螺内酯治疗肝硬化腹水的最佳剂量探讨

将74例肝硬化腹水患者按入院顺序分为A组32例、B组30例和C组32例，三组均予常规治疗并加用螺内酯。螺内酯用量为A组60mg／d，B组240mg／d．C组480mg／d，均分3次口服，疗程3周。观察治疗前后三组血清醛固酮、Na^＋、K^＋、BUN、Cr及24h尿Na^＋变化。结果治疗3周血清醛固酮水平A组无变化；B组、C组血清醛固酮明显降低，24h尿Na^＋明显增加，水钠潴留减轻，腹水减少。C组3例出现低钠血症、1例高血钾、BUN、Cr升高。认为60mg／d螺内酯对血清醛固酮无影响；240mg／d及480mg／d螺内酯均能显著降低血清醛固酮水平，但后者副作用较大；治疗肝硬化腹水时螺内酯的理想剂量为240mg／d。     

安体舒通与卡托普利治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭的疗效观察

目的观察安体舒通与卡托普利治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭（CHF）的疗效及安全性。方法71例NYHA心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级CHF住院患者随机分为治疗组和对照组。对照组常规给予卡托普利、地高辛、速尿、硝酸异山梨酯治疗；治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用安体舒通20mg／d，连续用药12个月。用药前后分别进行心功能疗效比较、多普勒超声心功能指标检查、心率变异性（HRV）测定，定期测定血清K^＋、Na^＋、BUN、Cr，尿K^＋／Na^＋比，并做心电图及血压监测。结果两组再住院率及病死率比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05），治疗后治疗组的心功能疗效及多普勒超声心功能指标、HRV均较对照组明显改善（P〈0．05），尿K^＋／Na^＋比显著增高，血K^＋无显著性增高（P〉0．05），两组Cr、BUN增高差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论长期使用小剂量安体舒通和卡托普利治疗CHF安全有效。     

螺内酯对高血压肾病病人尿蛋白和尿微量白蛋白的影响

目的 观察螺内酯对高血压肾病病人24h尿总蛋白和尿微量白蛋白的影响。方法选择高血压肾病病人63例。随机分为治疗组和对照组，两组均给予规范的降压治疗，治疗组加用螺内酯，观察比较两组治疗前后24h尿总蛋白和尿微量白蛋白。结果 治疗后治疗组病人24h尿总蛋白和尿微量白蛋白的排泄量明显少于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论 肾功能轻、中度损坏的高血压肾病病人在规范的降压基础上加用螺内酯，可以更好地降低尿蛋白和尿微量白蛋白的排泄量。     

脑缺血和NBP预处理对脑缺血沙鼠NGB和mit-Na+,K+-ATP酶活性的影响

目的探讨丁基苯酞（NBP）对脑缺血沙鼠脑红蛋白（NGB）和线粒体Na^＋,K^＋-ATP（mit-Na^＋,K^＋-ATP）酶活性的影响。方法将蒙古沙鼠66只随机分为假手术组：脑缺血组、NBP预处理组。采用颈总动脉结扎的方法制作脑缺血模型。分别采用免疫组化染色及化学比色法检测NGB阳性细胞数和mit—Na^＋,K^＋-ATP酶活性。结果NBP预处理组NGB表达量在缺血1、10、30rain时较脑缺血组显著增多（P〈0．05）;两组在缺血1、5、30、60min时mit—Na^＋,K^＋-ATP酶活性有统计学差异（P〈0．05）;NBP预处理组mit—Na^＋,K^＋-ATP酶活性与NGB表达量呈负相关（P〈0．01）。结论NBP可促进脑缺血时NGB的表达,维持mit—Na^＋,K^＋-ATP酶活性。     

倍他乐克治疗充血性心力衰竭的疗效及其预测指标的研究

目的：探讨倍他乐克治疗充血性心力衰竭（CHF）的疗效及预测疗效的相关指标。方法：对倍他乐克治疗的86例CHF患者的疗效进行分析；并对疗效较好及较差的各20例患者临床指标进行了比较。结果：86例CHF患者心功能均得到改善（P〈0．05），治疗前血清Na^＋浓度较高的患者疗效较好；收缩压较低、血清K^＋浓度较高的患者疗效较差（P〈0．05）。结论：倍他乐克治疗CHF有一定的疗效；治疗前收缩压的水平、血浆中K^＋、Na^＋浓度可作为预测疗效的指标。     

