E试验检测42株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对5种抗菌药物的敏感性

目的：检测嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对5种抗菌药物的敏感性并探讨体外试验如何更准确检测该菌耐药性。方法：用E试验检测42株临床分离菌株对替卡西林-克拉维酸、哌拉西林-三唑巴坦、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、环丙沙星和复方磺胺甲噁唑的敏感性，分别于培养24h和48h记录结果。结果：无论培养24h还是48h。5种抗菌药物的敏感性由高到低依次为复方磺胺甲噁唑、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、替卡西林-克拉维酸、环丙沙星和哌拉西林-三唑巴坦。药敏试验延长至48h判读结果，部分在24h敏感的菌株抑菌区内可见小的耐药菌生长。结论：嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对所试5种抗菌药物均有不同程度耐药性，治疗时应采用联合用药。延长药敏培养时间可检出更多生长缓慢的耐药菌株。     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌体外药物敏感性研究

目的比较10种抗菌药物（莫西沙星、加替沙星、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、替卡西林-克拉维酸、哌拉西林-三唑巴坦、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、复方磺胺甲嗯唑）对临床分离嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的体外抗菌活性。方法琼脂稀释法测定10种抗菌药物对来自北京3所医院的200株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的MIC值，用WHONET5．3软件进行药敏数据统计分析。结果200株菌对药物的敏感率排序为莫西沙星（84．5％）、加替沙星（79．5％）、左氧氟沙星（76％）、复方磺胺甲嗯唑（72．5％）、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦（41．5％）、替卡西林-克拉维酸（34％）、头孢他啶（23％）、环丙沙星（15％）、头孢吡肟（7％）和哌拉西林-三唑巴坦（4．5％）。结论新一代氟喹诺酮类药物如莫西沙星对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌有较高的体外抗菌活性，是临床治疗嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染的较好选择。     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌135株分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的临床分布和耐药性情况,指导临床合理选用抗生素.方法 回顾性分析2008-2010年从南京鼓楼医院集团宿迁市人民医院住院患者分离的嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的分布和药敏结果.结果 2008-2010年分离的嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌共135株,对于临床常用的抗生素敏感性从高到低依次为:米诺环素90.4%、左氧氟沙星74.1%、复方磺胺甲恶唑71.1%、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦49.6%、头孢他啶45.2%、替卡西林/克拉维酸35.6%、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦16.3%、头孢吡肟13.3%、阿米卡星12.6%、哌拉西林3.7%,所有菌株对亚胺培南和氨曲南均耐药.结论 嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌感染部位以呼吸道为主,其对大多数抗菌药物敏感度不高,临床治疗应依据药敏结果,合理选用抗生素,减少耐药菌株的产生.     

89株临床分离嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的耐药性分析

目的：了解嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染的临床特征和对药物的敏感性。方法：对近2年来从各种临床标本中分离到的89株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌进行药敏试验。结果：89株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染的病例中，肺部感染占75％，尿路感染16．9％。该菌对左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、复方磺胺甲噁唑、替卡西林-克拉维酸的敏感性较高，对亚胺培南、氨苄西林及头孢菌素等耐药性较高。结论：嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的耐药性较高，可根椐药敏试验选用左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、复方磺胺甲噁唑和替卡西林-克拉维酸治疗该菌引起的感染。     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌体外药敏试验方法研究

目的：比较纸片扩散法和琼脂稀释法作嗜麦芽窄度食单胞菌的药敏试验。方法：采用琼脂稀释法和纸片扩散法，测定嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对14种抗菌药物的敏感度。结果：琼脂稀释法测得嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对头孢哌酮和头孢哌酮一舒巴坦复方制剂敏感率最高，分别为92．2％和95％；其次为复方磺胺甲噁唑、替卡西林一克拉维酸、环丙沙星和哌拉西林一三唑巴坦，细菌敏感率分别为84．3％、87．3％、76．5％和75．5％。对大多数抗菌药物的敏感率琼脂稀释法较纸片扩散法高，其差异有显著性。结论：临床微生物实验室应以稀释法进行嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的药物敏感性试验。     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌体外药敏试验方法评价及耐药性分析

目的评价纸片扩散法和仪器法检测嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌药敏试验的可靠性，分析嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性。方法琼脂稀释法、VITEK—AMS和纸片扩散法检测嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对11种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果纸片法与琼脂稀释法检测嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对哌拉西林-他唑巴坦的药敏结果差异有显著性；VITEK—AMS和琼脂稀释法检测嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对阿莫西林-克拉维酸、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、复方磺胺甲唾唑的药敏结果差异有显著性；嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对氧氟沙星、复方磺胺甲唾唑的敏感性较高。结论纸片法和VITEK—AMS用于嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的药物敏感性检测存在缺陷；治疗嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌引起的感染可选用左氧氟沙星、复方磺胺甲噁唑。     

