Retroperitoneal laparoscopic anatrophic nephrolithotomy for large staghorn calculi

Objectives: Treatment of staghorn calculus is challenging. We evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of the retroperitoneal laparoscopic approach for the management of large staghorn renal calculi. Methods: Patients with staghorn renal calculi unsuitable for percutaneous nephrolithotomy were analyzed. They underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic anatrophic nephrolithotomy, involving control of the renal artery, stone removal through a nephrotomy incision on the Brodel's line and closure with continuous sutures. Results: A total of 11 patients with renal stones were included in the present study. Mean patient age was 55 years (range 42–68) and stone size was 52 mm (range 43–61). Warm ischemia time and operative duration were 31 (range 23–38) and 139 min (range 105–160), respectively. No blood transfusion was needed during or after operation. An 8‐mm residual calculus remained in the lower calyces in one patient who was successfully treated by using shock wave lithotripsy. Intravenous pyelogram after surgery showed a functional corresponding renal unit, with an improvement in obstruction in all patients. Conclusions: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic technique can be applied for patients who are candidates for anatrophic nephrolithotomy. Larger studies with a longer follow up are needed to confirm these findings.     

Laparoscopic anatrophic nephrolithotomy for managing large staghorn calculi

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the efficacy of a laparoscopic approach for managing large staghorn renal calculi.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Laparoscopic transperitoneal anatrophic nephrolithotomy was used to duplicate open anatrophic nephrolithotomy in five patients (three men) with large staghorn renal stones unsuitable for percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Only the renal artery was clamped, using a bulldog clamp. The stone was removed through a nephrotomy incision on the Brodel line, which was closed using 3/0 polyglactin continuous sutures, and sutures were buttressed by haemostatic clips instead of knots. Intraoperative ultrasonography was used in the last two patients to evaluate residual stones.

RESULTS

The mean (range) stone size was 53 (45–65) mm, the patient age was 53 (45–58) years, and the warm ischaemia and operative duration were 32 (29–35) and 170 (120–225) min, respectively. No blood transfusion was needed during or after surgery. All of the procedures were uneventful and there was no urine leakage after surgery. Only an 8‐mm and a 6‐mm residual stone remained in the first and third patients, in the lower and middle calyces, respectively. Both of them were subsequently treated with shock wave lithotripsy. An intravenous pyelogram after surgery showed a functional corresponding renal unit, with a significant improvement in obstruction in all patients.

CONCLUSION

Laparoscopic anatrophic nephrolithotomy is a promising alternative for patients who are candidates for open surgery, with an acceptable stone‐free rate. While offering a minimally invasive approach, it can minimize the need for secondary invasive interventions. Further patients and a longer follow‐up are needed before this is suggested as the preferred method in selected patients in the future.     

肾实质切开取石与肾盂切开气压弹道碎石术治疗无萎缩肾巨大肾结石疗效比较

目的比较肾盂切开气压弹道碎石与肾实质切开取石术治疗无肾萎缩巨大肾结石的效果。方法160例无肾萎缩巨大肾结石患者,随机分为两组,采用肾盂切开气压弹道碎石术(A组,80例)与肾实质切开取石术(B组,80例)治疗。结果A组平均手术时间、平均出血量均较B组明显减少,术后肾功能恢复较好。结论肾盂切开气压弹道碎石术治疗无肾萎缩巨大肾结石,手术时间短,出血少,肾功能损害小,效果满意。     

肾Brodel线小切口切开取石术治疗鹿角状结石疗效观察(附32例报告)

目的:探讨肾Brodel线小切口切开取石术治疗肾鹿角状结石的疗效.方法:选择肾鹿角状结石患者32例,经患侧11肋间切口分离肾动脉,在低温下阻断肾动脉,取.肾外侧缘Brodel线上切开肾实质至结石,取出结石.结果:低温下肾动脉阻断时间15～32 min,平均19 min手术时间90～180 min,平均140 min;Brodel线切口长4～5 cm;出血量平均120 ml,有6例输血200～400 ml,术后漏尿2例,结石残留3例,经相应处理治愈.术后随访3～12个月,肾功能恢复良好.结论:低温下阻断肾动脉作肾Brodel线小切口取石术是治疗肾鹿角状结石的理想术式,结石取净率高,并发症少,肾功能恢复良好.     

