两种评价急性肾衰竭患者预后及肾脏转归积分模型的比较

目的　比较急性生理和平素健康评估Ⅱ (APACHEⅡ )与急性肾小管坏死 个体严重程度指数 (ATN ISI)两种积分模型对急性肾衰竭 (ARF)患者的预后和肾脏转归的预示效果。方法　回顾性分析了近 1 0年的 42 2例ARF患者资料 ,比较两种积分模型对患者病死率及肾脏转归的预测效果 ,并采用两种积分评定方式对ARF发生 30、45、60d后的肾脏转归进行了判别分析。结果　随着两种模型积分值的增加 ,患者的病死率升高 ,当ATN ISI积分≥ 0 85、APACHEⅡ积分≥ 35时病死率为 1 0 0 % ;APACHEⅡ和ATN ISI模型的ROC曲线下的面积分别为 0 81 7± 0 0 2 1和 0 880± 0 0 1 8,表明两种模型对ARF患者病死率的判别均有意义。对肾脏转归的判别 ,ATN ISI在各评定时间的判别符合率均高于APACHEⅡ ;ATN ISI积分≥ 0 75时 ,均需依赖透析治疗 ;<0 75但≥ 0 58时 ,肾功能未恢复正常 ;肾功能完全恢复者积分值均在 0 58以内。APACHEⅡ积分≥ 2 6时 ,均需依赖透析治疗 ;<2 6时 ,肾功能完全恢复和肾功能不全病人之间无明显积分界限 ;但≤ 2 2时 ,上述二者所占比例分别为 80 4%和1 9 6 %。结论　两种积分模型对ARF患者的病死率及肾脏转归均有较好的预示效果 ,但ATN ISI积分模型对肾脏转归的预示价值更优于APACHEⅡ。     

Prognostic markers in cirrhotic patients requiring intensive care: a comparative prospective study

Introduction. The use of prognostic models for cirrhotic patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit (ICU) is of great importance, since they provide an objective evaluation for a group of patients with high mortality rates and high resource utilization.Objective. To evaluate the validity and to compare the prognostic predictive value of the CTP, MELD, SOFA and APACHE II scoring systems in cirrhotic patients admitted to the ICU, the CTP and MELD models being exclusive for patients with liver disease.Material and methods. Commonly used predictors of mortality such as age, sex, CTP, MELD, APACHE II and SOFA were evaluated, and their prognostic value was investigated.Results. A total of 201 patients were included in this study. Patients who survived had mean CTP score of 9.5 ± 2.4, MELD score 18.1 ± 7.1, APACHE II score of 13.4 ± 4.8 and SOFA score of 4.2 ± 2.6, compared to respective scores of 11.4 ± 2.8, 28.0 ± 11.2, 24.6 ± 10.4 and 8.7 ± 4.0 in patients who died. The difference between groups was statistically significant for each of one of the scoring systems (p < 0.001).Conclusion. In this study, SOFA was found to be the most powerful predictor of prognosis for cirrhotic patients admitted to the ICU. This was followed by APACHE II, MELD and CTP models, in descending order of strength (AUROC values of 0.847, 0.821, 0.790 and 0.724, respectively).     

Assessment of Dialysis Dose in Critically Ill Maintenance Dialysis Patients

Maintenance dialysis patients are admitted more frequently to the intensive care unit (ICU) and have higher ICU mortality than the general population. It is unclear if such dialysis patients receive adequate dialysis in the ICU setting. Using the Daugirdas formula for calculation of spKt/Vurea, single treatment delivered dialysis dose was assessed in 85 critically ill maintenance hemodialysis patients during their first ICU dialysis session. Weekly delivered spKt/Vurea was determined in the surviving 64 patients and compared with their corresponding delivered outpatient dialysis dosages. Outcome measures were ICU and in‐hospital mortality and mortality at 6 and 12 months after discharge. Prescribed dose of the first ICU dialysis was a spKt/Vurea of 1.43 ± 0.11, the single treatment delivered dose was 1.02 ± 0.14. The weekly prescribed ICU Kt/Vurea was 4.25 ± 0.12 and delivered ICU Kt/Vurea was 3.48 ± 0.19. Patients with sepsis had the lowest mean spKt/Vurea values (0.87 ± 0.12). Serial measurements of delivered dialysis dose suggest that this gap is explained by variability of volume of urea distribution. ICU mortality was 25% and was related to APACHE II score, but not to delivered intermittent hemodialysis dose. Critically ill maintenance dialysis patients receive suboptimal dialysis doses. The impact of short‐term underdialysis on survival of hospitalized maintenance dialysis patients remains unknown. Assessment of dialysis adequacy should be routinely performed in these patients and delivered dialysis should be tracked through the initial clinical course.     

