Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in German intensive care units during 2000-2003: data from Project SARI (Surveillance of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Intensive Care Units).

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to analyze methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) percentages (defined as the percentage of S. aureus isolates that are resistant to methicillin) and antimicrobial consumption in intensive care units (ICUs) participating in Project SARI (Surveillance of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Intensive Care Units), to look for temporal changes in MRSA percentages and antimicrobial consumption in individual ICUs as an indicator of the impact of an active surveillance system, and to investigate the differences between ICUs with increased MRSA percentages versus those with decreased percentages during a period of 3 years (2001-2003). METHODS: This was a prospective, ICU-based and laboratory-based surveillance study involving 38 German ICUs during 2000-2003. Antimicrobial use was reported in terms of defined daily doses (DDDs) per 1,000 patient-days. Temporal changes in the MRSA percentage and antimicrobial use in individual ICUs were calculated by means of the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The incidence density of nosocomial MRSA infection was defined as the number of nosocomial MRSA infections per 1,000 patient-days. RESULTS: From February 2000 through December 2003, a total of 38 ICUs reported data on 499,694 patient-days and 9,552 S. aureus isolates, including 2,249 MRSA isolates and 660,029 DDDs of antimicrobials. Cumulative MRSA percentages ranged from 0% to 64.4%, with a mean of 23.6%. The MRSA incidence density ranged from 0 to 38.2 isolates per 1,000 patient-days, with a mean of 2.77 isolates per 1,000 patient-days. There was a positive correlation between MRSA percentage and imipenem and ciprofloxacin use (P<.05). Overall, comparison of data from 2001 with data from 2003 showed that MRSA percentages increased in 18 ICUs (median increase, 13.2% [range, 1.6%-38.4%]) and decreased in 14 ICUs (median decrease, 12% [range, 1.0%-48.4%]). Increased use of third-generation cephalosporins, glycopeptides, or aminoglycosides correlated significantly with an increase in the MRSA percentage (P<.05). The cumulative nosocomial MRSA infection incidence density for 141 ICUs that did not participate in SARI and, therefore, did not receive feedback increased from 0.26 to 0.35 infections per 1,000 patient-days during a 3-year period, whereas the rate in SARI ICUs decreased from 0.63 to 0.40 infections per 1,000 patient-days. CONCLUSION: The MRSA situation in German ICUs is still heterogeneous. Because MRSA percentages range from 0% to 64.4%, further studies are required to confirm findings that no change in the MRSA percentage and a decrease in the nosocomial MRSA infection incidence density in SARI ICUs reflect the impact of an active surveillance system.     

临床分离的2 208株病原体分布及耐药性

目的分析某院临床常见病原体分布及耐药性,为合理选用抗菌药物提供参考。方法采用WHONET5.5软件对该院2011年1月-2012年12月临床标本分离的2 208株病原体资料进行回顾性分析。结果2 208株病原体主要分离自痰标本（50.63%,1 118株）和尿标本(22.69%,501株）。其中革兰阴性（G-）菌1 418株（64.22%）,以大肠埃希菌（15.72%）居首位,其次为肺炎克雷伯菌（11.96%）、鲍曼不动杆菌（10.64%）和铜绿假单胞菌（9.83%）等;革兰阳性（G+）菌577株（26.13%）,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌（11.23%）;真菌213株（9.65%）。G-杆菌对亚胺培南的敏感性较好,但鲍曼不动杆菌耐药较为严重（耐药率55.74%～74.04%）;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）分别占69.76%和87.56%,未发现对万古霉素耐药的葡萄球菌属细菌。结论该院住院患者感染部位以呼吸道为主;病原菌耐药形势日趋严重,加强病原菌的耐药性监测,对指导临床合理使用抗菌药物及减缓多重耐药菌株形成具有重要意义。     

