重症卒中并发阵发性交感神经过度兴奋1例并文献复习

1 病例介绍 患者男性,35岁,以"左侧肢体麻木无力6小时"之主诉于2020年8月11日入院.6?h前自觉左手持物无力,左下肢无力,后逐渐出现烦躁、言语不利、意识障碍,病情进行性加重,遂就诊于我院.急诊行头颅CT提示右侧颞顶叶脑沟脑回边界欠清晰,提示脑水肿(图1A),考虑大血管闭塞,立即准备急诊介入取栓手术.     

阵发性交感神经过度兴奋的治疗进展

<正>颅脑损伤、脑卒中和缺血缺氧性脑病等多种神经重症可诱发阵发性交感神经过度兴奋(paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity,PSH),如不能得到合理的诊治,会影响病人的预后^[1～3]。目前,PSH尚无规范的治疗方案,绝大部分文献报道为经验性治疗。学者们正积极地开展前瞻性临床试验,希望提供更多的循证医学证据^[4～6]。     

慢性意识障碍并发阵发性交感神经过度兴奋综合征的危险因素及其对预后的影响

目的观察慢性意识障碍患者阵发性交感神经过度兴奋综合征(PSH)的发生率,探讨PSH发生的危险因素及其对预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2016年12月收治的142例慢性意识障碍患者的临床资料。记录其性别、年龄、损伤机制、修改版昏迷恢复量表(CRS-R)评分、重症监护(ICU)时间、头颅影像损伤位置,是否行脑部手术,有无脑积水、癫痫、感染、高血压、糖尿病。结果慢性意识障碍患者PSH的发生率为28.87%(41/142)。PSH组患者的年龄比无PSH组小,CRS-R评分比无PSH组低,脑室周围损伤患者和脑积水患者的比例比无PSH组高,糖尿病患者的比例比无PSH组低,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。意识恢复组PSH患者的比例比意识未恢复组低,CRS-R评分比意识未恢复组高,ICU住院时间比意识未恢复组短,脑积水患者的比例比意识未恢复组低,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、CRS-R评分和脑室周围损伤是慢性意识障碍患者发生PSH的独立影响因素;PSH、CRS-R评分、ICU时间和脑积水是慢性意识障碍患者意识恢复的独立影响因素。结论 PSH是慢性意识障碍患者的常见并发症,年轻患者或脑室周围损伤患者容易发生。PSH将阻碍患者意识恢复。     

慢性意识障碍患者阵发性交感神经过度兴奋综合征的临床分析

目的探讨慢性意识障碍患者阵发性交感神经过度兴奋综合征(PSH)的发生率、与意识障碍严重程度的关系以及对意识的影响。方法回顾性分析126例慢性意识障碍患者的临床资料,根据临床特征分为PSH组和对照组,发病后1年进行格拉斯哥结局量表(GOS)评分。比较两组患者性别、年龄、损伤机制、格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分、修改版昏迷恢复量表(CRS-R)评分、脑电图结果(按照Synek标准分级)、重症监护时间(ICU时间)和GOS评分的差异。结果慢性意识障碍患者PSH的发生率为26.19%(33/126)。在随访成功的83例患者中,PSH组26例,对照组57例;PSH组患者年龄(35.19±13.11)岁较对照组(42.86±16.17)岁年轻、GOS评分(1.88±0.99)分较对照组(2.53±1.36)分低、意识恢复的患者(6例,23.08%)较对照组(28例,49.12%)少,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者在性别、损伤机制、GCS评分、CRS-R评分、脑电图分级和ICU时间方面的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PSH是慢性意识障碍患者的常见并发症,其发病年龄相对年轻,PSH的出现会阻碍患者意识恢复。     

阵发性交感神经过度兴奋2例报道及相关文献复习

目的 探讨阵发性交感神经过度兴奋(paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity,PSH)的临床特征、诊断和治疗。方法 对2例PSH患者的病程、临床表现及辅助检查及诊疗过程进行分析。结果 2例患者中1例是脑干出血患者,另1例是大面积脑梗死患者。2例患者均以阵发性躁动、高热、大汗、血压升高、心动过速、呼吸急促及肌张力障碍等为主要临床表现。发作间期格拉斯哥昏迷评分分别为5和15分。2例患者均行脑电图检查,均未见癫痫波。神经影像学检查提示额叶、颞叶、顶叶、脑干等部位损伤。23例抗癫痫药物治疗无效; β受体阻滞剂和加巴喷丁联合应用对PSH有较好疗效。结论 不同病因、不同程度脑干出血与脑梗死均可导致PSH。PSH易被误诊为癫痫,抗癫痫治疗无效。β受体阻滞剂和加巴喷丁联合治疗有效。     