Outcome of coal worker's pneumoconiosis with acute respiratory failure

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical features and prognosis of patients with coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) in the ICU for their first episode of acute respiratory failure (ARF), with special attention to the prognostic implication of radiographic progressive massive fibrosis (PMF). DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: A 16-bed medical ICU at a community hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed 53 patients with CWP and ARF requiring invasive MV in the ICU for the first time between August 1998 and March 2002. RESULTS: Of the 53 patients with CWP, 28 patients (53%) with PMF had their first ARF at a younger age than those without PMF (69.1 +/- 7.9 years vs 74.8 +/- 7.2 years, p = 0.008 [mean +/- SD]). Pneumonia (49%) was the most common cause of ARF. The mean APACHE (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation) II score was 26.0 +/- 9.9, and the mean ICU stay was 14.7 +/- 16.1 days. Twenty-one patients (40%) were weaned successfully in the ICU, with mean ventilator time of 17.0 +/- 25.1 days. The ICU and in-hospital mortality rates were 40% and 43%, respectively. The median survivals for all patients and the ICU survivors were 2.6 months and 14.3 months, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed the following risk (or protective) factors for the ICU mortality: PaCO(2) > 45 mm Hg at the time of intubation (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.003 to 0.44), PaO(2)/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio < 200 mm Hg at the time of intubation (OR, 8.78; 95% CI, 1.36 to 56.48), and APACHE II score >or= 25 (OR, 11.99; 95% CI, 1.49 to 96.78). PMF was not associated with the ICU mortality (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.20 to 7.10). CONCLUSIONS: Radiographic PMF was not associated with the ICU mortality in patients with CWP and ARF receiving invasive MV in the ICU. Although a substantial proportion of them could be weaned from the ventilator and discharged from the hospital, their long-term prognosis was poor.     

Mortality of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus admitted to the intensive care unit – A retrospective single-center study

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease that results in increased morbidity and mortality. Under certain conditions, patients with SLE may be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) secondary to infectious disease flare-ups or other non-SLE disease conditions that are aggravated by SLE. The aim of our study was to investigate the causes and outcomes of ICU-admitted patients with SLE.This is a retrospective cohort study involving paitents with SLE that were admitted to the general ICU at Sheba Medical Center between 2002 and 2015. Outcome was measured by the 30-day mortality and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score. Demographic, diagnostic, physiological, and laboratory variables of survivors and nonsurvivors were compared using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. A receiver operating characteristic curve was plotted for significant variables to illustrate their diagnostic capabilities.Twenty-seven patients were admitted to the ICU (female: 21 [77%], mean age ± SD: 51.1 ± 15.4 years). The mean ± SD APACHE II score and 30-day mortality rate were 23.4 ± 8.3 and 29.6%, respectively. Infections, especially lower respiratory tract infections, were the cause of 66.7% of admissions and accounted for 87.5% of deaths. APACHE II scores, bacteremia, and gram-negative infections were significantly associated with mortality (p = 0.033, p = 0.022, and p = 0.01, respectively).An APACHE II score of 27 and above was the strongest predictor of mortality with a sensitivity and specificity of 83.3% and 84.2%, respectively (AUC = 0.82, p = 0.022).Patients with SLE that were admitted to the ICU with gram-negative infections, sepsis, or an APACHE II score of 27 and above have a higher mortality rate and thus should be promptly identified and treated accordingly.     

