广东地区婴肝患儿的HCV感染

目的探讨广东地区婴儿肝炎综合征中丙型肝炎病毒感染及其传播途径。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA法）检测血清中丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）抗体，多聚酶链反应（PCR）检测血清中HCVRNA。结果90例婴肝中有11例HCV标志阳性，阳性率为12．2％（11／90），其中抗HCV以及HCVRNA均阳性4例，单项抗HCV阳性3例，单项HCVRNA阳性4例。母亲抗HCV阳性2例。结论HCV感染是广东地区婴儿肝炎综合征中一个不可忽视的病因，本组11例阳性患者的传播途径主要与输注血制品有关，其次为母婴传播。     

围产期沙眼衣原体感染的研究

为了探讨围产期沙眼衣原体(CT)感染与不良妊娠结局、母婴问的垂直传播及对受染儿的远期影响等问题，我们以直接免疫荧光法、金标法对200例临产妇、25例新生儿(母亲CT抗原阳性)，进行了CT抗原检测。结果如下：兰州地区产妇中CT的感染率平均为12．5％，母婴间的垂直传播率为40％，产妇感染CT与胎儿早产、出生低体重有相关性。CT在早产儿、低出生体重儿、新生儿窒息者中母婴垂直传播率高于正常足月儿；母婴垂直传播所致受染新生儿今后呼吸系统疾病的感染率高于未受感染儿；直接免疫荧光法、金标法，对CT抗原都是比较准确、快速的检测方法，可以作为早期诊断手段。特别是金标法，更利于在临床中应用、推广围产期沙眼衣原体感染的研究。     

围产期沙眼衣原体感染的研究

为了探讨围产期沙眼衣原体(CT)感染与不良妊娠结局、母婴间的垂直传播及对受染儿的远期影响等问题,我们以直接免疫荧光法、金标法对200例临产妇、25例新生儿(母亲CT抗原阳性),进行了CT抗原检测.结果如下兰州地区产妇中CT的感染率平均为12.5%,母婴间的垂直传播率为40%,产妇感染CT与胎儿早产、出生低体重有相关性.CT在早产儿、低出生体重儿、新生儿窒息者中母婴垂直传播率高于正常足月儿;母婴垂直传播所致受染新生儿今后呼吸系统疾病的感染率高于未受感染儿;直接免疫荧光法、金标法,对CT抗原都是比较准确、快速的检测方法,可以作为早期诊断手段.特别是金标法,更利于在临床中应用、推广围产期沙眼衣原体感染的研究.     

母体血液和新生儿脐带血乙肝血清标志物检测分析

目的 检测新生儿脐带血HBsAg、HBeAg、HBeAb和新生儿脐带血HBeAg，分析HBsAg垂直传播几率。方法 HBsAg和HBeAg用ELISA的方法检测。结果 母亲HBsAg( )／HBeAg( )的新生儿组脐带血HBsAg阳性率(98％)显著高于母亲HBsAg( )／抗HBe( )的新生儿组脐带血阳性率(20％)。对照组中无一例新生儿脐带血检出HBsAg(0)。结论 HBV母要垂直传播的发生率很高。HBV携带者母亲及其新生儿应及早采取一定的预防免疫措施，降低新生儿HBV感染率。通过HBV母婴垂直传播的检测分析，能让医务人员和患者进一步认识新生儿疫苗免疫的重要性和必要性。     

采用HBV-DNA探针对母婴HBV传播的临床研究

本研究采用Dig-HBV-DNA探针检测了57例新生儿及其父、母血液、羊水、初乳和脐血6个标本及HBV标志物的检测、HBV-DNA检出率母血47.37％,父血42.11％,脐血40.35％,羊水7.02％,初乳22.81％,新生儿血为49.2％。14例抗-HBs阳性产妇,其自身HBV-DNA检出达42.86％,抗-HBs可通过胎盘传给新生儿,新生儿血中抗-HBs阳生率42.86％,HBV-NDA检出率为50％。同时亦观察了父母HBV感染对新生儿的影响,两者差异显著。     