阵发性交感神经过度兴奋综合征1例并文献复习

目的 探讨阵发性交感神经过度兴奋综合征（PSH）的临床诊断、治疗和预后。方法 回顾性分析1例急性特重型颅脑损伤并发PSH的临床资料,并对相关文献进行复习及总结。结果 最初考虑癫痫发作,给予抗癫痫治疗未见缓解,后明确诊断为PSH,给予镇静、降低交感神经活性等对症治疗,症状逐渐减轻,继续促醒治疗。结论 PSH极易与癫痫等疾病混淆,应积极探索PSH实验室特异性指标及关键影像学特征以提高诊断准确率,治疗应采用多种药物,配合非药物治疗,以提高临床疗效。     

慢性意识障碍患者阵发性交感神经过度兴奋综合征的临床分析

目的 探讨慢性意识障碍患者阵发性交感神经过度兴奋综合征（PSH）的发生率、与意识障碍严重程度的关系以及对意识的影响。方法 回顾性分析126例慢性意识障碍患者的临床资料,根据临床特征分为PSH组和对照组,发病后1年进行格拉斯哥结局量表（GOS）评分。比较两组患者性别、年龄、损伤机制、格拉斯哥昏迷量表（GCS）评分、修改版昏迷恢复量表（CRS-R）评分、脑电图结果（按照Synek标准分级）、重症监护时间（ICU时间）和GOS评分的差异。结果 慢性意识障碍患者PSH的发生率为26.19%（33/126）。在随访成功的83例患者中,PSH组26例,对照组57例;PSH组患者年龄（35.19±13.11）岁较对照组（42.86±16.17）岁年轻、GOS评分（1.88±0.99）分较对照组（2.53±1.36）分低、意识恢复的患者（6例,23.08%）较对照组（28例,49.12%）少,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;两组患者在性别、损伤机制、GCS评分、CRS-R评分、脑电图分级和ICU时间方面的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 PSH是慢性意识障碍患者的常见并发症,其发病年龄相对年轻,PSH的出现会阻碍患者意识恢复。     

艾司洛尔联合镇静镇痛治疗阵发性交感神经兴奋的效果

目的 探讨艾司洛尔联合镇静镇痛药物对神经外科重症患者并发阵发性交感神经兴奋的治疗效果.方法 以2019-01—2020-12因神经外科重症于南阳市第二人民医院手术治疗且在术后并发阵发性交感神经兴奋的患者96例为研究对象进行前瞻性随机对照研究,按照随机表法分为对照组和观察组各48例.2组患者在术后均给予吸氧、控制颅压、抗...     

重型颅脑外伤后阵发性交感神经过度兴奋综合征2例并文献复习

目的 探讨重型颅脑外伤后阵发性交感神经过度兴奋综合征(PSH)的临床特征、诊断及治疗。方法 对2例重型颅脑外伤后PSH患者的临床特征、诊疗过程进行回顾性分析。结果 2例患者均为年轻男性,均诊断为重型颅脑外伤,伤后20余天出现PSH症状。最初按癫痫或菌血症治疗未见缓解,此后选用普萘洛尔、地西泮发作时及发作间期进行治疗及预防,患者PSH症状逐步减轻,发作频率亦逐步减少,最后症状消失,在院期间未再次发作。结论 普萘洛尔联合地西泮可作为PSH的主要治疗方法,以防止症状持续发作或产生不良预后。     

合并阵发性交感神经过度兴奋综合征的意识障碍患者脑部结构特征的研究

目的研究阵发性交感神经过度兴奋综合征(paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity,PSH)患者在颅脑结构方面的特征性表现,描画PSH症状患者的特殊脑部结构变化;从而探索性阐述PSH发生的可能区域及机制。方法选择解放军总医院第七医学中心神经外科2018年1月—2018年12月收治的意识障碍(disorders of consciousness,DOC)患者共51例,经过筛选,入组患者34例。其中合并PSH及无合并PSH的患者各17例,分为两组。选用在容积分析菜单普通模式下的多模式节段分割命令,完成初期图像分割,采用手工分割方法在所有能够显示丘脑及脑干的MRI层面上描绘出核团轮廓线,测量比较两组脑干和丘脑体积。结果PSH组患者的脑干体积略大,两组患者的脑干体积差异有统计学意义(P=0.034)。PSH组与无PSH组相比右侧丘脑体积偏小,为(6082.1±1034.1)mm 3,两组差异有统计学意义(P=0.019)。而左侧丘脑体积,PSH组偏大,为(7972.7±2063.9)mm 3,两组的差异有统计学意义(P=0.025)。两组不同患者的PSH联合评分与6个月后昏迷恢复量表修订版(coma recovery scale-revised,CSR-R)评分呈正相关。结论右侧丘脑损伤的DOC患者更容易发生PSH,长期的PSH发作可能会对脑干及丘脑结构有一定的影响。慢性DOC患者的PSH症状出现可能提示更好的预后,在合理控制PSH发作的情况下,其意识水平恢复可能具有更好的潜力。     

A review of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after acquired brain injury

