试用多管发酵法检测生活饮用水中粪大肠菌群

2001年国家卫生部在《生活饮用水卫生标准》的基础上，重新修订颁布了《生活饮用水卫生规范》，新增了粪大肠菌群为常规必检项目。粪大肠菌群作为水源粪便污染指标，主要以该菌群的检出情况来表示检样中是否有有机物污染。粪大肠菌群数的高低，标示了粪便污染程度，也预示了对人体健康危害性的大小。为了在我区尽早开展粪大肠菌群检测，我们用多管发酵法对此检测项目进行了尝试。     

简化的生活饮用水总大肠菌群MPN检索表

2006年12月29日由中华人民共和国卫生部、中国国家标准化管理委员会发布,2007年7月1日实施的GB/T5750.12-2006生活饮用水标准检验方法微生物指标,总大肠菌群测定的多管发酵法与GB/T5750-1985有所不同,其15管(总接种量55.5mL,其中5份10mL水样,5份1mL水样,5份0.1mL水样)法MPN检索表经整理可简化如下.     

饮用水纯净水监测结果分析

我们对2004年本市区生产厂家的320份桶装和瓶装饮用水进行监测,现将结果报告如下:1材料与方法1.1材料来源本市区各生产厂家生产的桶装和瓶装饮用纯净水,其中桶装181份,瓶装139份,样品均在保质期内。1.2监测项目和评价标准理化指标:色度、浊度、肉眼可见物、PH值、亚硝酸盐、电导率、氯化物。微生物指标:菌落总数、大肠菌群、致病菌、酵母菌、霉菌。评价标准:《瓶装饮用纯净水标准》(GB1732321998及GB1732421998)。2结果2.1全年共监测样品320份,合格243份,合格率75.93%。监测的饮用纯净水理化指标合格率较高,理化指标、微生物指标合格率之…     

关于插图制作的要求

2006年12月29日由中华人民共和国卫生部、中国国家标准化管理委员会发布,2007年7月1日实施的GB/T5750.12-2006生活饮用水标准检验方法微生物指标,总大肠菌群测定的多管发酵法与GB/T5750-1985有所不同,其15管(总接种量55.5mL,其中5份10mL水样,5份1mL水样,5份0.1mL水样)法MPN检索     

桶装饮用纯净水卫生质量检测结果分析

目的 :通过对市场销售的桶装饮用纯净水的卫生质量进行检测 ,了解我区市售的桶装饮用纯净水卫生状况。方法 :2 0 0 3年 3月～ 2 0 0 4年 3月对市场销售的桶装饮用纯净水 (5加仑 )随机抽样监测 77个样品 ,对其理化指标和微生物指标进行检测。结果 :77个样品的桶装饮用纯净水中 ,5 4个合格 ,合格率为 70 .1% ;其中不合格样品中细菌总数超标较为严重 ,总合格率仅为 70 .1% ;其余项目合格率均在 92 %以上。结论 :我区市面上出售的桶装饮用纯净水卫生质量较高。     

生活饮用水大肠菌群快速纸片法和多管发酵法检测结果比较

大肠菌群测定是检测生活饮用水情况的重要指标，具有广泛的卫生学意义。目前，我国环保部门检测大中大肠菌群常用传统的多管发酵法，但该方法准备工作量大，操作复杂，周期长，无法满足大指样品快速检测的需求［1］。1956年，Forg等提出的快速纸片在餐具消毒等的定性检测中得到了广泛应用，并被列入我国卫生部《生活饮用水检验规范（2001）》及国家环保总局《水和废水监测分析方法（第4版）》中的C类方法。本次研究中，通过对比分析快速纸片法与多管发酵法在生活饮用水中的大肠菌群的试验结果，探讨两种方法在生活饮用水大肠菌群检测中的应用，现报道如下。     

旱灾期农村饮用水微生物污染状况调查分析

目的:了解凌云县旱灾期农村饮用水微生物污染状况.方法:对凌云县旱灾期农村饮用水按GB/T5750.12-2006规定的方法进行菌落总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群检测.结果:按照<生活饮用水卫生标准>(GB5749-2006)评价标准,细菌菌落总数检出率为38.32%,总大肠菌群检出率为65.88%,耐热大肠菌群检出率为47.06%.结论:凌云县农村饮用水微生物污染比较严重,存在暴发肠道传染病的可能性.     