3种常见非发酵革兰阴性杆菌的体外药物敏感性

目的比较米诺环素、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、复方磺胺甲噁唑、替卡西林-克拉维酸、头孢他啶和美罗培南等药物对鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌和洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的体外抗菌活性。方法采用琼脂稀释法测定各种抗菌药物对测试菌株的MIC,用WHONET5.3软件分析药敏结果。结果鲍曼不动杆菌对测试药物的敏感率依次为亚胺培南(75.4%)、米诺环素(69.3%)、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦(51.8%);嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对测试药物的敏感率依次为米诺环素(87%)、莫西沙星(86.1%)、左氧氟沙星(82.4%)、复方磺胺甲噁唑(75%);洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对测试药物的敏感率依次为米诺环素(77.2%)、美罗培南(61.4%)、头孢他啶(56.1%)。结论米诺环素对鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌和洋葱伯克霍尔德菌均有较高的抗菌活性,值得进一步临床研究。     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌体外药敏试验方法评价及耐药性分析

目的评价纸片扩散法和仪器法检测嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌药敏试验的可靠性,分析嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性。方法琼脂稀释法、VITEK-AMS和纸片扩散法检测嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对11种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果纸片法与琼脂稀释法检测嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对哌拉西林-他唑巴坦的药敏结果差异有显著性;VITEK-AMS和琼脂稀释法检测嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对阿莫西林-克拉维酸、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、复方磺胺甲王月唑的药敏结果差异有显著性;嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对氧氟沙星、复方磺胺甲王月唑的敏感性较高。结论纸片法和VITEK-AMS用于嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的药物敏感性检测存在缺陷;治疗嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌引起的感染可选用左氧氟沙星、复方磺胺甲王月唑。     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌耐药性分析

目的分析该院患者分离的嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集该院2014-2015年临床非重复嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌32株,采用液体稀释法自动化仪器法进行细菌药敏试验,按照美国临床实验室标准化协会(CLSI)2017年版标准判读药敏试验结果。结果 32株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌来源于痰液27株(84.38%),血液2株(6.25%),尿液2株(6.25%),分泌物1株(3.12%);科室主要分布于干部病房呼吸内科5株(15.63%),干部病房重症监护室5株(15.63%),呼吸内科4株(12.50%),重症监护室3株(9.38%)等;头孢他啶耐药株19株(59.37%),复方磺胺甲噁唑耐药株2株(6.25%),替卡西林/棒酸耐药株9株(28.13%),左氧氟沙星耐药株3株(9.38%)。对其中18株进行米诺环素、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、替加环素药敏试验检测,检出米诺环素耐药株1株(5.56%),头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药株2株(11.11%),替加环素耐药株2株(11.11%)。结论嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌主要分布于呼吸科及重症监护室,主要分离于痰液,对CLSI推荐的甲氧苄啶-复方磺胺甲噁唑、左氧氟沙星和米诺环素耐药率低,替加环素及左氧氟沙星敏感率高。临床需要根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

2006年我院临床分离非发酵革兰阴性杆菌耐药性分析

目的了解2006年我院临床分离非发酵革兰阴性杆菌的分布和耐药性。方法采用法国梅里埃公司ATB细菌鉴定仪鉴定,药敏试验为K-B纸片扩散法。结果铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星的耐药率均低于19%;鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率最低为4.5%,其次为头孢哌酮/舒巴坦8.3%;嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、替卡西林/克拉维酸、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦耐药率依次为0%、5.0%和10.0%。结论非发酵革兰阴性杆菌的分离率、耐药性有升高趋势,应根据药敏试验结果选用抗菌药物。     

2005年武汉同济医院细菌耐药性监测

目的了解2005年华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院临床分离常见病原菌对常用抗菌药物耐药情况。方法采用纸片扩散法进行抗菌药物敏感性试验,以WHONET5.3软件分析数据。结果3119株临床分离病原菌中,前6位病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、克雷伯菌属、不动杆菌属和金葡菌。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌居第10位。耐甲氧西林金葡菌、耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出率分别为53.7%、74.8%。未检出糖肽类耐药革兰阳性球菌。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-三唑巴坦、阿米卡星耐药率<30%;不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌对碳青霉烯类、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦耐药率亦低于30%。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属检出率分别为58.2%和44.4%。铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟及环丙沙星耐药率为26.6%～28.6%。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对替卡西林-克拉维酸、氟喹诺酮类、米诺环素耐药率较低。结论临床常见病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌约占2/3,碳青霉烯类对其抗菌活性最强。临床细菌对多数常用抗菌药物耐药率呈上升趋势。     