螺内酯对继发性高血压大鼠肾脏的保护作用

目的观察螺内酯对高血压大鼠肾动脉重构的影响。方法在48只雄性Wistar大鼠中，随机选出36只，以腹主动脉缩窄法制备高血压模型，再随机分为3个亚组：高血压模型组（模型组，自来水灌胃＋饮用1％盐水），高血压培哚普利组[培哚普利组，培哚普利2mg／（kg·d）灌胃＋饮用1％盐水]，高血压螺内酯组[螺内酯组，螺内酯20mg／（kg·d）灌胃＋饮用1％盐水]；其余12只进入假手术对照组（假手术组，只分离腹主动脉但不结扎，自来水灌胃＋饮用自来水）。8周后超声检测肾动脉及肾内动脉收缩期和舒张期阻力指数（RI）和血流速度并比较各组的差异；12周后颈动脉插管法测量血压及病理学方法测定肾内动脉的血管重构指标。结果培哚普利和螺内酯均能降低高血压大鼠收缩压及舒张压（P〈0．01），均使高血压大鼠的肾动脉RI、肾内动脉RI、血管内膜中膜厚度与管腔内腔的比值（M／L）及肾动脉内中膜纤维化程度明显下降（P〈0．01～0．05），螺内酯上述作用比培哚普利更明显，螺内酯还能使高血压大鼠内中膜厚度显著降低（P〈0．01）；虽然培哚普利和螺内酯均能使高血压大鼠肾动脉及肾内动脉舒张末期血流速度及肾内动脉面积增加（P〈0．01～0．05），螺内酯能更进一步降低肾动脉RI、M／L和内中膜纤维化比率（P〈0．01～0．05）。结论培哚普利和螺内酯均能降低高血压大鼠血压，改善动脉重塑，在改善动脉重塑方面螺内酯效果比培哚普利更明显。     

螺内酯联合血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂治疗重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并慢性肺源性心脏病疗效分析

目的 探讨螺内酯联合血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)治疗重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并慢性肺源性心脏病(简称肺心病)的疗效.方法 选择重度COPD合并肺心病患者84例,将其随机分为螺内酯组和常规组.常规组使用贝那普利片、呋塞米片、地高辛片治疗;螺内酯组在常规组治疗的基础上加用螺内酯片治疗,疗程均为4周.观察两组疗效,治疗前后肺功能:用力肺活量(FVC)占预计值百分比(FVC%),1s用力呼气末容积(FEV1)占预计值百分比(FEV1%),FEV1/FVC;血压、心率情况.结果 螺内酯组疗效优于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).螺内酯组肺功能改善优于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗后两组血压比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);治疗后两组心率比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 应用螺内酯可在普通心力衰竭治疗的基础上增加对重度COPD合并肺心病的疗效,改善肺功能,对血压影响小,可减慢心率,使患者获益,值得推广.     

螺内酯对急性心肌梗死后胶原异常增生的抑制作用

目的 :研究醛固酮抑制剂螺内酯对不能进行溶栓治疗或溶栓未成功的急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者心肌胶原合成指标的影响。方法 :AMI患者 6 5例 ,随机分为两组。常规治疗组 32例 ,接受血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 (ACEI)、β受体阻滞剂、抗血小板等常规药物治疗。螺内酯组 33例 ,在常规治疗基础上加用螺内酯 ( 2 0mg ,bid)。应用放射免疫法测定两组患者AMI后第 5、15、30、90天血清Ⅰ型前胶原羧基端肽 (PICP)和Ⅲ型前胶原氨基端肽 (PⅢNP)浓度。 30例健康人作为对照组。结果 :两组患者第 5、15、30、90天的血清PICP和PⅢNP水平均比对照组明显升高 (P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1)。第 90天时螺内酯组的血清PICP和PⅢNP水平均明显低于常规治疗组(均 P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1)。结论 :螺内酯可抑制未进行溶栓治疗、溶栓未成功的AMI患者心肌胶原异常增生。     

酮症酸中毒伴胰岛素抵抗一例报道

女，68岁，因“发热半天，心慌，出汗半小时”急诊入院。诊断糖尿病10年，近3年不规则注射长效胰岛素治疗。入院急查静脉血糖：2．28mmol／L，血酮体：8379umol/L，尿糖（-），尿酮体（＋＋），pH：6．796。K^＋：4．53mmol／L，Na^＋：149mmol／L。立即予以高渗葡萄糖纠正低血糖，大量补液等治疗。5小时以后血糖渐升高至18．9mmol／L，给予正规胰岛素以4u／h持续泵入。     

螺内酯对急性心肌梗塞后早期血清Ⅰ、Ⅲ型前胶原端肽水平的影响

目的：观察醛固酮拮抗剂——螺内酯（spironolactone）对急性心肌梗塞（AMI）患者早期血清Ⅰ型前胶原（proeollagenⅠ．PCI）端肽．Ⅱ型前胶原（PCⅡ）端肽含量的影响，探讨螺内酯能否抑制AMI后胶原合成以及阻抑AMI后早期左室重塑。方法：44例AMI未经静脉溶栓或溶栓未成功的患者随机分为常规治疗组11例．螺内酯组17例，卡托普利组16例．采用放射免疫法测44倒患者发病后1周、4周血清Ⅰ型前胶原氨基末端肽（PINP）和Ⅱ型前胶原氨基末端肽（PinNP）含量．超声心电图测左室舒张末期内径，室问隔厚度，左室后壁厚度，计算左室重量。结果：①AMI后4周．螺内酯组血清PINP，PinNP含量显著低于常规治疗组（P〈0．05），而Ⅰ／Ⅲ高于常规治疗且与卡托普利组无明显差异；②螺内酯组治疗21天后其血清PⅠNP，PⅢNP及左室重量，左室舒张末期内径均较治疗前下降．而Ⅰ／Ⅲ比值升高（P〈0．05）；③AMI后28天血清PinNP含量与左室重量，左室舒张末期内径呈正相关（r=0．711、P〈0．01．r=0．480、P〈0．01）。结论：螺内酯可以抑制AMI后PCⅠ、PCⅡ合成，从而减轻左室重量．抑制一已、室腔扩张，阻抑AMI后早期左室重塑，其效果与血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂卡托普利相近。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.