Outcome of patients with small-vessel vasculitis admitted to a medical ICU

PURPOSES: This study aims to describe the clinical course and prognostic factors of patients with small-vessel vasculitis admitted to a medical ICU. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical records of 38 patients with small-vessel vasculitis admitted consecutively to the ICU between January 1997 and May 2004. The APACHE (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation) III prognostic system was used to determine the severity of illness on the first ICU day; the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score was used to measure organ dysfunction, and the Birmingham vasculitis activity score for Wegener granulomatosis (BVAS/WG) was used to assess vasculitis activity. Outcome measures were the 28-day mortality and ICU length of stay. RESULTS: Nineteen patients (50%) had Wegener granulomatosis, 16 patients (42%) had microscopic polyangiitis, 2 patients had CNS vasculitis, and 1 patient had Churg-Strauss syndrome. Reasons for ICU admission included alveolar hemorrhage in 14 patients (37%), sepsis in 5 patients (13%), seizures in 3 patients (8%), and pneumonia in 2 patients (5%). The median ICU length of stay was 4.0 days (interquartile range, 2.0 to 6.0 days). The APACHE III score was lower in survivors than nonsurvivors (p = 0.010). The predicted hospital mortality was 54% for nonsurvivors and 21% for survivors (p = 0.0038). The mean SOFA score was 11.6 (SD, 2.6) in nonsurvivors, compared to 6.9 (SD, 2.4) in survivors (p = 0.0004). Mean BVAS/WG scores were 8.6 (SD, 3.6) in nonsurvivors and 4.7 (SD, 4.6) in survivors (p = 0.0889). Twenty-six percent of the patients received invasive mechanical ventilation, and 33% underwent dialysis. The 28-day and 1-year mortality rates were 11% and 29%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality of patients with small-vessel vasculitis admitted to the ICU is lower than predicted, and alveolar hemorrhage is the most common reason for ICU admission.     

Predicting outcome from intensive care for patients with rheumatologic diseases.

OBJECTIVE. To evaluate 2 prognostic scoring systems in patients with an underlying rheumatologic diagnosis admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS. A retrospective case series review, carried out at a medical ICU in a military referral hospital. All adult ICU admissions with a known rheumatologic diagnosis were evaluated during 28 consecutive months. There were 48 ICU admissions available for review in 36 patients (1.33 ICU admissions/patient) during the study period. All patients were assigned an APACHE II and TISS score based on the first 24 h of ICU admission. RESULTS. Eleven ICU admissions resulted in patient death (22.9%) and the remaining 37 admissions (77.1%) in patient survival and hospital discharge. Overall patient mortality was 30.6% for the study population. The APACHE II and TISS scores were each significantly different for survivor and nonsurvivor subgroups (APACHE II p less than 0.0001; TISS p less than 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS. In this group of patients evaluated at a single institution both the APACHE II and TISS scoring systems allowed subgroup separation between survivors and nonsurvivors of ICU admission. However, these scoring methods demonstrated limitations in terms of outcome prediction when applied to the individual patient.     

连续性肾脏替代疗法在重症急性肾功能衰竭治疗中的应用

目的 回顾分析连续性肾脏替代疗法（ＣＲＲＴ）在重症急性肾功能衰竭（ＡＲＦ）治疗中的应用和影响预后的因素。方法 １９８６年５月至１９９９年１月用ＣＲＲＴ治疗重症ＡＲＦ患者１０１例,回顾性分析了患者临床特点、ＣＲＲＴ方法和预后。结果 １０１例患者中６０例（５９．４％）度过疾病的急性期（存活组）,４１例（４０．６％）在急性期死亡（死亡组）,对两组患者的临床统计学资料、肾功能衰竭的特点、疾病严重程度（ＡＰ     