一起饮用水污染引起的食物中毒合并群体性心因性反应事件的调查报告

目的调查一起饮用水污染引起的食物中毒合并群体性心因性反应事件。方法对某中学学生的就餐、饮水等情况进行调查分析，对所采集的5个食品样品、10份肛门拭子和2份水样进行了沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、腊样芽胞杆菌等常见食物中毒病原菌的检验。结果经检验所检样品未检出以上病原菌。采集的两份水样：细菌总数：97cfu／ml，总大肠菌群：17MPN／100ml，后者超出国家生活饮用水标准17倍；从两份水样中均检出变形杆菌。结论根据流行病学调查、病人的临床症状和检验结果，确定这是一起饮用水污染引起的食物中毒合并群体性心因性反应事件。     

某市部分郊县2010~2011农村生活饮用水卫生细菌学的调查

目的了解雅安市所辖名山、芦山、宝兴三县的农村饮用水工程供水情况。方法 2010年3月至2011年8月,分枯水期（3月）和丰水期（8月）对我市3县的农村饮用水工程采样172件和170件。结果在枯水期共检测水样172件,菌落总数合格150件,合格率为87.20%;总大肠菌群合格104件,合格率为60.47%;耐热大肠菌群合格107件,合格率为62.21%。在丰水期检测水样170件,菌落总数合格145件,合格率为85.30%;总大肠菌群合格71件,合格率为41.76%;耐热大肠菌群合格80件,合格率为47.06%。结论调查水样的合格率偏低,且受人蓄粪便污染情况比较严重。     

自来水的风险之路

在水厂检验合格的自来水,在流经自来水管网到达千家万户前,是否就能保证卫生合格呢?在中国,对于处理过的生活饮用水有2个标准:一个是生活饮用水卫生标准(GB 5749-2006),即自来水的标准,一个是饮用净水水质标准(CJ94-2006),即管道直饮水和瓶装纯净水的标准。符合这两个标准的水,都是可以直接饮用的水。     

Assessing levels of pathogenic contamination in a heavily impacted river used as a drinking-water source

This paper describes initial results from a research program that aims to gain greater understanding of sources of pathogens and the environmental factors that influence their survival and transport in watersheds. An additional goal is to enhance the ability to predict potential levels of pathogenic microorganisms arriving at drinking-water treatment plant intakes. The objectives will be supported by an intensive monitoring program examining the temporal and spatial variability of pathogens in a test watershed (the Grand River Watershed, Ontario). As many as 500,000 people potentially receive at least part of their drinking water from the Grand River. The watershed has significant urban and agricultural use. Sampling for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Campylobacter spp. began in July 2002. Although presumptive tests were occasionally positive, no Escherichia coli O157:H7 or Campylobacter spp. were confirmed to be present in water samples taken. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was, however, detected in a tributary of the Grand River during an initial investigation. Preliminary results did not show any statistically significant differences between coliform concentrations upstream and downstream of wastewater treatment plants. Data suggest that nonpoint sources may have a greater effect on routine stream coliform concentrations.     

The effect of reservoir-induced circulation on numbers of indicator bacteria in freshwater swim embayments

The objectives of the investigation were to determine specific hydraulic exchange rates that provide water in swim embayments that will meet fecal coliform standards for swimming, and to determine the water quality parameters that reflect rates of exchange of main channel waters with swim embayment waters. Bacteriology, water chemistry and hydraulic exchange rates were determined on three test swim embayments of good, acceptable, or unacceptable water quality. It was concluded that: (1) fecal coliform numbers may increase 50–100% above background even with high hydraulic exchange; (2) 93% of the embayment water must be exchanged every 24 h to meet coliform standards; (3) the ratio of fecal coliforms, turbidity, and temperature in swim waters to those same parameters in exchange waters is the most accurate way of assessing exchange; and (4) sediments act as a repository for enteric bacteria.     

Occurrence of compounds estrogenic to freshwater mussels in surface waters in an urban area

Estrogens play a major role in the sexual differentiation, gonad development, and oocyte growth of most oviparous organisms. They also stimulate vitellogenesis, the formation of high‐density glycolipophosphoprotein that serves as an energy source for the developing embryo. Surface waters from the St. Lawrence River, obtained in the vicinity of an urban area (Montreal, Quebec, Canada), were studied with respect to their estrogenic potential to the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata. Estrogenicity was measured in water extracts by means of a competitive assay of estradiol binding to cytosolic proteins and by the vitellin‐inducing ability of mussel hemolymph following direct extract injection. Surface‐water samples drawn downstream of a municipal outfall plume and in a river draining a large farming and agricultural area had high levels of total and fecal coliform bacteria. High levels of estrogen competitors were also found and were able to induce vitellins in injected mussels. Moreover, the estrogen‐competing potential of the extracts was found to be significantly correlated with total and fecal coliform bacteria (R=0.9, p<0.01) and with the levels of vitellins in the hemolymph (R=0.62, p=0.03). The results indicate that water samples drawn from within the municipal effluent plume and from a river draining an agricultural area are estrogenic to freshwater mussels. Thus, the environmental inputs of estrogens are likely to be associated with human sewage and pesticide products. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 260–268, 2001     