婴儿输血传播病毒感染途径的分子病毒学研究

目的　观察产妇和所生婴儿在分娩及母乳喂养 6个月后的输血传播病毒 (TTV)感染情况 ,探讨婴儿TTV感染途径。方法　应用套式PCR对 40 0对正常孕产妇分娩前的血清及其新生儿的脐血血清标本、产妇的乳汁配对进行TTV DNA检测 ,对TTV DNA阳性、坚持母乳喂养的母亲及其婴儿进行 6个月随访 ,克隆其中 13对配对阳性标本的TTV基因 ,通过DNA序列测定比较分析母婴TTV感染株之间的核苷酸序列同源性。结果　 6 2例孕母血清、4例新生儿脐血血清、2 0例母乳TTV DNA阳性 ,TTV阳性母亲的乳汁TTV DNA检出率32 2 % (2 0 / 6 2 )。经 6个月随访孕母血TTV DNA阳性的 42对母乳喂养的母婴 ,母血清TTV DNA阳性率2 1 3 % (9/ 42 ) ,婴儿血清TTV DNA阳性率 40 5 % (17/ 42 ) ,孕母血清TTV DNA阳性的婴儿血TTV DNA由阴转阳率 38 1% (16 / 42 )。配对比较母婴间TTV感染株序列同源性为 97 4%～ 99 8%。结论　孕产妇血清TTV阳性率较正常人高 ,乳腺可能是TT病毒的另一存在部位 ,母乳喂养及母婴间密切接触可能是母 儿间TTV的重要传播途径。     

乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白预防乙型肝炎病毒母婴垂直传播的研究

现已公认,乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)母婴垂直传播是HBV传播的主要途径之一。我国是HBV感染的高发地区。孕妇的乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)携带率大约为2～7％,母婴传播率为20～70％。我院调查资料(2)分别为3.6％、22.2％。西野和良等认为,HBsAg阳性携带者1/3为经母婴垂直传播而来。因此,HBV母婴传播是一个严重的     

非甲非乙型肝炎中丙型肝炎病毒感染的研究

为了解非甲非乙型肝炎(NANBH)患儿中丙型肝炎(HC)的发病情况及临床特点,我们用ELISA和叠套式聚合酶链反应("nested"PCR)技术,检测了57例NANBH患儿(1.7～14岁)血清中抗丙型肝炎病毒抗体(抗HCV)及HCV RNA。结果57例中39例(68.4％)为HCV感染标志阳性。在不同性别、年龄组及不同临床类型(急性或慢性)之间HCV检出率无显著差异。在有、无输血史患儿之间,其检出率比较分别为86.8％和31.5％,差异有非常显著意义(P<0.01)。15例患儿的30名家长中只有1例抗HCV阳性。提示:本地区NANBH患儿中丙型肝炎(HC)占较大比例,输血很可能是本地区HCV感染的主要传播途径。8例HC患儿肝活检组织病理学检查结果表明,HC患儿有发展为慢性肝炎的趋势。     

沙眼衣原体垂直传播基因水平的快速检测

应用细胞培养法对８６名孕妇及其新生儿进行沙眼衣原体（ＣＴ）的分离，然后采用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）结合限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）分析法，对ＣＴ阳性的母婴标本进行基因鉴定。结果显示，８６例孕妇ＣＴ阳性２０例，阳性孕妇的亲手儿有８例感染，垂直传播率４０．０％。８对母婴相对标本鉴定后证实每对母婴感染的ＣＴ基因型一致。提示ＣＴ有很高的垂直传播率，应早期进行孕期筛查，降低新生儿ＣＴ感染率。     

胎盘Hofbauer细胞在乙型肝炎病毒母婴垂直传播中的作用

目的 探讨胎盘Hofbauer细胞与乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）垂直传播的相关性。方法应用光学显微镜和免疫组织化学技术观察垂直传播组（母亲及新生儿HBsAg和HBV-DNA均为阳性）14例、非垂直传播组（母亲HBsAg和HBV-DNA阳性，新生儿为阴性）62例和正常对照组（母亲及新生儿HBsAg和HBV-DNA均为阴性）10例的胎盘结构变化、胎盘HBV感染与Hofbauer细胞的关系。结果1．垂直传播组和非垂直传播组孕妇胎盘组织存在坏死、水肿、绒毛动脉硬化、绒毛间质纤维化和纤维素样沉积，多形核自细胞、淋巴细胞、颗粒细胞浸润。2．垂直传播组胎盘HBsAg阳性率为100．0％；非垂直传播组为58．0％，差异具有显著性（P=0．013）。阳性信号主要出现在滋养细胞、Hofbauer细胞和血管内皮细胞。3．垂直传播组胎盘Hofbauer细胞数目明显增加，结合HBV的阳性Hofbauer细胞明显高于非垂直传播组和对照组（P均〈0．01）。结论HBV可与胎盘Hofbauer细胞结合，可能介导HBV的母婴垂直传播。     