Pure robotic extended pyelolithotomy: cosmetic replica of open surgery

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has replaced open pyelolithotomy as the procedure of choice for treating large-burden renal stone disease, especially staghorn calculi. Although it is a minimally invasive procedure, it involves transgressing the renal parenchyma and is thus associated with its unique set of complications. The evolution of laparoscopic pyelolithotomy and robotic assistance has provided an opportunity to the surgeon to revisit pyelolithotomy in a minimally invasive manner following the age-old principles of the era of open renal surgery. We report the feasibility and our experience with this technique in three cases of partial staghorn calculus with intra-renal pelvis.     

Robotic extended pyelolithotomy for treatment of renal calculi: a feasibility study

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) remains the treatment of choice for staghorn renal calculi. Many reports suggest that laparoscopy can be an alternative treatment for large renal stones. We wished to evaluate the role and feasibility of laparoscopic extended pyelolithotomy (REP) for treatment of staghorn calculi. Thirteen patients underwent REP for treatment of staghorn calculi over a 12-day period. Twelve patients had partial staghorn stones and one had a complete staghorn stone. All patients had pre-operative and post-operative imaging including KUB and computed tomography. All procedures were completed robotically without conversion to laparoscopy or open surgery. Mean operative time was 158 min and mean robotic console time was 108 min. Complete stone removal was accomplished in all patients except the one with a complete staghorn calculus. Estimated blood loss was 100 cc, and no patient required post-operative transfusion. REP is an effective treatment alternative to PCNL in some patients with staghorn calculi. However, patients with complete staghorn stones are not suitable candidates for this particular technique.     

Laparoscopic anatrophic nephrolithotomy

Management of staghorn calculi is still a challenge. To combine the surgical principles of treatment with the minimal invasive access we performed a laparoscopic anatrophic nephrolithotomy in a female patient successfully. Patient was discharged free of stone on fifth postoperative day. No complications occurred.     

PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION

PURPOSE: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is an established technique used in children with renal calculi. We review our experience with percutaneous nephrolithotomy for treating nephrolithiasis in childhood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of children who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy procedures for renal calculi from 1985 to 1996. Antegrade percutaneous access was obtained in all patients and the tract was dilated to 24F. Grasper forceps, ultrasound and/or electrohydraulic lithotripsy was used to remove and disintegrate stones. In all patients a nephrostomy tube was placed intraoperatively, and a plain abdominal x-ray and nephrostogram were done postoperatively. The nephrostomy tube was removed after ensuring free drainage down the ureter and no untoward effects from clamping. Complete anatomical and metabolic evaluation was performed in all cases. Patients were followed 2 to 6 weeks, and 3 and 6 months postoperatively with a plain abdominal x-ray and excretory urography or renal ultrasound. RESULTS: In 5 boys and 3 girls (9 renal units) 4 to 11 years old (mean age 6.4) a total of 10 percutaneous nephrolithotomy procedures were performed. At presentation 6 children had flank and/or abdominal pain, 5 gross hematuria and 3 urinary tract infection. Three patients had associated metabolic abnormalities. One patient with a staghorn calculus had hydronephrosis and multiple infundibular stenoses. No underlying urological anatomical abnormalities were noted in the remaining cases. Four renal units that were obstructed at presentation required initial nephrostomy tube insertion. Average operative time was 131.8 minutes (range 58 to 240). An 87.5% stone-free rate was achieved using percutaneous nephrolithotomy monotherapy. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy was not successful for eradicating a staghorn stone in 1 patient. Hypothermia developed in 2 patients in whom operative time exceeded 150 minutes. No blood transfusions were required. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is safe and effective in children, and should be considered a viable management option. However, staghorn calculi may require alternative management, particularly in the setting of underlying anatomical abnormalities. Children with renal calculi should undergo a complete anatomical and metabolic assessment with the institution of medical therapy, as appropriate.     

