的ＣＲＰ和ＥＳＲ升高更为明显（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：将ＣＲＰ≥３０ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＥＳＲ≥１００ｍｍ／１ｈ做为临界值,对临床诊断感染性肾积水和肾积脓有一定意义,并且ＣＲＰ的水平变化与临床表现相关（相关系数ｒ＝０．４１９,Ｐ＝０．００１）。     

视觉事件相关电位中N_2、P_3潜伏期与反应时间

以要求按键作反应的视觉刺激序列同时记录了３９名正常人的视觉事件相关电位（Ｅｖｅｎｔ－ｒｅｌａｔｅｄｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ，ＥＲＰ）和反应时间（Ｒｅａｃ－ｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅ，ＲＴ）。结果表明Ｎ＿２、Ｐ＿３潜伏期和ＲＴ有明显的正相关关系，根据ＲＴ推测运动指令发出的时间在３０１～３４１ｍｓ之间，明显短于Ｐ＿３潜伏期，而与Ｎ＿２潜伏期接近。Ｎ＿２和Ｐ＿３的关系是连续的，Ｎ＿２潜伏期较Ｐ＿３更直接反映了刺激评价时间（Ｓｔｉｍｕｌｕｓｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅ，ＳＥＴ）．Ｎ＿２可能反映了刺激评价加工，而Ｐ＿３则可能与场合的修正，调整应付未来的策略加工有关。ＳＥＴ是影响Ｎ＿２、Ｐ＿３和ＲＴ的共同因素。Ｐ＿３和ＲＴ是平行的关系，Ｎ＿２可能是它们共同的起点。     

惊跳反射弱刺激抑制评价感觉运动门控

感觉门控是大脑的一种正常功能,是指大脑对感觉刺激反应的调节能力。近年来,发展了两种对感觉滤过量定量测定较为成熟的模式,即听觉诱发电位P50和惊跳反射弱刺激抑制(PPI)。该文介绍了感觉门控的惊跳反射、PPI及适应性反应的概念;PPI的测试条件、测量指标、认知心理学意义和生物学机制;PPI和P50两种测量感觉门控指标间的关系以及PPI作为感觉门控的生物学指标的稳定性和可信性,并指出PPI今后研究的方向。     

Effect of facial affect stimuli on auditory and visual P300 in healthy subjects

This study investigated whether or not P300 components are influenced by emotional affect such as sadness and pleasure in twenty healthy subjects and whether or not the P300 effects of facial affect stimuli are influenced by auditory and visual stimulus modalities. Written informed consent was taken from each subject before the study. Each subject was asked to stare at a simple picture of a facial expression (crying or smiling faces) during the auditory and visual oddball tasks. P300 amplitude and area were significantly larger when viewing a crying face (sadness) than a smiling face (pleasure) under both conditions with auditory and visual stimulus. P300 latency was significantly longer while viewing sadness than while viewing pleasure only with auditory stimuli. Reaction time was not changed by facial stimuli. Amplitude and area of P300 were significantly larger in women than men in their modalities, but the effects of facial affect on P300 amplitude and area in women were similar to those in men. These results suggest that amplitude and area of P300 with both modalities recorded while viewing sadness may induce larger attentional resource than pleasure. Gender was a less potent influence of facial expression on P300 parameters. The influence of facial emotion may be important to investigate the recognition processes of subjects.     

Visual event-related potentials in progressive supranuclear palsy

The purpose of this study is to assess the cognitive function in early stages of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Visual event-related potentials (visual ERPs) were examined in five non-demented patients with PSP and seven control subjects. ERPs were recorded using Figure (non-verbal) and Kanji (verbal) oddball paradigms. The latencies and amplitudes of N100 and P300 components were not significantly different between the PSP and control groups. However, the score of Hasegawa's dementia scale-revised (HDSR) was correlated with P300 amplitudes in the Figure task only in the PSP group. Since the P300 amplitude is related to attentional resources, changes in visual ERP induced by non-verbal stimuli might be associated with the attentional impairment even in early stages of PSP. In the Kanji task but not in the Figure task, the reaction time was prolonged in the PSP group, and positively correlated with the P300 latency in both groups. Visual verbal stimuli might be a good tool to evaluate the information processing in the early stages of PSP. Recording of visual ERP using both non-verbal and verbal stimuli could be helpful to assess a mild cognitive dysfunction in PSP.     