山东省101所医院重症监护病房患者分离细菌及耐药性特征

目的了解山东省重症监护病房(ICU)细菌分布及耐药情况。方法收集2014年山东省101所医院ICU及106所医院普通病房(非ICU)分离细菌的药敏数据,进行统计分析。结果共收集细菌24 458株,革兰阴性菌占80.37%,革兰阳性菌占19.63%。ICU分离居前5位的细菌依次为:肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。来源于ICU的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌、黏质沙雷菌对碳青霉烯类药物、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星耐药率高于非ICU来源菌株(均P0.01)。ICU分离鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、葡萄球菌属细菌对常用抗菌药物耐药率高于非ICU菌株(P0.05)。ICU分离鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率分别为78.0%、79.0%;铜绿假单胞菌对前述药物耐药率分别为25.5%、21.6%,对其他常用抗菌药物的耐药率30.0%。ICU耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率为39.7%,高于非ICU的26.0%(P0.05)。结论 ICU分离细菌耐药情况比较严重,应依据药敏结果指导抗菌药物合理应用,防止耐药菌感染扩散。     

A comparison of the antimicrobial resistance patterns of gram-negative bacilli isolated from community-private and university-affiliated hospitals from Puerto Rico

Few studies have been performed in Puerto Rico concerning the antimicrobial resistance pattern of clinically significant Gram-negative bacilli. The antimicrobial resistance patterns of 5,590 Gram-negative bacteria obtained from three Community-Private Hospitals (CPH) and three University-Affiliated Hospitals (UAH) were evaluated utilizing the institutions' antimicrobial susceptibility reports for the year 2000. The objectives of this study were: to retrospectively evaluate the reported in vitro resistance of clinical isolates of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, S. marcescens, P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii to selected standard antibiotics and to compare the antimicrobial resistance patterns between Community-Private (CPH) and University Affiliated hospitals (UAH). E. coli was the most common Gram-negative enteric bacilli in both CPH and UAH. In UAH, E. coli demonstrated a statistically significant higher resistance to the selected beta lactams and amikacin antibiotics but not to ciprofloxacin or gentamicin. For K. pneumoniae, the antimicrobial resistant pattern showed that UAH isolates were significantly more resistant to the tested antibiotics with the exception of ceftriaxone. In CPH, E. cloacae isolates were significantly more resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, while in UAH this organism was more resistant to amikacin. In UAH, S. marcescens isolates demonstrated a statistically significant higher resistance to all tested antibiotics with the exception of imipenem, which was similar in both hospitals group. Pseudomonas aeruginosa demonstrated a statistically significant higher resistance in UAH to all selected antibiotics with the exception of ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, which was similar in both hospitals group. Acinetobacter baumannii was the most resistant organisms in both hospitals group. UAH isolates were significantly more resistant than CPH isolates for all tested antibiotics. When compare with other large-scale antimicrobial resistance studies, the present study results suggest an apparent higher resistance in the Puerto Rican isolates. The high numbers of antimicrobial resistant Gram-negative bacilli in our study strongly suggest multiple mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance including the presence of extended spectrum and chromosomally derepressed beta-lactamases.     

Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus at the University of Chicago Hospitals: a 15-year longitudinal assessment in a large university-based hospital.

OBJECTIVES: To describe a longitudinal profile of resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobials among isolates of Staphylococcus aureus at a large university teaching hospital and to evaluate the impact of the methicillin resistance phenotype on resistance trends for non-beta-lactam antimicrobials. DESIGN: Retrospective evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility data for all 17,287 S. aureus isolates obtained from January 1986 through December 2000. SETTING: The University of Chicago Hospitals, a family of tertiary-care, university-affiliated hospitals in Chicago, Illinois, consisting of 547 adult and pediatric beds. RESULTS: The annual rate of resistance to methicillin increased from 13% in 1986 to 28% in 2000 (P < .001) and has not plateaued. For each non-beta-lactam antimicrobial tested, the annual rates of resistance were far higher among methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates than among methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. The annual rates of resistance to the macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin (MLS) antimicrobials erythromycin and clindamycin increased among MSSA isolates (P < .01), but remained lower than 20%. Resistance to the MLS antimicrobials was higher among MRSA isolates (higher than 60%), but the annual rate decreased significantly during the study (P < .01). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of methicillin resistance among S. aureus isolates has continued to increase; resistance to non-beta-lactam antimicrobials is far more common among MRSA isolates. Recent decreases in the proportion of MRSA isolates resistant to non-beta-lactam antimicrobials suggest important changes in the epidemiology of this pathogen.     