Severe excessive autonomic overactivity occurs in a subgroup of people surviving acquired brain injury, the majority of whom show paroxysmal sympathetic and motor overactivity. Delayed recognition of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) after brain injury may increase morbidity and long‐term disability. Despite its significant clinical impact, the scientific literature on this syndrome is confusing; there is no consensus on nomenclature, etiological information for diagnoses preceding the condition is poorly understood, and the evidence base underpinning our knowledge of the pathophysiology and management strategies is largely anecdotal. This systematic literature review identified 2 separate categories of paroxysmal autonomic overactivity, 1 characterized by relatively pure sympathetic overactivity and another group of disorders with mixed parasympathetic/sympathetic features. The PSH group comprised 349 reported cases, with 79.4% resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI), 9.7% from hypoxia, and 5.4% from cerebrovascular accident. Although TBI is the dominant causative etiology, there was some suggestion that the true incidence of the condition is highest following cerebral hypoxia. In total, 31 different terms were identified for the condition. Although the most common term in the literature was dysautonomia, the consistency of sympathetic clinical features suggests that a more specific term should be used. The findings of this review suggest that PSH be adopted as a more clinically relevant and appropriate term. The review highlights major problems regarding conceptual definitions, diagnostic criteria, and nomenclature. Consensus on these issues is recommended as an essential basis for further research in the area. ANN NEUROL 2010;68:126–135     

Magnetic resonance imaging findings of bilateral thalamic involvement in severe paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity: a pediatric case series

Purpose

Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity is a complication of brain injury that has mainly been described in the adult brain injury literature.

Methods

We present a case series of three pediatric patients that developed paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity of varying severity following hypoxic brain injury.

Results

Comparison of brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral and symmetric global ischemic changes in all three cases. However, the thalamus was not affected in the patient with the mild case of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity. In contrast, bilateral and symmetric damage to the thalamus was observed in the two severe cases.

Conclusions

Our case series suggests that in hypoxic brain injury, evidence of bilateral ischemic injury to the thalamus on magnetic resonance imaging may be an important early predictor of severity and length of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity. While this is an interesting observation, definite proof of our hypothesis requires further research including analysis of larger numbers of patients and comparison of MRI findings in children with hypoxic brain injury that do not develop paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity.

     

肠内营养支持对急性重症脑卒中患者预后的影响

目的 探讨肠内营养支持对急性重症脑卒中患者预后的影响.方法 将54例急性重症脑卒中患者随机分为营养支持组(30例)和对照组(24例),在常规治疗的基础上,分别给予能全力高能营养素合剂及普通流汁鼻饲.住院第1 d、10 d和21 d分别检测两组患者血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、三酰什油水平、美国国立卫生院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,统计感染发生率;入院30 d时进行日常生活能力量表(ADL)评定和分级.结果 住院第10 d、21 d两组患者各项营养指标均下降,对照组下降更为明显(均P<0.05);对照组第10d、21 d低蛋白血症发生率及感染发生率显著升高(均P<0.05);营养支持组第10 d、21 d感染发生率显著低于对照组(均P<0.05).第21 d两组NIHSS评分均有明显改善,营养支持组较对照组同期改善更为显著(均P<0.05),第30 d时临床痊愈率(ADL Ⅰ,23%)及与日常生活自理率(ADL Ⅰ～Ⅲ,86%)显著高于对照组(12%,66%,)(均P<0.05).结论 早期肠内营养支持可明显改善重症脑卒中患者的营养状况,降低感染的发生率,改善预后.     

Effect of tamsulosin hydrochloride on sympathetic hyperactivity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

We assessed subclinical sympathetic hyperactivity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, which might be followed by an autonomic spell leading to circulatory collapse, or sudden death as the disease progresses, and investigated the effect of tamsulosin hydrochloride (TSHC) on sympathetic hyperactivity. We measured the plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentrations of 41 ALS patients and 10 normal controls. TSHC, a selective alpha 1 blocker. was then administered to 10 ALS patients who had high plasma NE and to the 10 normal controls. Subsequent plasma NE change was evaluated for the possible alleviating effect of TSHC on subclinical sympathetic hyperactivity in ALS. Plasma NE was high in 20 of the ALS patients (48.8%), but had no relation to respiratory problems, which supports the previous speculation that plasma NE increases in ALS are not secondary to respiratory deficit, but reflect the primary pathomechanism of the disease. ALS patients showed a marked decrease in the NE concentration after TSHC administration, whereas there was no change in the controls. In conclusion, TSHC may be useful for suppressing central sympathetic hyperactivity, presumably the primary pathomechanism in ALS, and for preventing autonomic spells during the advanced stage of the disease.     

缺血性脑卒中急性期降压治疗对预后的影响

目的 探讨降压治疗对急性缺血性脑卒中预后的影响,比较早期降压与晚期降压的差异.方法 纳入2018-10—2020-08包头医学院第一附属医院神经内科急性脑梗死合并血压升高的患者54例,随机分为早期降压组和晚期降压组,记录2组患者14 d、30 d NIHSS评分和30 d、90 d mRS评分,比较2组预后.结果 早期...