Prospective study of mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus

BACKGROUND: Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) could become the main route of HCV infection in the future because there are no methods available to prevent vertical infection. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of mother-to-infant transmission in infants born to mothers who tested positive for anti-HCV antibodies and to elucidate associated risk factors for transmission. METHODS: Screening was conducted for 16,800 pregnant women with an anti-HCV antibodies test, and 154 mothers were positive. From the positive group 141 mothers were enrolled in the study and their 147 infants were followed from birth for serum alanine aminotransferase activity, anti-HCV antibodies and HCV RNA. HIV infection was tested in 73 of 141 mothers, all of whom were negative. RESULTS: Thirty-three infants were dropped from the study because they were followed for <6 months or were not tested adequately. Of the 114 infants finally evaluated 9 (7.8%) had detectable HCV RNA. The transmission rate was not influenced by the mode of delivery [vaginal delivery, 8 of 90 vs. cesarean section, 1 of 24 (P = 0.396)] or by the type of feeding [9 of 98 for breast-fed infants vs. 0 of 16 for formula-fed infants (P = 0.243)]. All infected infants were born to mothers who had HCV viremia at the delivery (P = 0.040) and to those with a high viral load (P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Our prospective study showed that the transmission rate of mother-to-infant HCV infection was 7.8% in anti-HCV antibody-positive mothers. Risk was related to the presence of maternal HCV viremia at delivery and a high viral load in the mothers.     

Mother-to-Infant transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Brazil

Sixty-one women with anti-HCV antibodies, detected by a third-generation enzyme immunoassay (EIA3), were prospectively recruited for investigation of vertical HCV transmission during child-birth, at the University Hospital of the Catholic University of Campinas, Brazil, between January 1994 and July 1998. Six of the women presented coinfection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). All of the 72 children born in this period were followed at least until they were 18 months of age. Analyses of anti-HCV, HCV RNA, and alanine aminotransferase were performed in a minimum of two blood samples during follow-up. One (2.4 per cent; 95 per cent CI, 2.2-7) of the 42 children born to HCV viremic mothers was both anti-HCV and HCV RNA-positive, with altered ALT levels. Passively transferred maternal anti-HCV antibodies became undetectable within 9-12 months. None of the nine infants born to HIV-1 infected mothers were infected either by HIV or HCV. Thus, the mother-infant HCV transmission rate is low and seems to be associated with maternal HCV RNA positivity.     

Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus

Anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies and HCV-RNA were measured in the sera of 22 anti-HCV positive, HIV-1 negative mothers and their infants. ELISA and RIBA II were used for anti-HCV determination. HCV-RNA was measured by a nested polymerase chain reaction. HCV-RNA was found in 12 of 22 mothers. All 22 children were followed for 12 months. All were anti-HCV positive by the fourth month; 18 became anti-HCV negative between the 8th and 12th month. HCV-RNA was detected in 5 of 22 infants in the fourth month. They remained HCV-RNA positive. All children born to HCV-RNA negative mothers were HCV-RNA negative while 5 of 12 babies born to HCV-RNA positive mothers were infected. All five infected babies were born to mothers infected through transfusions or drug use. ALT levels in mothers seemed to have no effect on mother-to-infant transmission. Hence evidence for perinatal transmission of HCV from HCV-RNA positive mothers was demonstrated in the present study.     

Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus: A prospective study

To investigate the risk of mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the natural course of HCV-infected infants, we prospectively studied 31 offspring of pregnant women who were anti-HCV positive and anti-HIV negative. Sera were serially tested for anti-HCV by the second-generation ELISA-test (ELISA-2) and for HCV-RNA by the polymerase chain reaction procedure. The mean period of follow up was 19 months (range 6–41 months). The presence of HCV-RNA in the mothers was associated with a high titre of anti-HCV by ELISA-2 or a positivity of the second generation recombinant immunoblot assay. At birth, 26 babies were positive for anti-HCV. Passively transferred maternal antibodies became undetectable within 2–15 months. HCV-RNA was detected in only 3 infants (9.7%) within 1–4 weeks after birth and persisted there-after. The genotype of HCV-RNA in each of the infants was consistent with that of their mother. These 3 showed chronic transaminase elevation during the follow up that started at 1–2 months of age, although they revealed no clinical symptoms. Re-elevation of anti-HCV titre was observed in the HCV-infected infants within 10 months of age, suggesting an endogenous production of anti-HCV. The mean titre of HCV-RNA in three mothers of infected infants was higher than that in the mothers of uninfected infants (10^5.3±0.3 vs 10^4.4±0.2/ml).Conclusion Our findings indicate that HCV was most likely to have been transmitted from mothers to infants at the time of delivery and that it was capable of evoking the chronic carrier state.     

丙型肝炎病毒母婴宫内传播的研究

目的为研究丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）的母婴宫内传播，评估ＨＣＶ母婴传播的危险性。方法应用酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）法检测ＨＣＶ，以逆转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）检测ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ。结果检测的４２７７例孕晚期孕妇血清抗－ＨＣＶ，其中６例阳性，进一步检查ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ，结果６例中有５例阳性，且均有受血史，５例阳性孕妇其配对婴儿脐血抗－ＨＣＶ均阳性，其中２例ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ阳性，肝功能异常；１例出生时ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ阴性，到２４个月时ＨＣＶ－ＲＮＡ阳转。ＨＣＶ母婴宫内传播率为２／５。结论表明上海地区存在ＨＣＶ母婴宫内传播，应重视有受血史的生育妇女孕期及孕前的ＨＣＶ检查及ＨＣＶ感染儿的随访。     

High rate of maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis G virus in HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus-infected women

The prevalence of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection was investigated in 56 mothers with both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Thirty-three (58.8%) women had markers of HGV infection, including 7/15 (46.6%) with no history of parenteral exposure to blood. Sixteen (48%) had HGV RNA in serum by a polymerase chain reaction assay, and 17 (52%) had antibody to E2 viral protein. No woman was positive for both markers. Of 20 infants born to the 16 mothers with HGV viremia, 9 (45%, 95% CI 34-56%) acquired the infection. No infected child seroconverted to HGV during the first year of life. At the latest visit (mean: 37.1 mo, range: 9-89 mo) 7 children were still seronegative HGV RNA carriers, 1 was both RNA- and antibody-negative, while 1 RNA-negative child had developed the E2 antibody. Of the 20 HGV-exposed infants, 2 contracted HCV and 1 HIV-1 (all 3 with HGV coinfection). No abnormalities in clinical findings and ALT levels were observed throughout the follow-up period in the six children with HGV infection alone. Our findings show that HGV infection is widespread among HIV-1- and HCV-infected women. Maternal-infant transmission of HGV is common and occurs independently from that of HIV-1 and HCV in women with triple infection. Most perinatally HGV-infected children develop persistent infection with no clinical or biological signs of liver damage, at least in the first years of life.     

When does mother to child transmission of hepatitis C virus occur?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate when hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection from mother to child occurs, and evaluate possible associated factors. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. PATIENTS: Fifty four HCV infected children tested within three days of birth and their mothers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: HCV RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results. RESULTS: Seventeen of the children (31%, 95% confidence interval 19% to 46%) were positive in the first 3 days of life and could be assumed to have acquired infection in utero. Testing PCR positive was not associated with sex (53% v 49% boys; p=0.77) or mode of delivery (29% elective caesarean section in both groups; p=0.98). Children with evidence of intrauterine infection were significantly more likely to be of lower birth weight and infected with genotype 1 (58% v 12%, p=0.01). Although a higher proportion of infants born to HCV/HIV co-infected women were PCR positive in the first 3 days of life, this difference did not reach statistical significance; excluding infants born to co-infected women did not affect the results. Thirty seven of the children (68%) were negative in the first 3 days of life, 27 of whom were positive when tested again at 3 months, and nine were first PCR positive after 3 months (one child had no further tests). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that at least one third and up to a half of infected children acquired infection in utero. Although postpartum transmission cannot be excluded, these data suggest that it is rare. The role of HCV genotypes in the timing and mechanism of infection should be explored further.     

