性激素检验在不孕症诊断中的意义

目的探讨不孕症临床诊断中性激素检验的应用价值。方法选择2014年6月至2016年6月本院确诊的72例不孕症患者作为观察组,以同期在本院进行体检的72例健康女性作为健康对照组。分别检验两组受试者卵泡期、排卵期及黄体期催乳激素(PRL)、黄体生成激素(LH)、卵泡生成激素(FSH)、睾酮(T)、雌二醇(E2)及孕酮(P)等6项性激素指标的变化情况。结果卵泡期两组受试者的LH水平比较差异无统计学意义(μg/L:4.82±2.04比4.27±1.42,P0.05);而观察组的PRL、P水平均高于健康对照组[PRL(μg/L):23.64±2.82比5.82±2.53,P(μg/L):2.42±0.74比1.65±0.58,P均0.05];E2、T及FSH水平均低于健康对照组[E2(ng/L)37.57±7.04比70.32±13.52,T(μg/L):0.20±0.08比0.47±0.10,FSH(U/L):4.22±1.50比5.93±1.36,P均0.05]。排卵期两组PRL水平比较差异无统计学意义(μg/L:28.85±3.75比26.71±3.83,P0.05);而观察组LH、FSH、E2、P、T均低于健康对照组[LH(U/L):8.25±1.35比30.39±7.79,FSH(U/L):5.02±1.64比11.42±1.58,E2(μg/L):78.67±12.36比172.79±21.26,P(μg/L):2.05±0.60比2.48±0.61,T(μg/L):0.22±0.07比0.42±0.09,P均0.05]。黄体期两组E2水平差异无统计学意义(μg/L:95.57±14.17比92.48±13.57,P0.05);而观察组的PRL、LH、FSH水平均高于健康对照组[PRL(μg/L):31.27±3.42比18.63±3.24,LH(U/L):7.45±1.12比3.28±0.67,FSH(U/L):4.18±0.86比3.51±0.71,P均0.05];P、T均低于健康对照组[P(μg/L):8.06±1.52比14.31±1.76,T(μg/L):0.19±0.09比0.38±0.19,P均0.05]。结论性激素检验能够反映患者的病情变化,为不孕症患者的临床诊断与治疗提供参考性意见,值得推广。     

绝经前良性乳腺疾病血清性激素水平

目的探讨绝经前良性乳腺疾病血清性激素水平的改变。方法用化学发光法测定107例女性良性乳腺疾病患者血清中雌二醇（E2）、孕酮（P）、睾酮（T）、垂体泌乳素（PRL）、黄体生成素（LH）和促卵泡生成素（FSH）水平。依据手术后病理检查诊断结果分组,分析各组良性乳腺疾病血E2、P、T、PRL、LH和FSH含量的变化。结果乳腺纤维腺瘤组E2水平814.9pmol/L与健康对照组595.2pmol/L相比明显增高,T和PRL水平分别为1.135nmol/L和185.3U/L,比健康对照组1.450nmol/L和258.3U/L低;乳腺增生组P、T、PRL水平分别为3.85nmol/L、1.020nmol/L和157.6U/L,比健康对照组低,LH和FSH分别为4.540U/L和3.28U/L,比健康对照组（2.770U/L和3.60U/L）高;乳腺纤维腺瘤组与增生组比较,乳腺纤维腺瘤组E2和P的水平高于乳腺增生组,而乳腺增生组LH和FSH水平比乳腺纤维腺瘤组（4.540U/L和3.28U/L）高。乳腺纤维腺瘤组黄体期E2高于健康对照组黄体期,T和PRL水平低于健康对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;乳腺增生黄体期组与健康对照组相比,T和PRL水平显著降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论良性乳腺疾病时,性激素的水平的改变,特别是T和PRL水平的降低,对良性乳腺疾病的发生和发展可能起到重要的作用。     