2005年北京协和医院细菌耐药性监测

目的监测北京协和医院2005年临床分离株的耐药谱。方法收集患者首次非重复分离株4702株,其中革兰阴性菌63.2%,革兰阳性菌36.8%。以CLSI推荐的纸片扩散法测定其抗菌药物敏感性,用WHONET5.3软件分析结果。结果大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类最敏感(99.7%～100%),其敏感率在80%以上的药物为哌拉西林-三唑巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢他啶和头孢西丁,而对头孢噻肟敏感率仅为48.9%～78.8%。肠杆菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属、沙雷菌属对碳青霉烯类、阿米卡星和头孢吡肟敏感率较高,为87.7%～100%,肠杆菌属和柠檬酸杆菌属对头孢西丁的耐药率分别为84.5%和50.0%,而沙雷菌属耐药率仅为12.5%,但有31.2%中介。铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、美罗培南、亚胺培南、哌拉西林-三唑巴坦较敏感(70.5%～71.9%),对其他药物敏感率均低于65%。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南敏感率为70.7%,而对美罗培南敏感率仅为41.4%,对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦和氨苄西林-舒巴坦耐药率分别仅为25.1%和35.5%,对其他药物耐药率均高达58.5%～89.7%。所有葡萄球菌对万古霉素100%敏感,MRSA和MRCNS的检出率分别为57.9%和85.5%,MRSA对复方磺胺甲噁唑和MRCNS对利福平的敏感率均接近80%,对其他药物均较耐药。MSSA和MSCNS对头孢菌素类敏感率均在95%以上。屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁最敏感(99.3%,98.3%),未检出耐万古霉素的肠球菌属。结论肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类仍最为敏感,但不发酵糖菌对其耐药率升高。葡萄球菌属和肠球菌属中均未发现耐万古霉素菌株。     

Antimicrobial Activities of Gatifloxacin against Nosocomial Isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Measured by MIC and Time-Kill Studies

We determined in vitro activities of gatifloxacin and seven other drugs against 100 isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia using the agar gradient diffusion (Etest) method. Percentages of susceptible isolates were as follows: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 90%; gatifloxacin, 71%; levofloxacin, 57%; ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, 54%; ceftazidime, 49%; ciprofloxacin, 29%; cefepime, 21%; and piperacillin-tazobactam, 20%. Time-kill studies of three isolates indicated that gatifloxacin was bactericidal at times as early as 3 h of incubation when tested at concentrations equivalent to twice the MIC (two isolates) and 4 times the MIC (one isolate).     

Antimicrobial susceptibility and synergy studies of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a newly emerging pathogen being detected with increasing frequency in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The impact of this multidrug-resistant organism on lung function is uncertain. The optimal treatment for S. maltophilia in CF patients is unknown. We studied the in vitro activity of ten antimicrobial agents, and conducted synergy studies by using checkerboard dilutions of eight pairs of antimicrobial agents against strains isolated from 673 CF patients from 1996 to 2001. This represents approximately 7 to 23% of the CF patients in the United States who harbor S. maltophilia annually. Doxycycline was the most active agent and inhibited 80% of 673 initial patient isolates, while trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole inhibited only 16%. High concentrations of colistin proved more active than high concentrations of tobramycin and gentamicin. Serial isolates (n = 151) from individual patients over time (median, 290 days) showed minimal changes in resistance. Synergistic or additive activity was demonstrated by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole paired with ticarcillin-clavulanate (65% of strains), ciprofloxacin paired with ticarcillin-clavulanate (64% of strains), ciprofloxacin paired with piperacillin-tazobactam (59% of strains), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole paired with piperacillin-tazobactam (55% of strains), and doxycycline paired with ticarcillin-clavulanate (49% of strains). In all, 522 (78%) isolates were multidrug resistant (i.e., resistant to all agents in two or more antimicrobial classes) but 473 (91%) of these were inhibited by at least one antimicrobial combination (median, four; range, one to eight). To determine appropriate treatment for patients with CF, it is important to monitor the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and clinical impact of S. maltophilia in this patient population.     