Hepatitis C virus infection and related liver disease in children of mothers with antibodies to the virus

Objective: To evaluate the clinical, biochemical, and virologic features associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection acquired early in life from mothers with antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV).Study design: Multicenter prospective-retrospective study in Italian children.Patients: Two groups of children were investigated. Group 1 included 14 infants, born to mothers with anti-HCV but without human immunodeficiency virus infection, who became seropositive for HCV RNA during the first year of life and were thus considered infected. Group 2 included 16 children with chronic hepatitis C, aged 1 ½ to 14 years, whose mothers were the unique potential source of infection. Both groups were followed for 12 to 48 months.Methods: Alanine transaminase (ALT), anti-HCV, and HCV RNA were investigated by the polymerase chain reaction on entry to the study and during follow-up.Results: All children in group 1 had anti-HCV throughout follow-up, and all had ALT abnormalities, ranging from 1.5 to 10.5 times the normal value during the first 12 months. During further follow-up, 5 of 10 children had HCV RNA with abnormal ALT values, 3 had a return to normal of the ALT values but continued to have viremia, and 2 eventually had normal ALT values and clearance of HCV RNA. Of the 16 children in group 2, all were free of symptoms and 62% had only slight ALT elevations; 7 who underwent liver biopsy had histologic features of minimal or moderate hepatitis.Conclusions: HCV infection acquired early in life from mothers with anti-HCV is usually associated with biochemical features of liver damage during the first 12 months of life. Progression to chronicity seems to occur in the majority of cases, although HCV-associated liver disease is likely to be mild throughout infancy and childhood. (J Pediatr 1997;130:990-3)     

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and its vertical transmission in Egyptian pregnant women and their newborns

We studied the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody seropositivity using ELISA (Ortho Diagnostic system, 3rd generation test) polymerase chain reaction testing of HCV-RNA (PCR, Promega) and serum alanine transferase (ALT) level in 100 healthy, HIV-negative, pregnant women who delivered spontaneously at the Alexandria University Hospital, and their newborns. Some risk factors were studied using Fisher's exact test. Nineteen per cent of pregnant women were HCV seropositive and 14 of them (14/19) had circulating HCV-RNA, detected by PCR. Nine of the babies born to the 19 HCV seropositive females had circulating antibodies, whereas HCV-RNA was detected in five of them. This gives a vertical transmission risk of 5/14 (36 per cent) for mothers carrying the HCV-RNA and 5/19 (26 per cent) for those having circulating HCV antibodies. History of previous blood transfusion, elevated serum ALT level, and history of infection with schistosomiasis were significant risk factors for HCV infection in mothers. In addition to the previous factors, maternal history of jaundice, stillbirth and hepatomegaly were significant risk factors for neonatal infection. The occurrence of early jaundice and the presence of congenital anomalies in the newborns were non-significant risk factors. In conclusion, our data indicate a high prevalence of HCV seropositivity in Egyptian HIV-negative pregnant women with a significant high rate of vertical transmission of HCV.     

Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis E virus infection

Objectives : Water borne or enterically transmitted non-A-non-B hepatitis is a major public health problem in India. Many of these cases carry fatal outcome. The hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been considered to be the most important causative agent of this entity. The severity and fatality rates of HEV infection are reported to be rather more in pregnant women. However, there is meager information from India, on mother to child transmission of this agent.Methods : During 1997-98, we studied 60 pregnant women suspected to have acute viral hepatitis to understand the frequency of various viral etiologies, disease course and outcome of the pregnancy. Six cord blood samples were tested for IgG, and IgM antibodies against hepatropic viral agents and also for hepatitis E virus RNA by RT-nested PCR using ORF-1 as target.Results : Of the 60 pregnant patients hospitalised at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi for acute hepatitis, 22 (37%) were positive for IgM anti-HEV antibodies and 10% were infected with hepatitis B virus. Co-infection of HEV with Hepatitis B and C was seen in 1 and 2 patients, respectively. Most (72%) of the HEV infected patients were in third trimester of pregnancy (P<0.05). Of the 6 cord blood samples tested 3 (50%) were positive for HEV RNA. Though, all mothers were RNA positive, half of the babies did not get infectedin utero with HEV. Fourteen of the 22 (63.6%) HEV infected mothers developed fulminant hepatic failure and all died.Conclusion : The mortality rate in HIV infected mothers was 100%. Mother to child transmission of hepatitis E virus infection was established in 50%