Bivalve anatrophic nephrolithotomy

PURPOSE: In the era of lithotripsy, surgery gets a limited place in the management of renal stones. This study has for a goal to evaluate the practice, indications and results of anatrophic nephrolithotomy in the treatment of staghorn calculi. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1998 and 1999, six patients, mean age 37 years, had complete staghorn calculi treated by anatrophic nephrolithotomy, and two patients had a bilateral lithiasis. After lombar incision, the kidney was incised on the convexity after pedicular control. In this way, we have extracted all lithiases. The nephrorrhaphy permits hemostasis and parenchymal reparation. A ureteral stent was placed. RESULTS: The operatory follow-up was simple; hemostasis was controlled by fast extraction of the lithiasis and nephrorrhaphy. The operating time was 70 minutes (40-110). The stone free rate was 100% without alteration of renal function, patients with bilateral lithiasis have been operated twice time. CONCLUSION: The anatrophic nephrolithotomy is a safe technic without risk of haemorrhage or renal function alteration.     

The residual calculi in conservative operation for renal calculi

One hundred and three kidneys with calculi in 100 patients, were treated by conservative renal surgery from Jan., 1980 to Dec., 1982. The operative technique consisted of pyelolithotomy, extended pyelolithotomy, dismembered pyelolithotomy, nephrolithotomy (bivalve or anatrophic nephrolithotomy) partial nephrectomy and pyelo-nephrolithotomy. Intraoperative X-ray and coagulum lithotomy were employed when pyelolithotomy was performed. Thirty-five residual calculi in 20 kidneys were observed on postoperative X-ray film. The rate of residual calculi was 19.4%. Factors causing residual calculi, were analysed on these 103 kidneys. The factors were as follows; the shape of calculi: staghorn calculus with multiple small calculi, the shape of the renal collecting system: narrow pelvis with narrow caliceal neck and dilatated calices, and the operative technique: nephrolithotomy. These results suggested that it would be necessary to minimize residual calculi when performing nephrolithotomy.     

Combined percutaneous and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for staghorn calculi: an alternative to anatrophic nephrolithotomy

Combinations of percutaneous and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy were performed on 46 patients with 52 staghorn calculi. Of the renal units 15 per cent had minute residual fragments but only 9.7 per cent with struvite had residual stones. The morbidity of this combined approach is less than that of anatrophic nephrolithotomy. We believe that the majority of staghorn calculi can be removed in this manner. Nephrostolithotomy should be the initial procedure in most instances. This less invasive approach is especially advantageous in patients at high risk for recurrence.     

Anatrophic nephrolithotomy in the solitary kidney

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 30 patients who had undergone anatrophic nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculus disease in a solitary kidney. No statistically significant difference (p greater than 0.1) was found between the average preoperative and postoperative renal function values. Of 27 patients who were infected preoperatively 19 were rendered free of further urinary tract infection and 24 of 30 patients (80 per cent) had no further recurrence of renal calculi. Because of the predictable morbidity and mortality associated with the non-operative management of staghorn calculus disease these patients are managed best by the complete surgical removal of all calculi and intensive antimicrobial therapy.     

Retrograde intrarenal surgery for a staghorn renal calculus in a patient with solitary kidney and urinary tract deformity: a case report

Staghorn renal calculi are large, branched stones in the kidney that partially or completely fill the renal pelvis and renal calyces. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the gold standard treatment for staghorn calculi. However, we report a retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) performed to treat a staghorn calculus in a patient with a solitary kidney and a deformed urinary tract. The 37-year-old male patient presented with right-sided lumbar pain. The computed tomography (CT) scan found a solitary kidney on the right side with an opaque 4.5 cm × 2.4 cm renal stone and grade I hydronephrosis. Additionally, a urinary tract deformity was observed, and it was secondary to the deformity of the pelvis caused by a previous pubis fracture, which significantly increased the risk and the difficulty of intrarenal surgery. A total number of 3 sessions of RIRS were conducted, and the patient was discharged 3 days after each session on average. The postoperative X-ray exam of the third session revealed that the renal stone was completely removed. The patient recovered well without any complications. This case demonstrates that RIRS is a safe and effective treatment of staghorn calculi with the presence of urinary tract deformation. This suggests RIRS may be of particular interest in minimizing the procedure-related damage of a solitary kidney.     

