颞下小骨窗人路显微手术临床应用

目的改良常规颢下人路,以减少手术创伤达到微创的目的。方法采用耳前1cm颧弓向上向后弧形切口,绕行耳廓上方约1cm到达乳突,铣开4cm×2cm大小骨窗,平中颅底,经颞下行中颅底部位病灶的手术治疗15例。结果9例三叉神经鞘瘤全切除8例,次全切1例。4例岩尖区天幕下脑膜瘤和2例颞底胶质瘤均全切除。结论颞下小骨窗人路可以达到常规颞下入路的效果,可以满足中颅窝后部、颞叶底面及天幕区的肿瘤切除术的要求,是一种行之有效的微创手术人路。     

前颞下"锁孔"入路显微手术的临床应用

目的以"锁孔"微创的理念,改良常规颞下入路,以减少手术损伤.方法采用耳前方颧弓向上直切口4 cm,铣开2.0～2.5 cm左右直径骨窗,经颞下行海绵窦、脑干、岩斜区部位病灶的手术治疗13例.结果6例岩斜区脑膜瘤全切除4例,次全切1例,大部切除1例;脑干转移癌、颞底胶质瘤各1例均全切除,海绵窦脑膜瘤、脑桥胶质瘤各1例次全切除,脑桥病灶出血1例予AVM切除、血肿清除,海绵窦内血栓1例子全切除,大脑后动脉瘤1例予夹闭.1例术后出现脑脊液耳漏,经原入路修补后痊愈.2例岩斜区脑膜瘤切除术后遗有轻度偏瘫.结论颞下"锁孔"入路可满足岩斜区、脑桥腹、侧方及海绵窦区的手术要求,是一种行之有效的微创手术入路.     

颞下入路显微手术治疗哑铃型三叉神经鞘瘤

目的探讨颅底颞下-天幕入路显微手术治疗哑铃型三叉神经鞘瘤的效果。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2012年12月采用颅底颞下-天幕入路显微手术治疗的28例哑铃型三叉神经鞘瘤的临床资料。结果肿瘤全切除23例（82.1%）,次全切除4例,大部分切除1例。术前22例面部麻木、感觉减退患者中,术后16例（72.7%）获得不同程度缓解。术前20例颅神经麻痹者中,术后16例（80%）获得不同程度好转。术前伴有颅内压增高症状、锥体束征、小脑征及面部疼痛者术后均获得缓解。12例患者获得5个月∽7年的随访,5例未全切除患者中复发2例。结论颅底颞下-天幕入路具有路径短,暴露充分,创伤小,易于达到一期全切等优点,适合于绝大多数哑铃型三叉神经鞘瘤的手术治疗。     

中后颅窝型三叉神经鞘瘤的手术治疗

目的 :提高中后颅窝型三叉神经鞘瘤的切除程度和术后疗效。方法 :对收治 2 5例这类病例进行回顾性分析。结果 :15例手术行颞底 经天幕入路 ,余 10例行枕下乙状窦后等其他入路。肿瘤全切 2 2例 ,次全切除 2例 ,大部切除 1例。结论 :中后颅窝型三叉神经鞘瘤显微手术全切是其最佳方法 ,颞底 经天幕入路是一良好手术途径 ,其术野显露充分 ,易于达到肿瘤全切 ,微创 ,术后并发症少     

颅底大型肿瘤的显微外科手术治疗

目的探讨颅底大型肿瘤显微外科切除术的手术入路、手术技巧以及手术疗效。方法我科2004年7月至2006年12月手术治疗30例颅底大型肿瘤患者,其中肿瘤位于蝶骨嵴11例,中颅底9例,鞍区及斜坡6例,前颅底4例：肿瘤最大直径为5—10cm。根据肿瘤不同部位选用扩大前颅底入路、翼点入路、颞下入路、颞枕下-乙状窦前及远外侧枕下入路等不同手术入路方法施行手术。结果30例颅底大型肿瘤中,19例全切除（63．3％）,11例次全切除（36．7％）。术后死亡2例（6．67％）。术后随访23例,随访时间12～42个月,其中恢复良好者19例,脑神经损害或症状较术前加重4例。结论合适的颅底手术入路、熟练的手术技巧和正确的手术策略可以改善手术显露,提高颅底大型肿瘤全切除率,降低死亡率,减少并发症的发生,提高患者的生存质量。     