1992～2001年烧伤病房病原菌分布及葡萄球菌耐药性分析

目的：了解近10年烧伤病区感染病原菌的变迁和葡萄球菌的耐药性。方法：比较1992-1996年和1997—2001年两组烧伤病人的创面培养、血培养和静脉导管培养结果，对细菌检出及葡萄球菌的药敏进行综合分析。结果：金黄色葡萄球菌的检出率占第一位，铜绿假单胞菌的检出率也在增加，尤其是血培养和静脉导管培养，两组比较，差异有显性(P＜0．05)。万古霉素对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)有很高的抗菌活性，敏感性为100％，其次是复方新诺明，其余抗生素对MRSA的抗菌活性较差。结论：金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌是烧伤病区的主要病原菌，万古霉素等糖肽类抗生素是治疗MRSA感染的可靠药物。     

2008—2010年某院临床主要病原菌分布及耐药性变迁

目的探讨某院临床近年主要病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法收集该院2008年1月-2010年12月分离自门诊及住院患者的病原菌资料,对其构成及耐药性作统计分析。结果共分离病原菌7 008株,其中革兰阴性菌3 961株（56.52％）,革兰阳性菌1 582株（22.57％）,真菌1 465株（20.91％）;居前3位的病原菌依次为白假丝酵母菌（1 015株,15.00%）、铜绿假单胞菌（906株,12.93%）、大肠埃希菌（874株,12.47%）。2008-2010年,金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林株总检出率为85.07％(678/797),凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林株总检出率为73.17％(150/205);大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β 内酰胺酶株的总检出率分别为64.19％（561/874）、46.31％（301/650）。金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁敏感,对复方磺胺甲口恶唑敏感率（68.42％～74.51%）较高,对其余抗菌药物敏感率均＜30%;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁敏感;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感率（95.52％～100.00％）最高,大肠埃希菌对第三代头孢菌素头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮和氟喹诺酮类环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星敏感率均＜30％。3年铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶和美罗培南的敏感率均较高,分别为60.31%~85.83%、59.38%~73.23%。结论该院分离的主要病原菌对常用抗菌药物耐药性普遍较高,应加强监控,合理使用抗菌药物,有效预防和控制医院感染的发生。     

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and fluoroquinolone use

Few long-term multicenter investigations have evaluated the relationships between aggregate antimicrobial drug use in hospitals and bacterial resistance. We measured fluoroquinolone use from 1999 through 2003 in a network of US hospitals. The percentages of fluoroquinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were obtained from yearly antibiograms at each hospital. Univariate linear regression showed significant associations between a hospital's volume of fluoroquinolone use and percent resistance in most individual study years (1999-2001 for P. aeruginosa, 1999-2002 for S. aureus). When the method of generalized estimating equations was used, a population-averaged longitudinal model incorporating total fluoroquinolone use and the previous year's resistance (to account for autocorrelation) did not show a significant effect of fluoroquinolone use on percent resistance for most drug-organism combinations, except for the relationship between levofloxacin use and percent MRSA. The ecologic relationship between fluoroquinolone use and resistance is complex and requires further study.     

A comparison of the antimicrobial resistance patterns of gram-positive cocci isolated from community-private and university-affiliated hospitals from Puerto Rico