无萎缩性肾切开取石术治疗单功能肾鹿角状结石

目的：探讨无萎缩性肾切开取石术治疗单功能肾鹿角状结石的方法及疗效。方法：回顾性分析18例无萎缩性肾切开取石术治疗单功能肾鹿角状结石病例资料。结果：肾血流阻断时间平均为78min，平均手术时间148min，术中出血量平均为160ml。术后7d经造瘘管肾盂造影，14例结石取净，4例残余小结石，术后2月行ESWL治疗，2周后结石排净。术后患的肾功能均有不同程度的改善。结论：该术式暴露清晰，取石彻底，并能改善肾功能，是单功能肾鹿角状结石首选的手术方法。     

Modified anatrophic nephrolithotomy for complete staghorn calculus disease -- does it still have a place?

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with open surgery for the management of complete staghorn calculi using a modified anatrophic nephrolithotomy technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1990 and 2001, 24 patients underwent anatrophic nephrolithotomy in our department. Bilateral complex stone disease was present in 9 patients, so that a total of 33 procedures were carried out. Preoperative evaluation included excretory urography (intravenous pyelography) and routine laboratory study in all patients and in 9 patients renal function was assessed using (99m)Tc dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scans before and 6 months after surgery. Postoperative follow-up consisted of kidney-ureter-bladder (KUB), ultrasound (U/S), urinalysis and urine culture. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 180 min, mean blood loss was 500 ml and renal ischemia time ranged between 10 and 35 min. Deep vein thrombosis occurred on the 5th postoperative day in an obese female patient. No other operative or postoperative complications were observed. Mean hospital stay was 8.2 days (range 7-12 days). The stone-free rate was 83.3%. Long-term follow up demonstrated stone fragments <4 mm in diameter in 4 patients (16.6%). Renal function remained unchanged or slightly improved in 15 patients; a slight worsening of renal function was noted in 9 patients (from an average of 39% before to 35% after the procedure). CONCLUSIONS: Anatrophic nephrolithotomy, although a major operative procedure, remains the most appropriate method for the one-stage management of a selected group of patients harboring large staghorn calculi with infundibular stenosis, and is associated with the highest stone-free rates.     

微创经皮肾取石术联合体外震波碎石治疗肾鹿角状结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾取石术(minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL)联合体外震波碎石(extracoporeal shock wave lithotripsy,ESWL)治疗肾鹿角状结石的临床疗效。方法 2005年1月~2009年1月,采用MPCNL联合ESWL治疗30例肾鹿角状结石,术中采用钬激光碎石,平均功率45 W,术后ESWL单次冲击次数200~1200次。结果 30例采用单通道取石。手术时间42~180 min,平均72 min。未出现出血、气胸、肠道损伤等手术并发症。ESWL后复查KUB平片,27例结石清除;3例结石残留(结石长径0.7~1.0 cm,平均0.8 cm)口服药物及观察治疗,其中2例结石排除干净,1例结石长径约0.6 cm残留在肾脏,未引起肾脏积水。27例术后随诊3个月复查KUB和IVU无异常。结论 MPCNL联合ESWL治疗较大肾鹿角状结石具有高效、安全的特点,值得临床推广应用。     

Pre- and postoperative evaluation of renal function in patients with staghorn calculi utilizing quantitative renal scanning

Differential quantitative renal scans using 99-technetium diethylene triaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) or 1311 Hippuran were obtained preoperatively on 12 patients with unilateral or bilateral staghorn calculi. Of the 14 renal units studied, 12 kidneys underwent anatrophic nephrolithotomy, pyelolithotomy, or a combination of both techniques; 2 patients underwent nephrectomy based on poor function of the affected side preoperatively. Postoperative follow-up scans were obtained on the 12 kidneys undergoing stone cleanout. Seven of 12 kidneys (58 per cent) studied pre- and postoperatively showed moderate to significant improvement in per cent contribution to total renal function. Seven of 10 kidneys (70 per cent) studied pre- and postoperatively showed improveinent in glomerular filtration rate or effective renal plasma flow. The scans revealed no dramatic difference in postoperative functional loss between pyelolithotomy and anatrophic nephrolithotomy. The computerized quantitative renal scan helps in selection of surgical technique and objective post-operative assessment of surgical results.     