非梗阻性无精子症患者血清抗缪勒氏管激素水平与睾丸显微取精结果的关系

目的探讨非梗阻性无精子症患者血清抗缪勒氏管激素(anti-Müllerian hormone, AMH)、抑制素B(inhibin B, InhB)、卵泡刺激素(follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH)、黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone, LH)、雌二醇(estradiol, E_2)、总睾酮(total testosterone, TT)水平与睾丸显微取精术(microdissection testicular sperm extraction, M-TESE)结果的相关性。方法非梗阻性无精子症患者58例,均行M-TESE,并依据检查结果分为获精组32例和无精组26例。采用ELISA法检测2组血清AMH、InhB水平,采用电化学发光法检测2组血清FSH、LH、E_2、TT水平;绘制ROC曲线,分析血清AMH水平预测M-TESE获精的效能。结果获精组血清AMH[(1.75±1.64)μg/L]水平低于无精组[(5.40±4.80)μg/L](P0.05),血清InhB[(19.18±16.92)ng/L]、FSH[(24.73±14.00)u/L]、LH[(16.83±9.26)u/L]、E_2[(72.56±35.67)pmol/L]、TT[(9.82±7.39)nmol/L]水平与无精组[(13.63±7.28)ng/L、(26.10±9.78)u/L、(14.47±6.55)u/L、(95.86±57.51)pmol/L、(12.73±7.39)nmol/L]比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);AMH以2.425μg/L为最佳截断值,预测M-TESE获精的AUC为0.737(95%CI:0.602～0.873,P=0.002),灵敏度为65.4%、特异度为78.1%。结论对非梗阻性无精子症患者,检测血清AMH有助于预测M-TESE能否获得精子。     

2型糖尿病患者绝经后血清性激素结合球蛋白与下肢血管病变的相关性

目的探讨血清性激素结合球蛋白水平(SHBG)与绝经后2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者下肢血管病变的相关性。方法选取150例绝经后T2DM患者,根据双下肢高分辨彩色多普勒检查分为单纯T2DM(A组)50例,合并轻度下肢动脉粥样硬化(B组)45例,合并重度下肢动脉粥样硬化(C组)55例;并选取同期来本院体检的45例绝经后健康者为对照(NC)组,对各组患者进行临床资料收集及常规生化指标检测,采用电化学发光法检测各组空腹血清SHBG及睾酮(T)、雌二醇(E2),促卵泡刺激素(FSH),黄体生成素(LH)水平,并分析SHBG与其他指标的关系。结果4组血清SHBG水平依次为:NC组[(60.4±8.8)μg/L]A组[(44.1±6.1)μg/L]B组[(33.6±4.9)μg/L]C组[(25.83±3.4)μg/L];T2DM组中,血清SHBG水平与HbA1c、TG、T、LDL-C、HOMA-IR负相关(r值分别为-0.605、-0.164、-0.351、-0.247、-0.649,P0.05);回归分析结果显示,校正混杂因素后,血清SHBG水平仍与糖尿病下肢血管病变相关(OR=1.674,P=0.001,95%CI:1.124~2.146)。结论低水平的SHBG是绝经后2型糖尿病患者下肢血管病变的危险因素之一。     