前中颅底沟通瘤的手术入路和显微切除

目的 探讨前中颅底沟通瘤的手术入路和颅底重建的方法。方法 采用经额鼻筛眶入路、经额颞眶颧入路和经额颞联合耳前颞下入路暴露肿瘤，予以显微手术切除。结果 27例该部位肿瘤施行显微手术治疗，肿瘤全切除2l例。次全切除3例，大部分切除3例。手术结果良好，无手术死亡及严重并发症。结论 前中颅底内外沟通瘤应根据肿瘤位置、侵犯范围选择适当手术入路，充分暴露病灶，有利于广泛切除肿瘤。颅底重建是避免脑脊液漏及颅内感染的关键。     

基于影像学分型的个体化手术治疗岩斜区脑膜瘤

目的 探讨依据岩斜区脑膜瘤的影像学分型进行个体化手术治疗的效果。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月~2017年12月收治的107例岩斜区脑膜瘤的临床资料。依据术前影像学分型选择手术入路:岩尖型16例中,11例颞下经天幕入路,5例岩前即Kawase入路;海绵窦型19例中,13例Kawase入路,5例乙状窦后入路,1例因累及颞下窝行Fisch颞下窝A型入路;天幕型38例中,6例颞下经天幕入路,13例乙状窦前入路,19例乙状窦后入路;上斜坡型34例中,21例乙状窦前入路,7例乙状窦后入路,4例Kawase入路,2例颞下联合乙状窦后入路。结果 16例（100%）岩尖型、38例（100%）天幕型、32例（94.1%）上斜坡型及10例（52.6%）海绵窦型达到全切除或次全切除,仅9例（47.4%）海绵窦型和2例（5.9%）上斜坡型行大部分切除。术后新发神经功能障碍27例（25.2%）,无手术死亡病例。术后6个月KPS评分[（77.6±11.8）分]与术前[（74.3±15.0）分]无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 对于岩斜区脑膜瘤,依据术前影像学分型采取个体化手术入路,结合熟练的颅底解剖及娴熟的显微手术技巧,可达到最大程度切除肿瘤和尽可能减少术后神经功能障碍之间的平衡。     

颞下经岩骨嵴入路切除岩斜区脑膜瘤

目的 探讨颞下经岩骨嵴入路切除岩斜区脑膜瘤的手术方法及治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析15例岩斜区脑膜瘤病人的临床资料,采用颞下经岩骨嵴入路显微外科手术切除肿瘤。结果 由于术中无法完全切除颅底骨质及硬脑膜,本研究未采用Simpson分级评价。肿瘤全切除及近全切除11例,大部分切除4例。术后发生动眼神经、外展神经及面神经功能障碍各6、3、1例,术后3个月随访均不同程度恢复。无脑脊液漏和手术死亡病例。结论 颞下经岩骨嵴入路能够充分显露并切除肿瘤基底位于中、上斜坡的岩斜区脑膜瘤,手术效果满意。     

前中颅底沟通瘤的解剖学分类及手术治疗

目的 探讨前中颅底沟通瘤的临床分类方法 及手术治疗,提高临床治疗水平. 方法 根据肿瘤主体位置和生长方向将29例前中颅底沟通瘤患者划分为额鼻眶区(16例)、中颅窝一侧颅底区(8例)、颅底中央区-中间颅底区(4例)及岩骨颈静脉孔区(1例)4类,据此并结合病理资料等分别选择扩大经额下人路(13例)、眶上-翼点入路(9例)、额颞眶颧入路(3例)、额颞人路(3例)及岩骨切除入路(1例)进行肿瘤切除和颅底缺损重建,其中采用经鼻内镜等颅内外联合入路11例.结果 肿瘤全切除24例.次全切除5例,无手术死亡发生;术后早期出现动眼神经麻痹2例,余未有新的神经功能缺损及脑脊液漏、颅内感染、脑膜脑膨出等严重并发症发生. 结论 该分类方法 具有界限清楚、部位和范围明确的优点,有利于选择合理手术人路进行肿瘤切除和颅底缺损修复及临床手术治疗效果的提高.     

颞枕经小脑幕入路显微手术切除岩斜区脑膜瘤

目的 探讨颞枕经小脑幕人路切除岩斜区脑膜瘤的可行性.方法 对18例经颞枕入路切除的岩斜区脑膜瘤患者进行回顾性研究.全部病例均在术前行MRI检查.结果 18例于术患者,肿瘤直径<3.0cm4例;3.0-4.5cm5例;>4.5 cm 9例,最大径可达到7.6 cm×7 cm X7 cm.全切8例,次全切9例,大部分切除1例.偏瘫2例,面瘫1例.听力减退1例,无脑脊液耳漏、失语.1例死亡.结论 颞枕经小腩幕入路切除岩斜区脑膜瘤具有可行性,可以使鞍旁海绵窦区、上中斜坡、岩骨背侧小脑脑桥角区暴露充分,利十该区域占位性病变的手术治疗.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.