Laparoscopic management of a large staghorn stone

Urinary calculi are prevalent and result in significant morbidity, with a marked economic impact. Various therapeutic options exist, from medical to surgical management according to stone size. Laparoscopic pyelolithotomy is a viable option for significant staghorn renal stones. We report the case of a laparoscopic pyelolithotomy performed on a 48-year-old man with a left recurrent staghorn renal stone secondary to an ureteropelvic junction obstruction following a grade IV renal trauma several years ago.     

Pneumatic lithotripsy through pyelotomy incision during open surgery for staghorn calculi: an alternative method to anatrophic nephrolithotomy

INTRODUCTION: Our purpose was to remove large-volume staghorn calculi with less morbidity and maximum ease without an anatrophic nephrolithotomy, with the use of a pneumatic lithotriptor during pyelolithotomy to disintegrate the branches of stones extending into the calyces and retained calyceal fragments. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients (17 renal units) with large-volume staghorn stones were evaluated with blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine levels, urinalysis, and culture, excretory urography (IVP), and 99mtechnetium dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scintigraphy preoperatively. Patients were treated with a pneumatic lithotriptor at the time of open pyelolithotomy. Bilateral surgery was performed in 1 patient. The mean follow-up period was 12 (range 6-24) months. The patients were re-evaluated postoperatively at 6 months with BUN and serum creatinine measurements, urinalysis and culture, IVP, and renal scintigraphy with DMSA. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: After treatment, 15 of 17 renal units (88%) were rendered stone-free while residual fragments remained in two patients. Average operation time was 190 min (range 135-285) with a mean blood loss of 226 ml (range 140-425). No patient required blood transfusion. Average length of hospital stay was 4.2 days (range 3-7). Six months after surgery, mean BUN and creatinine levels were decreased from 31.2 to 28.2 mg/dl (p = 0.248) and from 1.3 to 1.1 mg/dl (p = 0.001), respectively. Renal scintigraphy with DMSA revealed an increase in ipsilateral average renal function from 39 to 43% (p = 0.043). IVP also revealed a decrease in pelvicalyceal dilatation in almost all patients with a well-functioning kidney and without any stone recurrence. No complications were encountered postoperatively except for an episode of high fever in 1 patient. CONCLUSION: Avoiding incision of the renal parenchyma and arterial clamping, without significant bleeding and the nephron loss seem to be the advantages of this technique. Kidney function can be preserved with this simple and easily applicable method, which may be an alternative procedure to anatrophic nephrolithotomy for the majority of patients with staghorn calculi requiring open surgery.     

原位低温阻断肾血管肾实质切开取石术

目的探讨原位低温阻断肾血管肾实质切开取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的效果。方法2000年3月～2005年1月采用原位低温阻断肾血管肾实质切开取石术治疗肾内型肾盂复杂性肾结石患者22例,术中快速静脉滴注肌苷2.0g,静滴20%甘露醇250ml。根据术前影像检查结果及术中所见选择肾切口径路:13例充填于各盏的鹿角状结石,行肾背侧Brodt线肾实质肾盏切开取石;5例肾下盏肾盂鹿角状结石,行肾盂肾实质联合切开取石;4例结石过多者,于肾皮质最薄处另作放射状切口取石。结果肾血管阻断时间平均45(30～60)min;手术时间平均110(90～180)min;平均失血量150(80～400)ml。结石一次取净21例,1例残余结石,术后2个月带双J管行ESWL碎石排出。术后1～2月复查肾功能,术前有肾功能损害的8例,血清Cr平均110.2μmol/L,血清BUN平均8.0mmol/L,均明显改善,其余患者肾功能无损害,无严重术后并发症。18例随访6个月～3年无一例复发。结论原位低温阻断肾血管肾实质切开取石术治疗复杂性肾结石安全有效、出血少、结石残留率低。