Multisystem organ failure predicts mortality of ICU patients with acute respiratory failure secondary to AIDS-related PCP.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ability of a variety of scoring systems to predict mortality of patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with acute respiratory failure (ARF) secondary to AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). METHODS: All patients with AIDS-related PCP admitted to ICU at St. Paul's Hospital between January 1, 1985 and April 1, 1991 were reviewed. For each case, the following scores were calculated from data obtained within 24 h of ICU admission: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II); acute lung injury score; AIDS score as described by Justice and Feinstein; and modified multisystem organ failure (MSOF) score. The serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level was also recorded when obtained within 24 h of ICU admission. RESULTS: A total of 52 ICU admissions in 51 patients were studied. Overall mortality was 65 percent. Mortality increased with increasing MSOF (p < 0.05) score and LDH (p < 0.05). Based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, the MSOF score and the LDH were found to be good predictors of mortality. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the MSOF score was the only independent predictor of mortality (p < 0.05). The AIDS score, APACHE II, and the acute lung injury score were not significantly associated with mortality. Addition of the serum LDH level improved the performance of both the MSOF and AIDS scores, though the AIDS score plus LDH performed no better than the LDH alone. Of all the scores tested, the MSOF plus LDH level was the best (p < 0.005) predictor of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The modified MSOF score and the serum LDH level are the best predictors of mortality of patients admitted to ICU with ARF secondary to AIDS-related PCP. The performance of the MSOF score was enhanced when the LDH level was added. The AIDS score, APACHE II, and the acute lung injury score were not found to be useful in this group of critically ill patients.     

连续性血液净化在ICU多器官功能障碍综合征合并急性肾衰竭患者的应用及预后分析

目的探讨连续性血液净化治疗（CBPT）在ICU多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）合并急性肾衰竭（APF）患者的疗效及影响预后的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2008年2月该院ICU中行连续性静-静脉血液滤过（CVVH）治疗的245例MODS合并ARF患者一般资料、血液生化检查、疾病严重程度评分等，对比分析CVVH治疗前后临床参数的变化及影响预后的因素。结果CVVH对容量负荷、溶质清除效果明显；反映疾病严重程度如氧合指数、APACHEⅡ评分、MODS评分、SOFA评分CVVH治疗前后比较无明显差异；全部患者死亡率为64．9％，病死率随着衰竭器官数目的增加而显著升高。多因素回归分析显示，患者CVVH治疗前衰竭器官数、医院获得性ARF、CVVH前APACHEⅡ评分、平均动脉压是独立危险因素。结论对于MODS合并ARF患者，CVVH治疗前患者疾病的严重程度是影响预后的重要因素，依据患者临床病情早期积极CBPT可能改善MODS合并ARF患者的预后。     

Time trend analysis of long term outcome of patients with haematological malignancies admitted at dutch intensive care units

A few decades ago, the chances of survival for patients with a haematological malignancy needing Intensive Care Unit (ICU) support were minimal. As a consequence, ICU admission policy was cautious. We hypothesized that the long‐term outcome of patients with a haematological malignancy admitted to the ICU has improved in recent years. Furthermore, our objective was to evaluate the predictive value of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score. A total of 1095 patients from 5 Dutch university hospitals were included from 2003 until 2015. We studied the prevalence of patients' characteristics over time. By using annual odds ratios, we analysed which patients' characteristics could have had influenced possible trends in time. A approximated mortality rate was compared with the ICU mortality rate, to study the predictive value of the APACHE II score. Overall one‐year mortality was 62%. The annual decrease in one‐year mortality was 7%, whereas the APACHE II score increased over time. Decreased mortality rates were particularly observed in high‐risk patients (acute myeloid leukaemia, old age, low platelet count, bleeding as admission reason and need for mechanical ventilation within 24 h of ICU admission). Furthermore, the APACHE II score overestimates mortality in this patient category.     