Effects of emotionally affect adult and baby' photographs in healthy controls and schizophrenic patients evaluating by exploratory eye movements

The relationship between mother and baby is of fundamental importance in the development of cognitive function and emotion. In this study we investigated the effects of affective photographs of a mother and baby (crying or smiling faces) and other stimuli (neutral mother or baby faces) on visual cognitive function in schizophrenic patents. We recorded exploratory eye movements in 22 healthy controls and 22 age-matched schizophrenic patients. Total number of right and left field gaze points (right TNGP, left TNGP) in the visual fields were determined using an eye-mark recorder as subjects viewed affectively charged or neutral photographs (crying, smiling or neutral faces). Left TNGP for all mother photographs (crying, smiling or neutral) were significantly larger in controls than patients, and right TNGP for neutral mother photographs were significantly larger in controls than in patients. Right TNGP for photographs of smiling babies were significantly larger in controls than patients, and left TNGP for photographs of both smiling and crying babies were significantly larger in controls than patients. Within the patient group, right TNGP were significantly larger than left TNGP for all mother photographs (crying, smiling or neutral). Left TNGP for photographs of mothers and babies correlated negatively with negative symptom scores. These results suggest that exploratory eye movements when viewing emotionally laded twin stimuli such as photographs of a mother and baby are a useful marker of visual cognitive function in both healthy controls and schizophrenic patients.     

听觉认知电位P300对阿尔茨海默病和老年精神分裂症认知损害的评 …

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of auditory P300 in assessing cognitive dysfunctions of aged patients with Alzheimer's disease(AD) or schizophrenia. METHODS: An'oddball' paradigm was used to elicit the auditory P300 from 39 patients diagnosed as having Alzheimer's disease according to DSM-III-R, 34 aged schizophrenics and 40 normally age-matched subjects, by using a Dantec Concerto SEEG-16 instrument. RESULTS: The variability of P300 waveform increased in AD patients, who presented reduced N1 latency elicited by frequent stimuli. The P3 amplitude of the AD patients was lowered by 14% compared with that of schizophrenics, and by 60% than compared with that of normal controls. Compared with the normal controls, schizophrenics presented reduced N1, P2, N2 and P3 latencies, and their P3 amplitude was decreased by 54%. CONCLUSION: The auditory P300 is of value in assessing the cognitive dysfunctions of AD patients and aged schizophrenics.     

Auditory cortical responses evoked by pure tones in healthy and sensorineural hearing loss subjects: functional MRI and magnetoencephalography

Background Blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI） and magnetoencephalography are new techniques of brain functional imaging which can provide the information of excitation of neurons by measure the changes of hemodynamics and electrophysiological data of local brain tissue. The purpose of this study was to study functional brain areas evoked by pure tones in healthy and sensorineural hearing loss subjects with these techniques and to compare the differences between the two groups. Methods Thirty healthy and 30 sensorineural hearing loss subjects were included in this study. In fMRI, block-design paradigm was used. During the active epoch the participants listened to 1000 Hz, sound pressure level 140 dB pure tones at duration 500 ms, interstimulus interval 1000 ms, which presented continuously via a magnetic resonance-compatible audio system. None stimulus was executed in control epoch. In magnetoencephalography study, every subject received stimuli of 1000 Hz tone bursts delivered to the bilateral ear at duration 8 ms, interstimulus intervals 1000 ms. Sound pressure level in healthy subjects was 30 dB; in sensorineural hearing loss subjects was 20 dB above everyone＇ s hearing threshold respectively. All subjects were examined with 306-channel whole-scalp neuromagnetometer. Results In fMRI, all subjects showed significant activations in bilateral Heschl＇s gyri, anterior pole of planum temporale, planum temporale, precentral gyri, postcentral gyri, supramarginal gyri, superior temporal gyri, inferior frontal gyri, occipital lobes and cerebellums. The healthy subjects had more intensive activation in bilateral Heschl＇s gyri, anterior pole of planum temporale, inferior frontal gyri, left superior temporal gyri and right planum temporale than the hearing loss subjects. But in precentral gyri, postcentral gyri and occipital lobes, the activation is more intensive in the hearing loss subjects. In magnetoencephalography study, both in the hearing loss and the healthy subjects, the most evident audio evoked fields activated by pure tone were N100m, which located precisely on the Heschl＇s gyrus. Compared with the hearing loss subjects, N100m of the healthy subjects was stronger and had longer latencies in right hemisphere. Conclusions Under proper pure tone stimulus the activation of auditory cortex can be elicited both in the healthy and the sensorineural hearing loss subjects. Either at objective equivalent stimuli or at subjectively perceived equivalent stimuli, the auditory responses were more intensive in healthy subjects than hearing loss subjects. The tone stimuli were processed in a network in human brain and there was an intrinsic relation between the auditory and visual cortex. Blood oxygen level dependent fMRI and magnetoencephalography could reinforce each other.     

