胃大部切除术后患者早期肠内营养与延迟肠内营养的效果比较

目的探讨早期肠内营养(EEN)对胃大部切除术后患者预后的影响。方法将471例胃癌行胃大部切除术后患者按术后营养方式不同分为EEN和延迟肠内营养组(DEN),EEN组在术后24h开始给予肠内营养,DEN组在术后1～6d内给予全胃肠外营养,7d后给予肠内营养。比较2组患者术后营养状态、并发症等。结果 EEN组住院时间和肛门排气时间均少于DEN组(P均<0.05)。术后第12天,EEN组的血清白蛋白水平明显高于DEN组(P<0.05);血清天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶水平低于DEN组(P均<0.05)。EEN组并发症发生率低于DEN组(P<0.05)。结论 EEN效果优于DEN,可显著改善胃癌胃大部切除患者的预后。     

早期肠内营养对预防重型颅脑损伤应激性溃疡的效果研究

目的 探讨早期胃肠内营养对重型颅脑损伤患者应激性溃疡的影响.方法 选择重型颅脑损伤患者134例,随机分为2组,早期肠内营养组(EEN组)69例在入院或术后24 h内插管鼻饲进食,延迟肠内营养组(DEN组)65例在术后24 h后插管鼻饲进食.比较2组患者发生上消化道出血情况.结果 EEN组上消化道出血率明显低于DEN组.结论 重型颅脑损伤患者尽早实施胃肠内营养,可以减轻应激性溃疡的发生,预防上消化道出血.     

快速康复外科理念在高龄食管癌病人术后早期肠内营养中的应用

[目的]探讨高龄食管癌病人在快速康复外科理念的指导下术后早期肠内营养(EEN)的应用价值并总结护理要点。[方法]将200例食管癌病人随机分为传统完全肠外营养组(TPN)和EEN组,每组100例。TPN组病人术后行标准全胃肠外营养支持7 d,EEN组病人于术后第1天经鼻十二指肠营养管输入肠营养液,两组病人提供的氮量及热量基本相同,并根据病人的情况针对性护理。比较两组病人胃肠道功能恢复时间、营养状态、住院时间、营养费用及术后并发症情况。[结果]与TPN组相比,EEN组病人胃肠道功能恢复时间快、营养状态良好、营养费用少、住院时间短、术后并发症少(P0.05)。[结论]运用快速康复外科理念对食管癌EEN病人进行护理有助于病人术后快速康复。     

胃癌术后早期肠内与肠外营养比较与护理

目的:探讨胃癌行全置切除术后早期肠内营养的疗效与护理方法。方法:将2005年1月～12月60例行全胃切除术患者随机分为早期肠内营养(EEN)组和肠外营养(PN)组各30例,分析比较两组术后患者营养指标和肠功能的恢复情况。结果:EEN组与PN组术后营养指标比较无统计学意义(P>0.05),但EEN组术后肠功能恢复较早。术后24h内通过营养管滴注加温的生理盐水,再逐渐增加营养液可减少并发症的发生。结论:EEN支持治疗有较好的安全性和耐受性,有利于全胃切除患者肠功能的恢复。     

早期肠内营养对成人心脏术后静脉-动脉体外膜肺氧合患者近期预后的影响

目的 探讨早期肠内营养(early enteral nutrition, EEN)对成人心脏术后静脉-动脉体外膜肺氧合(veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, V-A ECMO)患者近期预后的影响。方法 回顾性收集2017年12月至2022年4月阜外华中心血管病医院成人心血管外科重症监护病房收治心脏术后循环衰竭V-A ECMO支持患者的临床资料。根据ECMO植入后启用肠内营养是否>48 h分为两组，即EEN组(≤48 h)及延迟肠内营养(delayed enteral nutrition, DEN)组(>48 h)。对比两组患者的胃肠道并发症、院内感染率、ECMO辅助时间、ICU时间、住院时间及住院病死率，采用Kaplan-Meier分析法绘制住院生存曲线，Log-Rank检验两组住院生存率的差异；使用Cox比例风险模型探究影响患者住院死亡的因素。结果 共纳入56例患者，EEN组27例，DEN组29例。EEN组消化道出血发生率低于DEN组(14.8%vs. 41.4%,P=0.015),住院病死率低于DEN组(2...     