绝经后女性冠心病患者雌二醇水平及炎症状态与冠状动脉钙化的关系

目的探讨绝经后女性冠心病患者血清雌二醇(estradiol,E2)、炎性因子水平与冠状动脉钙化严重程度的关系。方法绝经后女性冠心病患者250例,均接受320排螺旋CT心脏冠状动脉成像检查,计算总冠状动脉钙化积分(coronary calcification score,CCS),其中CCS=0者45例为对照组,CCS0者按CCS均值(CCS=87.8)分为低CCS组(CCS87.8)105例与高CCS组(CCS≥87.8)100例,检测3组患者血清E2、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、高敏C反应蛋白(high sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)水平;采用Spearman相关分析低CCS组和高CCS组血清E2水平与IL-6、TNF-α水平的相关性,采用多因素logistic回归分析加重绝经后女性冠心病患者冠状动脉钙化的独立危险因素。结果高CCS组患者血清E2水平[(9.02±1.68)ng/L]明显低于对照组[(11.38±1.92)ng/L]和低CCS组[(9.82±1.78)ng/L],血清IL-6[(135.92±10.75)μg/L]、TNF-α[(84.49±3.99)μg/L]、hs-CRP[(3.92±1.04)mg/L]水平高于对照组[(105.73±9.77)μg/L、(79.30±5.45)μg/L、(2.68±0.56)mg/L]和低CCS组[(126.66±11.09)μg/L、(82.48±4.69)μg/L、(3.05±0.96)mg/L](P0.05);低CCS组患者血清E2水平明显低于对照组,血清IL-6、TNF-α、hs-CRP水平高于对照组(P0.05);低CCS组和高CCS组患者血清E2水平与IL-6、TNF-α水平呈负相关(r=-0.507,P=0.015;r=-0.482,P=0.021);多因素logistic回归分析显示合并糖尿病、血清E2水平降低、IL-6增高、TNF-α水平增高是加重绝经后女性冠心病患者冠状动脉钙化的独立危险因素(OR=2.186,95%CI:1.441~4.208,P=0.009;OR=4.730,95%CI:2.513~6.948,P=0.008;OR=3.208,95%CI:1.755~5.226,P=0.006;OR=2.338,95%CI:1.656~4.512,P=0.011)。结论绝经后女性冠心病患者E_2水平降低是促进冠状动脉钙化的重要因素,E_2水平降低导致患者体内的炎症状态增强可能是影响冠状动脉钙化形成和进展的重要机制之一。     

腹腔镜卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿水分离剥除联合缝合止血法对卵巢功能的保护作用

目的探讨腹腔镜下水分离剥除联合缝合止血法对双侧卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿(ovarian endometriotic cyst,OEC)剥除术后卵巢储备功能的保护作用。方法选取2016年1月至2018年1月上海市嘉定区中医医院行腹腔镜下双侧OEC剥除术的患者60例,根据随机数字表法分为研究组(水分离剥除联合缝合止血组)和对照组(直接剥除联合电凝止血组)各30例,比较两组患者手术时间、手术前后血红蛋白水平的变化及术前和术后1、3、6个月基础状态的卵泡刺激素(follicle stimulating hormone,FSH)、黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)、雌二醇(estradiol,E2)及抗苗勒管激素(anti-Mullerian hormone,AMH)水平。结果研究组手术时间为(47.52±10.11)min、手术前后血红蛋白下降量为(0.55±0.26)g/L、住院时间为(6.1±0.3)d,对照组分别为(48.01±10.24)min、(0.56±0.25)g/L、(6.2±0.4)d,两组比较差异均无统计学意义(t值分别为0.056、0.964、0.863,P均>0.05)。研究组手术前FSH、E2、LH及AMH水平分别为(6.15±2.31)U/L、(152.41±41.40)nmol/L、(5.44±1.52)U/L、(2.21±0.13)μg/L;术后1个月分别为(6.21±2.24)U/L、(150.63±40.33)nmol/L、(5.13±1.58)U/L、(2.18±0.16)μg/L;术后3个月分别为(6.52±2.41)U/L、(149.57±42.37)nmol/L、(5.30±1.45)U/L、(2.17±0.15)μg/L;术后6个月分别为(6.53±2.44)U/L、(151.36±41.54)nmol/L、(4.98±1.61)U/L、(2.20±0.08)μg/L。对照组患者手术前FSH、E2、LH及AMH水平分别为(6.14±2.21)U/L、(153.31±40.39)nmol/L、(5.51±1.46)U/L、(2.23±0.13)μg/L;术后1个月分别为(8.11±2.44)U/L、(131.43±41.23)nmol/L、(5.92±1.64)U/L、(1.58±0.14)μg/L;术后3个月分别为(8.42±2.35)U/L、(135.67±40.38)nmol/L、(6.12±1.51)U/L、(1.54±0.16)μg/L;术后6个月分别为(9.17±2.64)U/L、(133.66±40.44)nmol/L、(6.28±1.74)U/L、(1.51±0.13)μg/L;研究组患者术前FSH、E2、LH和AMH水平与术后第1、3、6个月比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。对照组患者术前FSH水平与术后1、3、6个月比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);对照组术前E2水平与术后1个月比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组术前AMH水平与术后1、3个月比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。术后6个月研究组患者FSH、LH、E2、AMH水平均优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论腹腔镜水分离剥除联合缝合止血法剥除双侧OEC不增加手术时间及术中出血量,不影响术后卵巢储备功能。     