The antimicrobial resistance patterns of 2,462 selected Gram-positive cocci obtained from three Community-Private Hospitals (CPH) and three University-Affiliated Hospitals (UAH) were evaluated utilizing the institutions' antimicrobial susceptibility reports for the year 2000. The objectives of this study were: 1) to evaluate the in vitro resistance to selected standard antibiotics of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates, and 2) to compare the antimicrobial resistance patterns between community-private (CPH) and university-affiliated hospitals (UAH). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common Gram-positive isolated organism in CPH (63.3%) followed by E. faecalis (31.0%). In UAH, the most prevalent cocci were E. faecalis (51.7%) followed by S. aureus (43.9%). Enterococcus faecium represented 2.3% and 4.4% of CPH and UAH isolates, respectively. Streptococcus pneumoniae represented 3.4% of the total Gram-positive isolates from CPH, no S. pneumoniae was reported in UAH. The antimicrobial susceptibility results showed that for Staphylococcus aureus there was a statistically significant higher resistance to methicillin and thrimethoprim sulfamethoxazole in UAH, while resistance to erythromycin was significantly higher in CPH. There was no difference in the resistance of S. aureus to other antimicrobial agents between hospitals groups. A statistically significant resistant to vancomycin was found between enterococcal isolates from UAH (43%) and CPH (12.7%). High-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) was observed among UAH enterococcal isolates with E. faecium showing a higher resistance than E. faecalis, no data for HLAR in CPH could be obtained. For pneumococci 46% of CPH isolates were resistant to penicillin. In summary, there are important differences in the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance between the Gram-positive bacteria isolated from community and teaching hospitals.     

Microbiology of surgical site infections and associated antimicrobial use among Vietnamese orthopedic and neurosurgical patients.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the pathogens associated with surgical site infections (SSIs) and describe patterns of antimicrobial use and resistance in orthopedic and neurosurgical patients in a large university hospital in Vietnam. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. PATIENTS: All patients who had operations during a 5-week study period. RESULTS: Of 702 surgical patients, 80 (11.4%) developed an SSI. The incidence of SSI among orthopedic patients was 15.2% (48 of 315), and among neurosurgical patients it was 8.3% (32 of 387). Postoperative bacterial cultures of samples from the surgical sites were performed for 55 (68.8%) of the 80 patients with SSI; 68 wound swab specimens and 10 cerebrospinal fluid samples were cultured. Of these 78 cultures, 60 (76.9%) were positive for a pathogen, and 15 (25%) of those 60 cultures yielded multiple pathogens. The 3 most frequently isolated pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (29.5% of isolates), Staphylococcus aureus (11.5% of isolates), and Escherichia coli (10.3% of isolates). Ninety percent of S. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant, 91% of P. aeruginosa isolates were ceftazidime resistant, and 38% of E. coli isolates were cefotaxime resistant. All but 1 of the 702 patients received antimicrobial therapy after surgery, and the median duration of antimicrobial therapy was 11 days. Commonly used antimicrobials included aminopenicillins and second- and third-generation cephalosporins. Two or more agents were given to 634 (90%) of the patients, and most combination drug regimens (86%) included an aminoglycoside. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that the incidence of SSI is high in our study population, that the main pathogens causing SSI are gram-negative bacteria and are often resistant to commonly used antimicrobials, that the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials after surgery is widespread, and that implementation of interventions aimed at promoting appropriate and evidence-based use of antimicrobials are needed in Vietnam.     

2010年度卫生部全国细菌耐药监测报告:非ICU住院感染患者细菌耐药监测

目的 了解全国2010年非ICU住院患者临床分离细菌分布及耐药性.方法 收集2010年1月1日-12月31日全国129所医院非ICU住院患者临床分离细菌药物敏感性试验数据,根据2010年美国临床实验室标准化研究所标准,用WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分析.结果 共获得临床分离菌216 872株,其中革兰阴性菌152 351株,占70.2％;革兰阳性菌64 521株,占29.8％;最常见的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌与凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为52.1％、83.8％;未发现耐万古霉素葡萄球菌,粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素耐药率分别为0.6％和3.3％,未发现耐利奈唑胺肠球菌属;耐青霉素肺炎链球菌检出率为10.7％;有5.9％和1.8％大肠埃希菌及9.1％和3.5％肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药;铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药率约为20.0％,鲍氏不动杆菌耐药率超过铜绿假单胞菌.结论 我国非ICU住院患者感染致病细菌耐药现象仍较为普遍,但同上年度相比,多数细菌耐药率未呈上升趋势.     