Predictive value of microalbuminuria in medical ICU patients: results of a pilot study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the predictive value of microalbuminuria in the development of acute respiratory failure (ARF) and multiple organ failure (MOF) in ICU patients. DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. SETTING: A 31-bed, mixed medicosurgical ICU in a university hospital. PATIENTS: All adult medical patients admitted to the ICU over a 2-month period, except those receiving nephrotoxic drugs, or those with urologic trauma resulting in frank hematuria or urinary infection, or with existing chronic renal disease (serum creatinine level > or 2.0 mg/dL). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Urinary samples for microalbumin measurement were collected at hospital admission and at 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h after hospital admission. The severity of illness was assessed by the APACHE (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation) II score calculated on the first ICU day, and the degree of organ dysfunction was assessed using the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score. Acute respiratory failure (ARF) was defined as a SOFA respiratory score > or = 3. Patients were separated into two groups according to the trend in microalbuminuria levels over the first 48 h: patients in group 1 had increasing microalbuminuria levels, and patients in group 2 had decreasing microalbuminuria levels. Group 1 included 14 patients in whom microalbuminuria levels increased from 5.2 +/- 2.0 to 19.0 +/- 3.0 mg/dL. Group 2 included 26 patients in whom microalbuminuria levels decreased from 16.4 +/- 4.0 to 7.8 +/- 3.0 mg/dL. The hospital mortality rate was 43% in group 1 and 15% in group 2 (p < 0.05). The APACHE II score and the SOFA score were higher in group 1 than in group 2. The negative predictive value of increasing microalbuminuria was 100% for the development of ARF and 96% for MOF; the positive predictive value of increasing microalbuminuria was 57% for the development of ARF and 50% for MOF. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate identification of patients destined for ARF and MOF development may enable therapeutic strategies to be applied to limit the disease process. Trend analysis of urinary albumin excretion over the first 48 h of an ICU admission may provide a useful means of identifying such patients. Additional studies need to be performed in larger, mixed patient populations to confirm these findings.     

Clinical course, prognostic factors, and outcome prediction for HIV patients in the ICU. The PIP (Pulmonary complications, ICU support, and prognostic factors in hospitalized patients with HIV) study

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical course and prognostic factors in patients with HIV admitted to the ICU. DESIGN: Prospective, observational. SETTING: A university-affiliated medical center. METHODS:: We included 169 consecutive ICU admissions, from April 1995 through March 1999, of 141 adults with HIV. Data collected included APACHE (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation) II score, CD4(+) lymphocyte count, serum albumin level, in-hospital mortality, and the development of organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and ARDS. RESULTS: The ICU admission rate of hospitalized patients with HIV infection was 12%. The most common reason for ICU admission was respiratory failure, occurring in 65 patient admissions. Mechanical ventilation was required in 91 admissions (54%), ARDS developed in 37 admissions (22%), Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was diagnosed in 24 admissions (14%), and SIRS developed in 126 admissions (75%). One or more organ failures developed in 131 admissions (78%). The actual and predicted mortality rates were 29.6% and 45.2%, respectively, with a standardized mortality ratio of 0.65. The most frequent immediate cause of death was bacterial infection. The CD4(+) lymphocyte count (median, 27.5 cells/microL vs 59 cells/microL; p = 0.0310) and serum albumin level (median 2.2 g/dL vs 2.6 g/dL; p = 0.0355) of nonsurvivors were lower and the APACHE II score (median, 30 vs 21; p < 0.0001) was higher, compared to those of survivors. A higher APACHE II score (odds ratio [OR], 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05 to 1.16) and a transfer from another hospital ward (OR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.20 to 7.68) were independently associated with increased mortality. The median number of organ failures that developed in survivors was one, compared to four in nonsurvivors (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of HIV-infected patients admitted to the ICU has improved over the years. The CD4 count does not correlate with in-hospital mortality. Higher APACHE II scores and a transfer from another hospital ward are associated with a poor outcome.     

