Recovery of injured fornical crura following neurosurgical operation of a brain tumor：a case report

正The fornix,which is involved in transfer of episodic memory,is an important structure of the Papez circuit between the medial diencephalon and the medial temporal lobe.Many studies using DTI have reported on injury of the fornix in patients with brain injury(Nakayama et al.,2006;Sugiyama et al.,2007;Wang et al.,2008;Chang et al.,2010).However,only a few studies on recov-     

Selective verbal memory impairment due to left fornical crus injury in a patient with intraventricular hemorrhage

<正>The fornix,a part of the Papez circuit,transfers information of episodic memory between the medial temporal lobe and the medial diencephalon(Aggleton and Brown,1999).The right medial temporal lobe is known to be specialized for visual memory and the left medial temporal lobe for verbal memory(Tucker et al.,1988;Aggleton and Brown,1999).Many studies have reported on fornix injury,however,most of them focused on bilateral injury(Tucker et al.,1988;Aggleton et al.,2000;Nakayama et al.,2006;Sugiyama et al.,2007;     

Recent advances and future directions for the pharmacogenetic basis of anti-VEGF treatment response in neovascular age-related macular degeneration

<正>Age related macular degeneration(AMD)is a complex progressive neurodegenerative disease causing blindness in 30–35 million people worldwide.It affects the macula region of the retina leading to severe vision loss and legal blindness in individuals50 years of age(Wong et al.,2014).The precise aetiology of AMD is unknown but smoking,age and genetic factors are major risk factors for AMD predisposition(Ding et al.,2009).The     

Is transcranial magnetic stimulation useful in posttraumatic disorders?

<正>Dear editor,We have read with great interest the recent paper by Herrold et al.(2014)published in Neural Regeneration Research.There is evidence that approximately 20–90%of patients with mild traumatic brain injury develop posttraumatic symptoms,and 40%of these patients have persistent symptoms after trauma(Bazarian et al.,1999;Koski et al.,2015).Therefore,mild traumatic brain injury becomes an important cause of     

Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 as an inducer of neurotrophic factors in dopaminergic neurons

<正>The defining neuropathological feature of Parkinson’s disease(PD)is the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic(DA)projections.This results in a biochemical reduction of striatal dopamine levels and movement disorders,such as a tremor at rest,rigidity of the limbs,bradykinesia,and postural instability(Kim et al.,2011;Kim et al.,2012;Burke and O’Malley,2013;Leem et al.,2014;Nam et al.,2014).Because the etiology of PD is not fully understood,it cannot guide the development of knowledge-based targeted therapeutics.     

Gene therapy and the regeneration of retinal ganglion cell axons

<正>Because the adult mammalian central nervous system(CNS)has only limited intrinsic capacity to regenerate connections after injury,due to factors both intrinsic and extrinsic to the mature neuron(Shen et al.,1999;Berry et al.,2008;Lingor et al.,2008;Sun and He,2010;Moore et al.,2011),therapies are required to support the survival of injured neurons and to promote the long-distance regrowth of axons back to their original target structures.The retina and optic nerve(ON)are part of the CNS and this system is much used in experiments designed to test new ways of promoting regeneration after injury(Harvey et al.,2006;Benowitz and Yin,2008;Berry et al.,2008;Fischer and Leibinger,2012).Testing of therapies designed to improve retinal ganglion cell(RGC)viability also has direct clinical relevance because there is loss of these     

Recovery of multiply injured ascending reticular activating systems in a stroke patient

<正>Consciousness is controlled by activation of the ascending reticular activating system(ARAS).The ARAS consists mainly of the lower and upper parts between the thalamus and cerebral cortex(Edlow et al.,2012;Yeo et al.,2013;Jang et al.,2014).Because the ARAS is composed of several neuronal circuits connecting the brainstem to the cortex.These neuronal connections begin from the reticular formation(RF)of the brainstem and the in-     

Stem cells in the adult CNS revealed:examining their regulation by myelin basic protein

正Neural stem cells(NSCs)are found along the entire neuraxis,through development and into adulthood and old age(Sachewsky et al.,2014;Xu et al.,2016).There are two neurogenic niches in the adult CNS.One is the subgranular zone in the hippocampus and the other is found in the periventricular region throughout the extent of the neuraxis(Barnabé-Heider et al.,2010;Mirzadeh et al.,2010).Herein we focus on the periventricular region where we recently re-     

Unusual neural connection between injured cingulum and brainstem in a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage

<正>The human brain is known to have six cholinergic nuclei(Selden et al.,1998;Nieuwenhuys et al.,2008).The cerebral cortex obtains cholinergic innervation mainly from the basalis nucleus of Meynert(Ch 4)in the basal forebrain through the medial and lateral cholinergic pathways(Selden et al.,1998;Mesulam et al.,1983).The cingulum,the neural fiber bundle connecting the basal forebrain and the medial temporal lobe,contains the     

The role of postsynaptic density proteins in neural degeneration and regeneration

正The structure,function and plasticity of excitatory glutamatergic synapses in the brain are significantly altered by neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders(Grabrucker et al.,2011;Fourie et al.,2014;Musardo et al.,2014;Lee et al.,2015),resulting in impairments in cognition,learning,memory,motor and sensory function.Revers-     