临床不同标本分离金黄色葡萄球菌的药物敏感性

目的了解某院金黄色葡萄球菌感染分布及药物敏感性。方法对2011年1月-2012年8月该院分离的520株金黄色葡萄球菌标本来源和药敏结果进行分析。结果520株金黄色葡萄球菌中,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）总检出率为23.27%(121/520),其中痰标本MRSA检出率最高,达80.82%,其次是尿液（33.33%）、血液（25.00%）、引流物标本（18.31%）,皮肤组织检出率最低,仅11.38%。未发现对万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌;金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、复方磺胺甲口恶唑、呋喃妥因均较敏感。皮肤组织来源的MRSA对庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、莫西沙星、利福平、四环素的敏感率高于其他标本来源的MRSA（P＜0.05）;对红霉素、克林霉素敏感率低于其他标本来源MRSA（P＜0.05）。MRSA对青霉素完全耐药,其中社区感染MRSA对庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、莫西沙星、利福平、四环素的敏感率高于医院感染MRSA（P＜0.05）;对红霉素、克林霉素、复方磺胺甲口恶唑的敏感率低于医院感染MRSA（P＜0.05）。结论金黄色葡萄球菌是该院分离的重要病原菌,耐药性强,临床应根据药敏试验结果合理使用抗菌药物。     

Genodiversity of resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in relation to antimicrobial usage density and resistance rates in intensive care units.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the assumption that resistance rates in intensive care units (ICUs) are markedly influenced by cross-transmission events in addition to high rates of antimicrobial usage. METHODS: This was a prospective ICU- and laboratory-based surveillance study involving 35 German ICUs from 1999 through 2004. A total of 585 ciprofloxacin- or imipenem-resistant isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated together with resistance rate and unit-based antimicrobial usage density. Antimicrobial use was reported in terms of defined daily doses per 1,000 patient-days. All the strains were assigned to ICU-based genotypes. Genodiversity was calculated as the numbers of indistinguishable ICU-based genotypes found per isolates tested. Reduced ICU-based genodiversity was taken as an indirect measure of frequently occurring cross-transmission events. RESULTS: The genodiversity of ciprofloxacin- and imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates was significantly lower ([Formula: see text], by Fisher exact test) in ICUs with high resistance rate and low antimicrobial usage density (genodiversity, 0.50 and 0.50, respectively) than in ICUs that featured low resistance rate in the presence of high antimicrobial usage density (genodiversity, 0.90 and 0.95, respectively). In ICUs with low genodiversity, there was a greater rise in resistance rate with increasing antimicrobial usage density, compared with that in ICUs with high diversity. CONCLUSIONS: This study on resistant P. aeruginosa isolates supports the assumption that high resistance rate in the presence of low antimicrobial usage density results from more-frequent cross-transmission events. A greater rise in resistance rate with increasing antimicrobial usage density in ICUs with low genodiversity indicates that resistance rate in ICUs might be markedly determined by cross-transmission events other than antimicrobial usage.     

Impact of antibiotic changes in empirical therapy on antimicrobial resistance in intensive care unit-acquired infections

We conducted a one-year prospective study on intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired infections and antimicrobial resistance patterns in an 18-bed medical-surgical ICU of a tertiary-care university hospital. We divided the study into two six-month periods in order to evaluate the impact of antibiotic changes in empirical therapy on antimicrobial resistance profiles of the principal isolated micro-organisms. In the first period no changes were made to the previously applied empirical antibiotic protocol; at the end of this period we found high rates of methicillin resistance (MR) among staphylococci, 93% for Staphylococcus aureus (69 isolates) and 79% for coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) (48 isolates), and of multiple drug resistance for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (57 isolates), in particular 67% resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam (PIP/TZ). We therefore decided to substitute PIP/TZ with imipenem in nosocomial pneumonia and with cefepime plus metronidazole in peritonitis. We also considered the previous use of amoxicillin/clavulanate (AM/CL) at admission in critically ill patients inadequate; we therefore advised that no antibiotics should be given unless fever developed and eventually to replace AM/CL with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). At the end of this intervention period, we observed a significant decrease of S. aureus MR (93 vs. 73%, P = 0.003) and of P. aeruginosa resistance to PIP/TZ (67 vs. 29%, P < 0.001). A reduction in MR was also seen in CNS (79 vs. 64%, P = 0.09). Other resistance patterns also improved among staphylococci; in contrast P. aeruginosa resistance to imipenem increased in the second period (24 vs. 41%, P = 0.06). A non-premeditated change of antibiotics in empirical therapy, on the basis of detected resistance patterns, provided promising results in reducing some antimicrobial resistance rates. We believe, however, that antibiotic changes must be tailored to local microbiological situation monitoring, and that a repeated rotation is crucial to limit the emergence of new resistance profiles. Furthermore the adoption of this policy should be accompanied by other infection control practices aimed at reducing antimicrobial resistance and nosocomial infection rates.     