早期肠内营养对肝移植术后肠黏膜屏障的影响

目的探讨早期肠内营养对肝移植病人术后肠黏膜屏障的影响。方法用随机数排序分组法将实施原位肝移植术后32例病人随机分为早期肠内营养(EEN)组和全胃肠外营养(TPN)组,各16例,检测两组病人肠道pH值及菌种比例、血浆内毒素、D-乳酸水平的变化。结果EEN组肝移植术后肠道pH值和革兰氏阴性肠杆菌比例明显低于TPN组:EEN组手术后3、57、d血浆内毒素和D-乳酸水平较TPN组低,两组比较均有显著性差异,P<0.05或P<0.01。结论肝移植术后早期应用EEN,有助于维持肠道黏膜的正常结构,保护肠黏膜屏障,从而减少内毒素移位的发生。     

早期肠内营养支持对严重腹部创伤术后患者营养状态及肠屏障功能的影响

目的 观察早期肠内营养支持对严重腹部创伤术后患者营养状态及肠屏障功能的影响.方法 将45例严重腹部外伤患者随机分为2组:早期肠内营养(EEN)组23例,延迟肠内营养(delayed EN)组22例.均术中空肠造瘘,EEN组术后24 h内早期肠内营养支持,delayed EN组术后接受常规输液,72 h后转为肠内营养支持.两组营养支持均等热量、等氮量.分别于营养支持前、中、后检测两组营养状况指标、免疫指标及肠黏膜通透性.结果 23例EEN组患者术后给予早期肠内营养支持治疗后均无严重并发症出现.营养状况指标、免疫指标及肠黏膜通透性均显著优于delayed EN组.结论 严重腹部外伤术后早期给予肠内营养支持较延迟肠内营养支持安全有效、有利于胃肠功能的恢复,对改善患者的营养状况具有积极意义.     

高龄胃癌患者术后早期肠内营养的临床研究

目的　探讨高龄胃癌患者术后早期肠内营养的可行性、安全性和临床疗效。方法　高龄胃癌患者 4 0例随机分为早期肠内营养 (EEN)组和完全肠外营养 (TPN)组 ,两组从术后第 1天到术后第 11天给予等热量、等氮量的营养支持 ,所有病例术前术后测体重、血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白 ,外周血淋巴细胞计数 ,免疫球蛋白IgA、IgM、IgG ;临床观察生命体征、胃肠道功能恢复情况及各种不良反应。 结果　所有病例研究期无死亡、无严重并发症、无明显肝肾功能改变 ,EEN组较TPN组前白蛋白 (PA)和转铁蛋白 (TF)水平以及外周血淋巴细胞计数 (TLC)均明显升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,TPN组体重、白蛋白下降较EEN组明显 ,体液免疫指标EEN组术后 11d基本恢复到术前水平 ,TPN组与术前相比尚有差异。结论　高龄胃癌患者术后早期应用肠内营养支持安全可行 ,既能改善营养状态 ,维护和促进胃肠功能 ,又能提高机体免疫功能     

全胃切除术后早期应用肠内营养支持的效果观察

目的观察全胃切除术后早期应用肠内营养支持护理的治疗效果。方法 82例胃癌行全胃切除术患者根据不同的营养途径方式分为早期肠内营养组47例(EEN组)、全肠外营养组35例(TPN组),给予术前术后营养护理,记录并比较2组术前术后营养指标(前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、白蛋白)的变化,以及患者术后肠道功能恢复时间、住院天数及不良反应发生情况。结果 2组术后营养指标均有所改善,其中EEN组术后第9天各项营养指标较术前及同期TPN组比较有统计学差异(P<0.05);EEN组术后肠道功能恢复时间、平均住院天数、不良反应发生率均明显少于TPN组(P<0.05)。结论全胃切除术后应用肠内营养支持护理安全、有效,值得提倡。     

食管癌术后早期肠内营养支持与护理

目的探讨食管癌术后早期应用肠内营养(EN)支持及护理对患者的影响。方法40例食管癌根治术患者随机分为早期肠内营养组(EEN组)和空白对照组(常规禁食、补液、胃肠减压),每组20例。EEN组为术后第1天开始应用肠内营养,护理观察术后胃肠功能恢复指标:肠鸣音恢复时间、肛门恢复排气时间、饮食时间及不良反应;监测术前及术后第9天营养指标:体重、白蛋白(ALB)、前白蛋白(PAB)和外周血淋巴细胞计数(TLC)。结果所有患者在观察期无死亡、无严重不良反应,EEN组术后肠鸣音恢复时间、肛门恢复排气时间、恢复饮食时间明显提前(P<0.05)。EEN组PAB及外周血TLC都明显升高(P<0.05);术后体重减轻较对照组为少(P<0.05);而同期ALB无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论术后早期肠内营养支持安全可行,既能改善营养状态,促进胃肠功能恢复,又能提高机体免疫功能;细致正确的护理是确保早期肠内营养支持的关键因素。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.