Timing for Initiation of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Patients With Septic Shock and Acute Kidney Injury

The optimal timing for renal replacement therapy initiation in septic acute kidney injury (AKI) remains controversial. This study investigates the impact of early versus late initiation of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) on organ dysfunction among patients with septic shock and AKI. Patients were dichotomized into “early” (simplified RIFLE Risk) or “late” (simplified RIFLE Injury or Failure) CRRT initiation. Patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5 or those on long‐term dialysis were excluded. Organ dysfunction was quantified by Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. From January 2008 to June 2011, 120 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Thirty‐one (26%) underwent “early” while 89 (74%) had “late” CRRT. No significant difference was noted between groups on improvement of total SOFA/non‐renal SOFA score or noradrenaline equivalent in the first 24 and 48 h after CRRT initiation. Dialysis requirement and mortality (at 28 days, 3 months and 6 months) did not differ. In conclusion, improvement of non‐renal SOFA score 48 h after CRRT correlated with SOFA score on CRRT initiation (P = 0.040) and APACHE IV risk of death (P = 0.000), but not estimated glomerular filtration rate on CRRT initiation (P = 0.377). Improvement of non‐renal SOFA score correlated with SOFA score on CRRT initiation and APACHE IV risk of death. However, this retrospective review cannot identify any significant clinical benefit of early CRRT initiation in patients presenting with septic shock and AKI.     

Longitudinal monocyte Human leukocyte antigen‐DR expression is a prognostic marker in critically ill patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis

Background: Critical illness in cirrhotic patients is associated with a poor prognosis and increased susceptibility to infections. Monocyte HLA‐DR expression is decreased in cirrhotic patients, but its prognostic value has not been investigated prospectively. Methods: Thirty‐eight critically ill patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis were included in this prospective study. On admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), inflammatory parameters (C‐reactive protein, procalcitonin and lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein), interleukin (IL)‐10, interferon (IFN)‐γ serum levels, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐αex vivo stimulation (whole blood assay) and HLA‐DR expression on monocytes (FACS analysis) were determined. Immune parameters were furthermore measured every third day until discharge from the ICU or death of the patients. Results: Intensive care unit mortality of the cirrhotic patients was 34.2%. During admission, TNF ex vivo, IFN‐γ and HLA‐DR expression were lower in non‐survivors (all P<0.05), while IL‐10 levels were increased in non‐survivors compared with survivors (P=0.001). However, individual values clearly overlapped between groups. Prospective analysis revealed that monocyte HLA‐DR expression remained stable or increased in survivors, but decreased in non‐survivors (P=0.002). A decrease in HLA‐DR expression between admission and day 3 was strongly associated with decreased IFN‐γ levels and increased ICU mortality (hazard ratio 3.36, P=0.008), mostly owing to late sepsis. This association was independent of the sequential organ failure assessment and model for end‐stage liver disease score. Conclusions: Here we establish the relative HLA‐DR expression (admission/day 3) as a prognostic marker for ICU mortality in critically ill cirrhotic patients. These results may guide the evaluation of immune‐modulating therapies in these patients.     

A prospective, multicenter study of the epidemiology, management, and outcome of severe acute renal failure in a "closed" ICU system

The safety and effectiveness of "closed" intensive care units (ICUs) are highly controversial. The epidemiology and outcome of acute renal failure (ARF) requiring replacement therapy (severe ARF) within a "closed" ICU system are unknown. Accordingly, we performed a prospective 3-mo multicenter observational study of all Nephrology Units and ICUs in the State of Victoria (all "closed" ICUs), Australia, and focused on the epidemiology, treatment, and outcome of patients with severe ARF. We collected demographic, clinical, and outcome data using standardized case report forms. Nineteen ward patients and 116 adult ICU patients had severe ARF (13.4 cases/100, 000 adults/yr). Among the ICU patients with severe ARF, 37 had impaired baseline renal function, 91 needed ventilation, and 95 needed vasoactive drugs. Intensivists controlled patient care in all cases. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) was used in 111 of the ICU patients. Nephrological opinion was sought in only 30 cases. Predicted mortality was 59.6%. Actual mortality was 49.2%. Only 11 ICU survivors were dialysis dependent at hospital discharge. In the state of Victoria, Australia, intensivists manage severe ARF within a "closed" ICU system. Renal replacement is typically continuous and outcomes compare favorably with those predicted by illness severity scores. Our findings support the safety and efficacy of a "closed" ICU model of care.     