急性期卒中相关性肺炎的病原菌及其耐药性

目的了解急性期脑卒中患者肺部感染的病原菌构成及耐药情况,指导临床抗菌药物的使用。方法回顾性调查2008-2013年某三级甲等综合医院收治的卒中相关性肺炎（SAP）患者,分析其痰培养病原菌构成及药敏试验结果。结果共调查SAP患者98例,痰标本中共分离病原菌124株,其中革兰阴性（G-）菌75株（占60.48%）,革兰阳性（G+）菌44株（占35.49%）,真菌5株（占4.03%）。存在混合感染的患者21例（21.43%）,治疗过程中出现细菌变更者23例（23.47%）。检出菌株数居前4位的依次为金黄色葡萄球菌（43株,占34.68%）、肺炎克雷伯菌（19株,占15.32%）、铜绿假单胞菌及鲍曼不动杆菌（各18株,各占14.52%）。肺炎克雷伯菌对常见抗菌药物的耐药率均＜32%,对头孢他啶、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星、妥布霉素均100%敏感。鲍曼不动杆菌及铜绿假单胞菌均呈现严重的多重耐药（MDR）现象,鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢他啶的耐药率＞80%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为33.33%。真菌中未检出耐药菌株。结论该院SAP患者的主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌,且除肺炎克雷伯菌外,其余均耐药严重,临床医生应根据其分布特点及药敏情况合理选择抗菌药物。     

某院近5年痰标本分离病原菌及耐药性分析

目的了解某院近5年呼吸科呼吸道感染患者痰标本主要病原菌分布及耐药性变化,为临床感染控制和指导合理用药提供依据。方法常规培养分离细菌,应用VITEK2和Phoenix100全自动细菌鉴定分析仪鉴定菌株;药敏试验采用K-B纸片扩散法,按美国临床实验室标准化协会(CLSI)发布的标准操作。结果 2009—2013年该院呼吸科住院患者痰标本共分离病原菌1 829株,其中革兰阴性杆菌1 442株(78.84%),革兰阳性球菌387株(21.16%)。主要革兰阴性杆菌为鲍曼不动杆菌(21.76%)、铜绿假单胞菌(18.70%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(11.70%)、大肠埃希菌(7.16%);主要革兰阳性球菌为金黄色葡萄球菌和屎肠球菌,分别占11.76%和4.70%。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率为61.83%和34.45%。鲍曼不动杆菌对阿米卡星、亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率均70%;铜绿假单胞菌对头孢吡肟和头孢他啶的耐药率分别为22.22%和51.46%,对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为49.71%和49.42%。金黄色葡萄球菌中出现了对利奈唑胺耐药的菌株,对呋喃妥因的耐药率6.0%,5年中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的检出率为88.37%;2013年,肠球菌属对利奈唑胺、替考拉宁的耐药率均为4.35%,对万古霉素的耐药率达8.70%。结论该院呼吸科呼吸道感染患者主要感染病原菌为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌,对临床多种常用抗菌药物的耐药率均较高,呈现多药耐药现象。     