In vitro susceptibility of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates: comparison of disc diffusion, Etest and agar dilution methods

The disc diffusion, Etest and agar dilution techniques were compared to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of 70 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates to seven antimicrobial agents. The S. maltophilia isolates were consecutively collected from May 2000 to May 2002 from individual patients, who were hospitalized in a private Brazilian hospital. The antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out and interpreted according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) recommendations. The Etest was carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions. There was good agreement among the distinct susceptibility testing results for chloramphenicol, doxycycline, gatifloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ticarcillin-clavulanate, suggesting that the disc diffusion and Etest methods are reliable for testing this group of antimicrobials against S. maltophilia. In contrast, a weak correlation was found between the disc diffusion and agar dilution techniques for testing polymyxin B and colistin with unacceptable very major error rates (18.1% and 22.7% for polymyxin B and colistin, respectively). Trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole (MIC50, 0.06 mg/L; 98.5% susceptible) and gatifloxacin (MIC50, 0.12 mg/L; 98.5% susceptible) were the most potent antimicrobial agents tested against S. maltophilia isolates. In contrast, the worst in vitro activity was found for ticarcillin-clavulanate (MIC50, 16 mg/L; 59.1% susceptible). Although our results confirm that trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gatifloxacin and doxycycline have an excellent in vitro activity against S. maltophilia, further clinical studies are necessary to evaluate the clinical efficacy of these compounds for the treatment of S. maltophilia infections, since no randomized controlled trials have been carried out and no correlation between the clinical response and susceptibility testing results has been reported.     

呼吸科和呼吸监护病房非发酵菌耐药性分析

目的研究我院呼吸科和呼吸监护病房(RICU)近5年呼吸道感染及耐药情况。方法收集2001—2005年我院呼吸科和RICU分离出的呼吸道感染病原菌,对其中621株非发酵菌作体外药敏试验,对其结果进行分析比较。结果5年中共分离出革兰阴性杆菌1288株,其中呼吸科907株,RICU381株。非发酵菌621株,占同期分离出的革兰阴性杆菌的48.3%。其中呼吸科306株,占革兰阴性杆菌的33.7%(306/907),铜绿假单胞菌最多见(146株,16.1%),其次为鲍曼不动杆菌(119株,13.1%),嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(24株,2.6%)和其他(17株,1.9%)。RICU315株,占革兰阴性杆菌的82.7%(315/381),鲍曼不动杆菌最多见(134株,35.2%),其次为铜绿假单胞菌(113株,29.7%),嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(50株,13.1%)和其他(18株,4.7%)。铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星的敏感率最高,为81.3%,对亚胺培南的敏感率较低(48.8%);鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的敏感率最高,为95.6%,对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦的敏感率仅为40.4%;嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦的敏感率最高,为86.8%,其次为左氧氟沙星(78.9%),头孢他啶(72.7%),对其他抗菌药的敏感率均很低。铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率在呼吸科和RICU有显著差异,而嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的耐药率在2个病房差异不显著。结论呼吸科中非发酵菌检出率高且耐药性强,在RICU分离菌株的耐药性明显高于普通病房,在应用抗菌药物治疗时应根据药敏结果和流行特点选择用药,避免进一步产生耐药菌。     

Susceptibilities of members of the Bacteroides fragilis group to 11 antimicrobial agents.

The susceptibilities of 200 clinical isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group to 11 antimicrobial agents were determined by the broth microdilution method of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. All isolates were susceptible to imipenem and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid. The rates of resistance to cefoxitin and clindamycin were low (4 and 6%, respectively), while those to ceftizoxime and cefotetan were higher (10.5 and 24%, respectively).     

2009年我院临床常见病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析2009年我院临床常见病原菌的分布及其对常用抗生素的耐药情况,以指导临床合理用药。方法利用V itek-32及ATB自动微生物分析仪对我院2009年送检临床标本的病原菌进行鉴定和药物敏感试验,同时对葡萄球菌、肠球菌、肺炎链球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和奇异变形杆菌分别进行耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)、高水平氨基糖甙类耐药(HLAR)、耐青霉素肺炎链球菌(PRSP)和超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的检测。结果 2009年共分离到8 238株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌4 836株,占58.7%;革兰阳性菌2 364株,占28.7%;真菌1 038株,占12.6%。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌是临床最常见的革兰阴性杆菌。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株检出率分别为51.0%和32.5%,肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类、丁胺卡那、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率较低,耐药率在1.1%~39.9%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为22.0%。葡萄球菌中,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率分别为49.2%和81.6%,未分离到耐万古霉素葡萄球菌。HLAR肠球菌和VRE的检出率分别为63.5%和5.3%,PRSP的检出率为14.6%。真菌对氟康唑耐药率较高,对其余4种抗真菌药物较敏感。结论 2009年我院临床常见病原菌仍以革兰阴性杆菌为主,病原菌的耐药性明显升高,因此,应加强医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性监测,合理使用抗生素,减少耐药菌株的流行,降低医院感染的发生率。