Ultrasound imaging of chitosan nerve conduits that bridge sciatic nerve defects in rats

<正>The repair of peripheral nerve injuries with autologous nerve remains the gold standard(Wang et al.,2005;Yao et al.,2010;Deal et al.,2012;Kriebel et al.,2014;Liu et al.,2014;Tamaki et al.,2014;Yu et al.,2014;Zhu and Lou,2014).With advances in tissue engineering and biomaterials,tissue-engineered nerve conduits with various biomaterials and structures,such as collagen and chitosan nerve conduits,have already been used in     

Correction Announcement

<正>In the article entitled"Impact of vasculature damage on the outcome of spinal cord injury:a novel collagenase-induced model may give new insights into the mechanisms involved"published in Neural Regeneration Research[2014;9(20)],two citations were mistaken.In the body text,"Losey et al.,2014a"should be"Losey et al.,2014"(on pages 1783 and 1784),and"Losey et al.,2014b"should be"Losey et al.,2008"(on page 1784).In the reference list,"Losey P,Young C,Krimholtz E,Bordet R,     

Neurodegeneration in branch retinal vein occlusion

正One of the most common forms of visual impairment and reduction in overall visual acuity is branch retinal vein occlusion(BRVO),second only to diabetic retinopathy(Rogers et al.,2010;Sun et al.,2013).Unlike central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO)which is a similar macular disease,BRVO is extremely more prevalent and generally only affects a smaller portion of the retina(Osborne et al.,2004)due to the nature of the disease.While initially the impairment can be extreme,evidence     

Brain ischemia as a bridge to Alzheimer's disease

An update of the etiology of Alzheimer's disease(AD):The current theory of the etiology of AD and the guidelines for most of the wide-ranging treatments activities are built around amyloid and tau protein as causative agents of the disease(Atlante et al.,2020).At present,based on a comprehensive evaluation of existing and contemporary studies,important questions arise regarding the causal role of amyloid and tau protein in the pathogenesis of AD(Morris et al.,2018).Analyzes of the available evidence does not allow obvious conclusion that amyloid,and especially tau protein,plays a key role in the etiology of AD(Morris et al.,2018).     

Novel pluripotent stem cell lines for enriched grafting in Parkinson's disease

正Parkinson's disease(PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, affecting 1% of the population over 55 years of age and up to 4% of the population over 80 years of age(Blesa et al., 2012). This progressive and neurodegenerative condition results from an excessive loss of dopaminergic neurons(50–70%) of the     

Secondary parkinsonism induced by hydrocephalus after subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhage

正Hydrocephalus can induce secondary parkinsonism(Shahar et al.,1988;Aggarwal et al.,1997;Racette et al.,2004).Physical factors such as increased ventricular pressure near the upper midbrain and basal ganglia are thought to cause mechanical disruption of dopaminergic systems(i.e.,the nigrostriatal pathways from the medial substantia nigra to the caudate nuclei and putamen and its frontal projection fibers from the basal ganglia)     

Translational perspective: is cinnamon a suitable agent for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease associated with brain trauma?

<正>Cinnamon,is an exotic spice and a major constituent of our food which is commonly used in different areas of the world for the treatment of various diseases(Kawatra et al.,2015).Besides its anti-inflammatory,anti-diabetic and anti-cancer properties,cinnamon also exerts strong brain protective and pro-cognitive effects in various models of neurodegeneration(Kawatra et al.,2015;Kelestemur et al.,2016)(Figure 1).Traumatic brain injury(TBI)is     

Intravitreal fluorogold tracing as a method to label retinal neurons and the retinal pigment epithelium

Techniques to label the neuroretina and the retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)have been the topic of many studies for years.The reliability and reproducibility of these techniques are essential to investigate retinal alterations of ocular pathologies and possible treatments.In particular,the study of the integrity of the RPE is of great importance in pathologies such as retinitis pigmentosa or age-related macular degeneration(Gu et al.,2012;Fisher and Ferrington,2018;Zhang et al.,2019).The most common approaches use antibodies to identify different cell populations.Recently,we have described a novel technique to study the integrity of the neuroretina and the RPE,as well as the functionality of the RPE in rats(Valiente-Soriano et al.,2020).     

Corrigendum: Early active immunization with Aβ3–10-KLH vaccine reduces tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus and protects cognition of mice

doi:10.4103/1673-5374.280331 In the article titled“Early active immunization with Aβ3–10-KLH vaccine reduces tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus and protects cognition of mice”published on pages 519–527,Issue 3,Volume 15 of Neural Regeneration Research(Wang et al.,2020),the affiliation of the first author Jin-Chun Wang was written incorrectly.The correct author affiliations are as follows.     

Is thalamocortical tract injury responsible for memory impairment in a patient with putaminal hemorrhage?

<正>Prior to development of diffusion tensor imaging(DTI),there were many difficulties in visualization and estimation of the Papez circuit in the live human brain(Papez,1995).Diffusion tensor tractography(DTT),derived from DTI,allows for identification and visualization of neural tracts in the Papez circuit(Concha et al.,2005;Kwon et al.,2010;Granziera et