2009—2013年某院重症监护病房常见细菌及耐药变迁

目的了解重症监护病房（ICU）近5年检出的常见细菌及其耐药性变迁,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法收集某三甲医院2009—2013年ICU患者送检标本分离的细菌,对其进行鉴定及药物敏感试验。结果2009—2013年ICU共分离细菌1 196株,居前5位的细菌为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,分别占29.60%、14.38%、12.21%、12.21%、11.37%。2009—2013年金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林、庆大霉素、克林霉素、环丙沙星和利福平耐药率呈逐年下降趋势（均P＜0.05）, 5年未出现对万古霉素耐药的菌株;铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、氨曲南、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、妥布霉素和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率呈下降趋势（均P＜0.05）,2009—2012年亚胺培南耐药率为32.26%～46.43%,2013年为16.00%;鲍曼不动杆菌对阿米卡星、妥布霉素和复方磺胺甲口恶唑的耐药率均呈下降趋势（均P＜0.05）, 2009—2011年阿米卡星耐药率均＞80%,2013年则为10.53%,5年间鲍曼不动杆菌对大部分抗菌药物具有较高的耐药性（耐药率＞80%）。2009—2013年肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢唑林、头孢吡肟、阿米卡星和氨曲南等的耐药率呈下降趋势（均P＜0.05）。结论该院ICU常见感染细菌对部分抗菌药物耐药性呈下降趋势,可能与国家政策的出台和医院的管理有关, 建议继续加强抗菌药物管理,合理使用抗菌药物,防止细菌耐药性增加。     

老年科患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解某院老年科2013年临床分离病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床用药提供参考。方法对2013年1—12月老年科患者送检临床标本中分离的病原菌分布及耐药情况进行统计分析。结果 1 896株病原菌中,革兰阴性(G-)菌1 289株(占67.99%),革兰阳性(G+)菌493株(占26.00%),真菌114株(占6.01%);其中,居前4位的病原菌分别是肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检出率分别为53.26%、31.10%;金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林检出率分别为22.47%、80.00%,肠球菌耐万古霉素检出率为3.10%。肺炎克雷伯菌、肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、厄他培南均高度敏感。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为79.48%,对美罗培南的耐药率为80.35%,对铜绿假单胞菌耐药率最低的是阿米卡星(10.70%)。G+球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺敏感性高。结论老年患者病原菌以G-菌为主,耐药情况严重,开展细菌耐药性监测,对指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,控制细菌耐药有重要意义。     

医院获得性与社区获得性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性差异

目的对比分析某院医院获得性与社区获得性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的耐药性,为临床治疗和合理应用抗菌药物提供参考。方法收集并分析2013年5月—2014年6月某院分离的金黄色葡萄球菌,采用VITEK2 Compact全自动微生物鉴定仪及药敏系统进行鉴定和药物敏感性试验,并结合临床资料进行医院与社区获得性感染的诊断。结果共分离MRSA84株(医院获得性61株、社区获得性23株),医院获得性与社区获得性MRSA对青霉素G、苯唑西林的耐药率均为100.00%;对氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为100.00%和95.65%;对复方磺胺甲口恶唑的耐药率分别为39.34%和34.78%。医院获得性MRSA对庆大霉素、四环素、红霉素、克林霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、莫西沙星、呋喃妥因、利福平的耐药率均高于社区获得性MRSA,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.001)。结论医院获得性与社区获得性MRSA的耐药性均比较严重,应加强监测,临床治疗中要根据药敏试验合理选择抗菌药物。     

住院患儿MSSA与MRSA的分布特点及耐药性

目的比较住院患儿甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)与耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的分布及耐药特点,为临床经验治疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析2011—2015年某院住院患儿分离的金黄色葡萄球菌及其临床资料,比较MSSA与MRSA的分布及耐药特点。结果共分离金黄色葡萄球菌919株,其中MSSA632株(68.77%),MRSA 287株(31.23%)。MSSA与MRSA感染患儿中29d~1岁婴儿组所占比率最高,分别为65.03%、64.11%。MSSA和MRSA标本主要来自痰(80.38%、79.09%)。MSSA和MRSA主要分布科室均为儿童呼吸科(50.73%、45.89%)和儿童神经内科(22.98%、26.84%)。MSSA对除青霉素和红霉素外的抗菌药物耐药率均20.00%;MRSA对青霉素、苯唑西林、红霉素及克林霉素的耐药率均40.00%;MRSA对四环素、红霉素、克林霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、莫西沙星、呋喃妥因及利福平的耐药率均高于MSSA。结论住院患儿分离的金黄色葡萄球菌以MSSA为主,1岁以内婴儿为主要分离人群;呼吸道标本来源的MSSA和MRSA主要分布科室相似,MRSA的耐药率普遍高于MSSA。