轻度认知障碍患者早期面孔加工的事件相关电位研究

目的 研究轻度认知障碍患者面孔早期加工的事件相关电位特点.方法 被试者分为正常老年对照组和轻度认知障碍组,各16名,均为右利手.刺激包括3种卡通面孔(中性、微笑、愤怒)和3种非面孔,要求被试者进行面孔识别任务,同时记录32导脑电图.结果 1)无论MCI组还是正常组均产生了明显的颞一枕区分布的面孔特异性成分N170;2)MCI组N170潜伏期为[(158.91±2.17)ms],长于正常对照组[(140.97±2.17)ms],差异具有显著性(F=34.09,P<0.01);MCI组波幅为[(-4.42±0.28) μV],低于正常对照组[(-7.00±0.28)μV],差异具有显著性(F=41.52,P<0.01).结论 MCI患者在面孔表情早期加工阶段即出现异常.     

尿Ⅳ—C、CERP、NAG在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的意义

目的：探讨尿Ⅳ-C、CERP、NAG在糖尿病肾病（DN）早期诊断中的意义。方法：测量60例糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白正常38例（DM-1组）、升高22例（DM-2组）和20例正常人的Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ-C）、铜蓝蛋白（CERP）、N-乙酰-B—D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）水平,并分析其与血糖、血肌酐、尿素氮等指标的相关性。结果：病例组尿Ⅳ-C、CERP和NAG均显著高于正常对照组,DM-2组与DM-1组间差异具有统计学意义（氏0．01或P〈0．05）,且与UAER呈显著正相关;尿微量蛋白升高,与血尿素氮、肌酐等呈正相关;联合检测阳性率显著高于单项检测。结论：尿Ⅳ-C、CERP、NAG作为DM患者早期肾脏损伤的敏感指标优于尿微量蛋白,其升高反映肾脏损害程度,联合检测对预测DM早期肾脏损害的发生和进展具有重要意义。     

A comparison of three rating scales for measuring subjective phenomena in clinical research. II. Use of experimentally controlled visual stimuli

BACKGROUND: In a previous study of three types of global scales we found that verbal rating scales were particularly reliable for rating auditory stimuli. We now wanted to check the performance of the scales for rating experimentally controlled visual stimuli. METHODS: We used a prospective, experimentally controlled, clinimetric study, which was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry of the Autonomous University of Puebla Medical School in the state capital city of Puebla, Mexico. A total of 20 fifth-year medical students participated in the study. Visual stimuli consisted of 15 cards with five different intensities on the gray-to-black scale, administered randomly in three sessions to each subject. With regard to main outcome measurement, validity and consistency indices were determined for visual analog scale (VAS), numerical rating score (NRS), and verbal rating scale (VRS) to rate visual stimuli. RESULTS: For validity, correlation coefficients between scales and reference standard were high, especially in VRS (r=0.902). For consistency, VRS had highest kappa value (k(w)=0.71) for interobserver variability. CONCLUSIONS: Three instruments could be hierarchically ranked for their indices of validity and consistency. Being more consistent than VAS and NRS, VRS merits more frequent usage in clinical research.     

精神分裂症患者认知性电位的检测

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者认知性电位（ＣＥＰ）特征以及治疗缓散后ＣＥＰ变化,方法 应用美国ＣＡ－１０００型电生理仪,建立光和声２种成对刺激方法的关联性负变（ＣＮＶ）以及声,光,触３种刺激方法的长潜时电位（ＡＥＰ,ＶＥＰ,ＳＥＰ）,对３１例精神分裂症患者进行ＣＮＶ,ＡＥＰ,ＶＥＰ和ＳＥＰ测定,并对其中２５例患者作了ＣＥＰ随访。结果 患者组与对照组比较,在ＣＮＶ潜伏期Ａ点及ＰＩＮＶ,上明显延迟,分别为（