Audit of patients with severe acute pancreatitis admitted to an intensive care unit

Background

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality. We undertook a study of patients with SAP admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary referral hospital.

Methods

Between 2002 and 2007, 50 patients with SAP were admitted in our intensive care unit (ICU). Data were collected from their medical records and their clinical profile, course and outcome were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were categorized into survivor and nonsurvivor groups, and were further classified based on interventions such as percutaneous drainage and surgical necrosectomy.

Results

SAP contributed 5?% of total ICU admissions during the study period. Median age of survivors (n?=?20) was 34 against 44?years in nonsurvivors (n?=?30). Median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score in nonsurvivors was 16.5 (8?C32) vs. 12.5 (5?C20) in survivors (p?=?0.002). Patients with APACHE II score ??12 had mortality >80?% compared to 23?% with score <12 (p?<?0.001). Median Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores on admission and on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 were significantly higher in nonsurvivors compared to survivors (p?<?0.05). Mean (SD) intraabdominal pressure was 23 (3.37) mmHg in nonsurvivors vs. 19.05 (2.51) in survivors (p?<?0.05). Patients with renal failure had significant mortality (p?<?0.001). Length of ICU stay, requirement for vasopressor, total parenteral nutrition, and the amount of blood and blood product transfusions differed significantly between patients with and without intervention.

Conclusions

APACHE II and SOFA scores and other clinical data correlated with outcome in SAP admitted to ICU.     

Predictors of 6-month mortality in elderly patients with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease discharged from a medical ward after acute nonacidotic exacerbation

OBJECTIVES: To identify clinical outcomes and variables associated with 6‐month mortality in very elderly patients admitted for nonacidotic acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: General medicine acute care ward. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred forty‐four elderly patients with COPD (mean age±standard deviation 82±7, 55.7% female) admitted to the hospital because of non‐acidotic AECOPD. MEASUREMENTS: Cognitive and mood status and physiological variables were measured. Self‐reported comorbidities were assessed using the Charlson Comorbidity Index. In‐hospital and long‐term mortality and clinical outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: At admission, this elderly population with AECOPD had low cognitive performance (mean Mini‐Mental State Examination score 21±5), no presence of significant depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale score 4±3), good nutritional status (body mass index (BMI) 25.1±5.5), moderate comorbidity (Charlson Comorbidity Index 4.0±1.9), high functional disability (Barthel Index (BI) 52±34), and moderate severity of acute exacerbation (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score 9.7±4.2). Two hundred twenty‐five inpatients with AECOPD were successfully discharged, whereas 15 were transferred to the intensive care unit, and four died in the hospital. The 6‐month cumulative mortality rate in discharged patients with AECOPD was 20%. Multivariate Cox analysis shows that lower BMI (β=?0.16; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.73–0.99), higher APACHE II score (β=0,17; 95% CI=1.03–1.36), and lower BI at discharge (β=?0.02; 95% CI=0.96–0.99) were independently associated with 6‐month mortality. CONCLUSION: Malnutrition, severity of exacerbation and disability status could be identified as risk factors associated with 6‐month mortality of elderly patients admitted for nonacidotic AECOPD.     

Intensive care for very elderly patients: outcome and risk factors for in-hospital mortality.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate outcome and risk factors, particularly the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scoring system, for in-hospital mortality in very elderly patients after admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: Retrospective chart review of patients > or =85 years admitted to the ICU. We recorded age, sex, previous medical history, primary diagnosis, date of admission and discharge or death, APACHE II score on admission, use of mechanical ventilation and inotropics, and complications during ICU admission. RESULTS: 104 patients > or =85 years (1.3% of all ICU admissions) were studied. The ICU and in-hospital mortality rates for these patients were 22 and 36% respectively. Factors correlated with a greater in-hospital mortality were: an admission diagnosis of acute respiratory failure (chi2; P = 0.007), the use of mechanical ventilation (chi2; P = 0.00005) and inotropes (chi2; P = 0.00001), complications during ICU admission (chi2; P = 0.004), in particular acute renal failure (chi2; P = 0.005), and an APACHE II score > or =25 (chi2; P = 0.001). The APACHE II scoring system and the use of inotropes were independently correlated with mortality. CONCLUSION: ICU and in-hospital mortality are higher in very elderly patients, particularly in those with an APACHE II score > or =25. The most important predictors of mortality are the use of inotropes and the severity of the acute illness.     