Bacteriological quality of Finnish rivers and lakes

Long-term trends in the bacteriological quality of Finnish rivers and lakes were investigated on the basis of some 64,000 observations of thermotolerant coliform bacteria (ThC) and 147,000 observations of fecal streptococci (FS) carried out in 1963–1993. Annual medians of ThC and FS were calculated for rivers and lakes of ten large drainage basins that together cover the whole country. In the lakes of all drainage basins the medians were low, typically less than 10 CFU (colony forming units) in 100 mL, often nondetectable, and trends were rare. Rivers were consistently more polluted than lakes. River water quality was best in sparsely populated areas of the north, where the medians were generally about 10 CFU in 100 mL. In coastal areas in the south and southwest rivers were more polluted and the medians typically exceeded the limit for good swimming water (100 CFU in 100 mL). Although the bacterial medians of rivers fluctuated, they often showed a decreasing trend in the 1960s and 1970s. This decrease occurred simultaneously with water pollution control measures carried out in the country. After the 1980s the decreasing trends, however, did not continue. Both ThC and FS had similar dynamics. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 12: 15–21, 1997     

饮水机微生物污染状况调查

目的 了解饮水机使用卫生状况,为饮水机清洗消毒提供科学依据。方法 采用统一设计的调查表格,按照国家标准GB4789．1-94和GB4789．2-94检验方法随机抽样进行菌落总数和大肠杆菌测定。结果 居民家庭、办公场所及饮食服务业三类饮水机均未进行清洗消毒,所采水样菌落总数大部分严重超标,大肠菌群检出率为20％～66．6%。结论 饮水机污染已成为不可忽视的卫生问题,所谓纯净水、矿泉水等直接饮用存在安全隐患。     

Coliphage association with coliform indicators: A case study in Peru

The associations between traditional coliform/fecal coliform indicator tests and coliphage, Presence/Absence (P/A), A-1 broth, and H₂S paper strip tests are evaluated for Peruvian waters. Drinking water samples showed that the P/A test was the most sensitive, producing the greatest number of positive results. In drinking water, in some of the samples, the only indicator organisms present were coliphage. The incidence of coliphage in these potable water supplies reflects the probability of human pathogenic viruses also surviving the treatment processes accorded those samples.     

口服药品控制菌标准的研究

目的：以药品的不同卫生指标：大肠杆菌、粪大肠菌群、大肠菌群的检出率进行比较,为口服药品卫生的修订提供科学依据。方法：按中国药典和国标《食品卫生检验方法》进行检测,结果：以大肠菌群为卫生指标的检出率远高于大肠杆菌、粪大肠菌群;而粪大肠菌群的检出率为０。结论：大肠菌群作为口服药吕的控制菌较为合理,将使药品有更高的安全性。     

Exposure to pollutants present in Iguaçu River Southern Brazil affect the health of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758): Assessment histological,genotoxic and biochemical

Urban sewage is a source of major contamination in aquatic systems and contributes to environmental and human health disturbances. This study investigates the effects of sewage-polluted waters from Iguaçu River on the health of juvenile Oreochromis niloticus. Two hundred four specimens were exposed to riverine water in four groups: no diluted, 25 and 50 % diluted water and a control group without tested water for 72 days. Biological samples were obtained for histopathological, neurotoxicity, antioxidant defenses, genotoxicity, metallothionines expression and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) metabolites. The results showed histopathological alterations in liver and gills, genotoxic alteration in erythrocytes, reduction of acetylcholinesterase activity in brain and muscle, activation of antioxidant defenses in the liver, recruitment of metals by metallothionein and the detection of PAHs metabolites in bile. These results demonstrate that juveniles of O. niloticus are susceptible to Iguaçu River exposure water and they can be used as indicator of water quality.     

竹叶椒片对大肠杆菌所致大鼠慢性盆腔炎的治疗作用

目的:研究竹叶椒片对大肠杆菌所致大鼠慢性盆腔炎的治疗作用。方法:采用大肠杆菌O-B4标准菌株的菌液注入大鼠子宫内,制备大鼠慢性盆腔炎动物模型。大鼠分6组:假手术组、模型组、竹叶椒大、中、小剂量组和妇科千金片组,分别给予相应药物,每天ig 2次,连续21 d。然后测定大鼠免疫功能并进行大鼠子宫组织形态学观察。结果:给药组大鼠血清凝集素效价显著升高,淋巴细胞转化指数也明显提高,组织形态学观察发现给药组大鼠慢性盆腔炎病理改变明显减轻。结论:竹叶椒片对大肠杆菌所致大鼠慢性盆腔炎有明显治疗作用。