无精、少精症患者血清生殖激素水平的测定及临床意义

目的:探讨无精、少精症与血清生殖激素水平的关系及其临床意义.方法:选择我院收治的无精症41例(无精症组)、少精症54例(少精症组)、同期健康体健者25例(健康对照组),均采用磁分离酶联免疫法进行促卵泡激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、泌乳素(PRL)、睾酮(T)的检测,并进行对比分析.结果:FSH、LH、PRL、T:无精症组分别为(13.21±12.53)U/L、(7.06±6.79)U/L、(11.61±4.92)nmol/L、(0.14±0.08)nmol/L,少精症组分别为(10.83±10.04)U/L、(5.10±3.74)U/L、(10.47±4.27)nmol/L、(0.18±0.10)nmol/L,健康对照组分别为(4.51±1.43)U/L、(3.26±1.05)U/L、(8.78±3.15)nmol/L、(0.18±0.07)nmol/L,无精症组与健康对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01,P＜0.05);少精症组FSH与健康对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);无精症组与少精症组LH、T比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:生殖激素的水平与无精症、少精症有密切相关性,可判定无精、少精症患者睾丸的损害程度,对临床明确诊断和进行治疗具有指导作用.     

葛根素对急性胰腺炎患者血栓前状态分子标志物的影响

目的 研究急性胰腺炎(AP)时血栓前状态分子标志物血小板颗粒膜蛋白-140( GMP-140)、血管性假性血友病因子(vWF:Ag)、血栓调节蛋白(TM)、D-二聚体(DD)、抗凝血酶-Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)变化,并探讨葛根素对AP的治疗作用.方法 AP患者78例,重型AP(SAP) 26例,轻型AP (MAP) 52例;采用随机数字表法分为葛根素治疗组40例及常规治疗组38例.两组均给予禁食,持续胃肠减压,纠正水电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱,静脉支持,抑酸药物,抗生素抑制胰酶分泌及抑制胰酶活性的药物等综合治疗,葛根素组联合葛根素注射液0.5g加入5％葡萄糖注射液500 ml静脉滴注,每日1次.治疗前后应用EHSA法测定两组患者血栓前状态分子标志物GMP-140、vWF:Ag、TM、DD,采用发色底物法测定AT-Ⅲ活性、血尿淀粉酶,选择同期健康体检者22名为健康对照组.结果 SAP患者血浆GMP-140为(86.26±15.28) ng/L、vWF为(236.22±31.78)％、TM为(65.70±12.27) μg/L、DD为(0.87±0.04)mg/L,血浆AT-Ⅲ为(56.13±15.78) U/ml,与MAP组[(58.68±15.86) ng/L、(126.68±17.06)％、(9.80±6.98) μg/L、(0.56 ±0.05) mg/L、( 80.38±18.29) U/ml]和健康对照组[(32.56±18.17) ng/L、(95.12±31.68)％、(4.26 ±0.92) μg/L、(0.36 ±0.06) mg/L、(98.76±22.68) U/ml]比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01).葛根素组治疗后血浆GMP-140为(31.52±15.81) ng/L、vWF为(93.32±28.62)％、TM为(4.36 ±0.82) μg/L、DD为(0.32±0.05) mg/L,较常规治疗组[(59.62±13.73) ng/L、(128.81±16.23)％、(11.23±7.62) μg/L、(0.68±0.04) mg/L]明显下降(t值分别为- 23.283、-28.205、-43.419、- 15.642,P均＜0.001),葛根素组血浆AT-Ⅲ[(97.68±21.69) U/ml]较常规治疗组[ (76.86±17.92) U/ml]明显上升,差异有统计学意义(t=14.967,P＜0.01);血、尿淀粉酶和腹痛缓解时间[ (81.26±17.12) U/L、(416.37±116.50) U/L、(2.18±0.76)d]与常规治疗组[(119.63 ±51.87)U/L、(576.32±126.58) U/L、(5.26±0.58)d]比较差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-7.618、- 36.659、-13.619,P均＜0.001).结论 血栓前状态分子标志物异常变化可能是AP发生、发展的主要因素之一.葛根素具有改善胰腺微循环和调节血栓前状态分子标志物的作用,对AP有一定治疗作用.     