小剂量利尿剂对胱素C的影响

目的：分析小剂量利尿剂对胱素C的影响。方法：随机选取2014年3月至2016年3月期间在我院重症医学科就诊接受CRRT的AKI患者。试验组为利尿剂组,患者数为40例,对照组为非利尿剂组,患者数为40例,应用连续肾脏替代治疗急性肾损伤,对机械通气及血管活性药应用、平均动脉压(MAP)、血乳酸、血钾、尿量(均取开始CRRT后起初3d的平均值),开始CRRT前1d、治疗后起初3d肾功能[胱素 C(Cys-C)、SCr、尿素氮(BUN)],CRRT时间、住ICU时间和住院时间等指标进行分析,采用SPSS20.0软件进行统计学分析。结果：(1)性别、年龄、入院至入ICU间隔时间、APACHE Ⅱ评分、SOFA评分、基础疾病、AKI的病因和诊断分类等指标在两组之间无统计学差异,符合试验要求。(2)需血管活性药和有创机械通气指标在两组之间有统计学差异(P<0.05);MAP指标在利尿剂组和非利尿剂组之间比为72.53±7.68 VS 88.54±15.87,两组之间有显著统计学差异(P<0.01);乳酸指标在利尿剂组和非利尿剂组之间比为2.21±1.17 VS 2.92±2.74,两组之间有统计学差异(P<0.05);血钾指标在利尿剂组和非利尿剂组之间比为4.13±1.26 VS 4.83±1.25,两组之间有统计学差异(P<0.05);CRRT时间指标在利尿剂组和非利尿剂组之间比为5.12±3.53 VS 7.92±5.95,两组之间有显著统计学差异(P<0.01);住ICU时间指标在利尿剂组和非利尿剂组之间比为15.71±9.56 VS 23.24±17.82,两组之间有显著统计学差异(P<0.01);住院时间指标在利尿剂组和非利尿剂组之间比为20.57±13.34 VS 27.38±19.83,两组之间有显著统计学差异(P<0.01)。(3)开始CRRT治疗前1d、CRRT治疗后1d和2d,Cys-C、BUN、SCr和尿量在利尿剂组和非利尿剂组之间无统计学差异(P>0.05);CRRT治疗后3d,Cys-C指标在利尿剂组和非利尿剂组之间比为1.83±1.05 VS 2.45±1.87,两组之间有统计学差异(P<0.05);BUN指标在利尿剂组和非利尿剂组之间比为12.36±7.87 VS 16.39±7.94,两组之间有统计学差异(P<0.05);SCr指标在利尿剂组和非利尿剂组之间比为180.25±77.79 VS 205.53±134.83,两组之间有统计学差异(P<0.05);尿量指标在利尿剂组和非利尿剂组之间比为679.12±643.54 VS 796.49±1608.35,两组之间有统计学差异(P<0.05)。(4)28d内存活指标在利尿剂组和非利尿剂组之间比为32(80.0%)VS 26(65.0%),两组之间有统计学差异(P<0.05);28d内死亡指标在利尿剂组和非利尿剂组之间比为8(20.0%)VS 14(35.0%),两组之间有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论：连续肾脏替代治疗急性肾损伤过程中,小剂量利尿剂能降低需血管活性药和有创机械通气的患者数,明显降低MAP,降低血液中乳酸和血钾含量,减少CRRT时间、住ICU时间和住院时间,小剂量利尿剂治疗有助于改善患者的肾功能,治疗后3d,小剂量利尿剂能降低患者血液中Cys-C、BUN和SCr含量,同时减少患者尿量,小剂量利尿剂治疗能提高患者28d内存活数,降低28d内死亡数。