左旋甲状腺素在预防结节性甲状腺肿术后复发的研究

目的研究左旋甲状腺素(L-T4)在预防结节性甲状腺肿术后复发作用。方法结节性甲状腺肿术后分服药组(口服L-T4)和未服药组,经3~7年随访,使用B超、CT等检查手段,分析口服L-T4及持续服药时间与术后复发的关系。结果术后服药组较未服药组复发率低,术后服药1年以上组较服药1年以内组复发率低。结论结节性甲状腺肿术后服药1~2年能降低复发率。     

结节性甲状腺肿术后复发原因分析及应对策略

摘要 目的： 探讨结节性甲状腺肿术后复发的相关因素和应对策略,降低结节性甲状腺肿再手术率。 方法： 回顾分析我院1998~2008年术后复发性结节性甲状腺肿45例的临床资料。 结果： 结节性甲状腺肿术后复发与病变类型、手术方式选择及术后无规律TSH抑制治疗等密切相关。45例患者给予再次手术加甲状腺激素治疗后无一例复发。 结论： 首次手术应重视术前检查和术中探查、正确选择手术方式及规范化术后辅助甲状腺激素替代治疗,可降低复发率。     

结节性甲状腺肿术后残留与复发的临床分析

目的探讨结节性甲状腺肿术后复发的原因及预防措施。方法回顾性分析本院2005年1月至2009年7月收治的967例结节性甲状腺肿患者中70例结节性甲状腺肿手术后复发情况、再手术方式及疗效。术后均予以TSH抑制剂治疗,随访0.5～5年。结果初发单侧腺体结节性肿手术47例,同侧复发20例,对侧复发13例,双侧复发14例;初发双侧腺体结节性肿手术21例,术后单侧复发14例,双侧复发7例;既往手术史不详2例,均为双侧复发。单侧腺体复发行侧叶次全切除或全切除术,双侧腺体复发行双侧甲状腺次全切除或一侧全切除、对侧次全及全切除术。复发性结节性甲状腺肿再次手术治疗的并发症发生率明显高于首次手术。结论结节性甲状腺肿术后复发率高,与其病理特点、手术方法、术后TSH抑制剂治疗不规范有关。规范手术方式、术后规律服用TSH抑制剂治疗可能减少复发率。     

结节性甲状腺肿术后复发原因及防治

目的 分析结节性甲状腺肿术后复发的原因，并探讨防治其术后复发的有效方法。方法 回顾性分析1988～2000年我院收治的结节性甲状腺肿术后复发病人76例。结果 76例中首次手术表现为结节性甲状腺肿58例，甲状腺腺瘤样改变18例。行单纯结节切除16例，腺叶部分切除34例，一侧次全切除加对侧结节摘除18例，双侧腺叶次全切除8例。再次手术均行双侧甲状腺叶次全切除术。术后无严重并发症。再次术后给予甲状腺素片治疗。随访2～10年，无一例复发。结论 结节性甲状腺肿术后复发与病变性质，手术适应证的掌握以及手术方式密切相关。严格掌握手术指征，正确选择手术方式以及术后系统的服用甲状腺素，可以降低结节性甲状腺肿术后复发。     

结节性甲状腺肿术后复发再手术98例

目的:探讨结节性甲状腺肿术后复发的防治策略。方法:对98例二次手术的结节性甲状腺肿进行回顾性分析。结果:结节性甲状腺肿手术后复发者多为首次手术单纯结节切除和腺叶部分切除者。再次手术并发症发生率为9.2%,其中暂时性喉返神经麻痹7例,甲状旁腺功能低下2例(暂时性1例,永久性1例)。结论:正确选择术式可降低结节性甲状腺肿的术后复发率,尽管再次手术困难大,并发症多,但只要掌握必要的手术技巧,术中精细操作,可减少和避免并发症的发生。     

良性甲状腺疾病再手术的原因与预防

目的　探讨良性甲状腺疾病再手术的原因和预防措施。方法　回顾性分析 1988～2 0 0 2年我院收治的良性甲状腺疾病再手术 2 3例。结果　首次手术行甲状腺结节摘除术 12例 ,甲状腺一侧腺叶部分切除术 11例。术后病理报告结节性甲状腺肿 18例 ,甲状腺腺瘤 5例。再手术行甲状腺一侧腺叶及峡部切除术 4例 ,甲状腺次全切除术 19例。术后病理检查 :结节性甲状腺肿2 1例 ,桥本甲状腺炎 2例。术后无严重并发症。结论　结节性甲状腺肿复发是再手术的主要原因 ,选择合理的术式有助于减少再手术。     

结节性甲状腺肿术后复发的多因素分析及对策

目的探讨结节性甲状腺肿手术后复发的危险因素及减少复发的措施。方法应用单因素分析和Logistic回归多因素分析方法,回顾分析我院367例结节性甲状腺肿手术治疗的临床资料及影响复发的因素。结果平均随访76个月(36～136个月),复发25例,中位复发时间58个月,复发率为6.8%(25/367)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,多发结节,甲状腺切除量和术后是否行甲状腺激素抑制治疗是影响术后复发的危险因素。25例复发患者再手术13例,再手术率为52%(13/25)。结论明确结节性甲状腺肿术后复发的因素,合理选择术式和术后甲状腺激素抑制治疗可有效减少复发。     

结节性甲状腺肿的外科治疗

目的　探讨结节性甲状腺肿与甲癌的关系以及结节性甲状腺肿术后复发的原因。方法　对湘雅医院普外科近 12年手术治疗的 199例结节性甲状腺肿患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　经病理检查证实 ,199例结节性甲状腺肿并发甲癌 7例 (包括 2例微小癌 ) ,均为乳头状癌。术后结节复发 18例 (11.5 %)。结果显示术后未服药者复发率显著高于服药者。结论　结节性甲状腺肿发生甲癌的危险很小。结节性甲状腺肿手术治疗后必须采取甲状腺激素治疗 ,才能有效降低术后复发率。     

结节性甲状腺肿术后复发原因及防治

回顾性分析术后复发性结节性甲状腺肿76例的临床资料，其中首次手术后病理检查为结节性甲状腺肿58例，甲状腺腺瘤样改变l8例。首次手术行单纯结节切除l6例，腺叶部分切除34例，一侧次全切除加对侧结节摘除l8例，双侧腺叶次全切除8例。再次手术均行双侧甲状腺叶次全切除术。术后无严重并发症。再次术后病理检查均为结节性甲状腺肿。再次术后给予甲状腺素片治疗。随访2-10年，无l例复发。提示结节性甲状腺肿术后复发与病变性质、手术适应证的掌握及手术方式有密切关系。     

25例结节性甲状腺肿再手术的临床分析

目的提高结节性甲状腺肿术后复发再手术治疗时的安全性,探讨如何降低再次手术后的并发症发生率。方法对本院收治的25例复发性结节性甲状腺肿再手术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组25例患者均治愈出院,术后出现并发症6例。其中有3例出现轻度喉返神经损伤,分别治疗2～5个月后恢复正常;1例患者出现一过性四肢麻木症状;2例出现暂时性甲状腺功能低下,服用甲状腺片（40mg/d）4个月恢复。所有患者均随访6个月至3年不等,3例再次复发结节性甲状腺肿。结论结节性甲状腺肿再手术后的并发症发生率明显高于首次手术;应尽量完善术前准备,不断探索并谨慎仔细操作,以确保手术安全、有效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.