女性性腺激素水平与乳腺疾病的相关性研究

目的 研究绝经前和绝经后乳腺增生病和乳腺癌患者体内性腺激素变化规律,揭示性腺激素变化与该类疾病的内在联系.方法 分析了绝经前和绝经后乳腺增生病、乳腺癌和健康女性血清促卵泡成熟素(FSH),黄体生成素(LH),雌二醇(E2)、泌乳素(PRL),孕酮(P)、睾酮(T)浓度.结果 与正常对照组比较,绝经前乳腺增生病组患者血清PRL和P明显增高,绝经前乳腺癌组患者血清E2、PRL和P浓度显著增高.与乳腺增生病组患者比较,绝经前乳腺癌患者血清E2和P浓度显著增高;与正常对照组比较,绝经后乳腺增生病组和乳腺癌组患者血清E2浓度明显增高.与乳腺增生病组患者比较,绝经后乳腺癌患者血清E2浓度显著增高.结论 绝经前乳腺增生病患者以血清PRL和P浓度明显增高为特征,而绝经后乳腺增生病则表现为E2明显增高.绝经前和绝经后乳腺癌组E2浓度保持较高的水平,提示高浓度的E2水平在乳腺癌的发生和发展中有着重要的作用.     

老年急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者血清可溶性血栓调节蛋白水平变化及临床意义

目的探讨老年急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS)患者血清可溶性血栓调节蛋白(soluble thrombomodulin, sTM)水平变化及临床意义。方法 138例老年ARDS患者(观察组),根据氧合指数分为轻度组37例,中度组50例,重度组51例,并根据28 d生存状况分为生存组68例和死亡组70例;选择同期体检健康者69例为对照组。检测入选者血清sTM、降钙素原(procalcitonin, PCT)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)水平。绘制ROC曲线,分析sTM、PCT和TNF-α对老年ARDS患者预后的预测价值。结果观察组血清sTM[(116.00±41.53)μg/L]、PCT[(1.38±0.51)μg/L]和TNF-α[(47.59±17.39)ng/L]水平均高于对照组[(20.34±7.62)μg/L、(0.22±0.08)μg/L、(22.63±4.31)ng/L](P0.05);轻度、中度、重度组患者血清sTM[(74.98±17.91)、(119.33±38.81)、(142.49±32.35)μg/L]、PCT[(0.74±0.37)、(1.44±0.32)、(1.78±0.23)μg/L]、TNF-α[(26.11±7.19)、(47.74±10.35)、(63.02±10.12)ng/L]水平依次增高(P0.05),生存组患者血清sTM[(89.60±26.84)μg/L]、PCT[(1.16±0.52)μg/L]、TNF-α[(41.97±16.60)ng/L]水平均低于死亡组[(141.65±37.02)μg/L、(1.59±0.40)μg/L、(53.05±16.49)ng/L](P0.05);当血清sTM、PCT和TNF-α最佳截断值分别为97.18μg/L、1.31μg/L、53.01 ng/L时,预测老年ARDS患者预后的AUC分别为0.871、0.739、0.698,灵敏度分别为0.886、0.829、0.557,特异度分别为0.706、0.674、0.779。结论老年ARDS患者血清sTM、PCT和TNF-α水平明显升高,sTM可作为预测老年ARDS患者预后的标志物。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.