Effect of ethanolic extract of Embelia ribes on dyslipidemia in diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus has been treated orally with herbal remedies based on folk medicine since ancient times. Embelia ribes burm (Myrsinaceae), known commonly as vidanga, was used in Ayurveda for its anthelmintic activity. Ayurveda describes vidanga as pungent, causes increase in digestive fire, and cures flatulence and colic. A single study reported the antihyperglycemic activity of decoction of E. ribes in glucose-induced hyperglycemic albino rabbits. In the present study, the lipid-lowering and antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of E. ribes burm was investigated in streptozotocin (40 mg/kg, IV, single injection)-induced diabetes in rats. Twenty days of orally feeding the extract (200 mg/kg) to diabetic rats resulted in significant (P < 0.01) decrease in blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, and triglycerides, and increase in HDL-cholesterol levels when compared to pathogenic diabetic rats. Further, the extract also lowered the liver and pancreas thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARSs) values (P < 0.01) when compared to TBARS values of liver and pancreas of pathogenic diabetic rats. The results of test drug were comparable to gliclazide (25 mg/kg, orally), a standard antihyperglycemic agent. This is the first pilot study to provide biochemical evidence of potential of E. ribes in diabetic dyslipidemia.     

金雀异黄素对糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢及肾脏的影响

目的探讨金雀异黄素(又称染料木黄酮,genistein,Gen)对糖尿病(DM)大鼠血糖、胰岛素敏感性、血脂、肾功能等代谢指标以及肾脏病理的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠45只,分为正常对照组(10只,普通饲料自由饮食)、DM组(4周组,9只;8周组,8只;普通饲料自由饮食)、DM Gen组(4周组,10只;8周组,8只;普通饲料自由饮食 Gen 30 mg.kg-1.d-1)。DM组及DM Gen组均按60 mg/kg的剂量腹腔内注射STZ建立DM模型。于实验4周、8周末禁食12 h,处死部分大鼠取动脉血检测FBG、FIns、血脂及BUN、Cr;取肾脏制作组织切片行HE染色。结果DM 8周大鼠FBG、ISI、TC、TG、BUN、Cr分别为35.2±1.8 mmol/L、-5.83±0.20、2.50±0.61 mmol/L、1.26±0.30 mmol/L、18.4±0.7 mmol/L、70.2±7.8μmol/L,相应DM Gen 8周组的结果分别为18.8±3.4 mmol/L、-5.27±0.47、1.43±0.19 mmol/L、1.11±0.34 mmol/L、10.0±1.7 mmol/L、51.7±4.5μmol/L。Gen可减轻肾小球肥大、肾小管扩张。结论Gen可改善DM大鼠的糖脂代谢紊乱,减轻肾脏组织病理变化,改善肾功能,延缓糖尿病肾病的进展。     

银杏叶提取物对糖尿病大鼠巨噬细胞脂质过氧化作用和一氧化氮水平的影响

以链脲佐菌素制备糖尿病大鼠模型,造模后银杏叶提取物治疗 5周,结果显示银杏叶提取物可使糖尿病大鼠巨噬细胞内脂质过氧化减轻及一氧化氮水平下降。     

Toxicological evaluation of ethanolic extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum in albino wistar rats

ObjectiveTo evaluate the sub chronic toxicity of ethanolic extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum (A. pyrethrum) in albino wistar rats.MethodsIn sub chronic toxicity study ethanolic extract of A. pyrethrum prepared in 2%v/v tween 80 was administered to rats at the dose of 1 000 mg/kg per day for 90 days by oral gavage. A control group received only 2%v/v tween 80. During study period the rats were observed for changes body weight. At the end of dosing period rats relative organ weight of the liver, kidney, brain, lungs and spleen in rats treated with A. pyrethrum extract and control group were examined and also rats were subjected to haematological, biochemical and histopathological examination.ResultsThe administration of ethanolic extract of A. pyrethrum had no effect on body weight, growth and survival. There was no significant difference in the relative organ weight of the liver, kidney, brain, lungs and spleen in rats treated with A. pyrethrum extract and control group. In the present study, all the haematological and biochemical parameters at the end of dosing and observation period did not reveal difference between drug treated and control groups. Studies on histopathological examination of vital organs showed normal architecture suggesting no evidence of pathological lesions.ConclusionsThe studies on sub chronic toxicity reveals that no mortalities or evidence of adverse effects on oral administration of extract. The findngs of the study indicate that ethanolic extract of A. pyrethrum had no treatment related toxicological abnormalities and can be considerd as safe for long-term treatment.     

Whole Leea macrophylla ethanolic extract normalizes kidney deposits and recovers renal impairments in an ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis model of rats

ObjectiveTo investigate the antilithiatic effect of the whole Leea macrophylla (L. macrophylla) Roxb (Leeaceae) ethanol extract in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis model of rats.MethodsForty two seven weeks old male wistar albino rats were randomly divided into two major groups namely: preventive (n=18) and therapeutic (n=24). Preventive group was further subdivided into 3 groups of 6 rats namely: preventive control (PC), preventive lithiatic control (PLC) and preventive lithiatic L. macrophylla (PLLM). Similarly, therapeutic group was also subdivided into 4 groups of 6 rats namely: therapeutic control (TC), therapeutic lithiatic control (TLC), therapeutic lithitatic L. macrophylla (TLLM) and therapeutic lithiatic cystone (TLCYS). The lithiasis was induced by 0.75% (v/v) ethylene glycol in the drinking water of all groups except the PC and TC groups. The urinary ionic parameters such as calcium, inorganic phosphate, oxalate, magnesium &; creatinine and renal morphology were altered by ethylene glycol, which were partially recovered by 14 d preventive and almost fully recovered by 28 d therapeutic intervention trials with L. macrophylla extract (500 mg/kg BW daily).ResultsSignificant difference on recovery was observed between preventive and therapeutic interventional trials. Anti-urolithiatic effect of cystone was significantly (P<0.001) higher than extracts. L. macrophylla extract was found nontoxic in the acute toxicity test.ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrated very promising anti-urolithiatic effect of L. macrophylla extract with preventive and therapeutic treatments in this experimental condition.     

Protective effects of Lactuca sativa ethanolic extract on carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative damage in rats

Objective

To study the protective effects of the ethanolic extract of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) leaves against the toxicity caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) in reproductive system of rats.

Methods

Lettuce leaves were dried and extracted with ethanol (plant: solvent, 1:10, w/v). The extract was filtered and evaporated to yield dried lettuce extract. Animals were divided into seven groups and treated with CCl₄ and different concentrations of lettuce extract. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed and blood was collected and centrifuged for serum separation. Body weights, testis size, histopathology of testis and liver, catalase (CAT) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), nitrite level, and serum hormones were determined.

Results

Oxidative stress induced by CCl₄ (2 mL/kg body weight) in rat decreases the increase in body weight and relative testis weight. It also markedly increases the level of TBARS and nitrites along with corresponding decrease in reduced glutathione and various antioxidant enzymes in testis (i.e., CAT, POD, SOD and GSH-Px). Serum level of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone was decreased while estradiol and prolactin were increased during CCl₄ treatment. Histopathology of CCl₄-treated rats indicated the partial degeneration of germ and leydig cells along with deformities in spermatogenesis. Supplementation of lettuce extract (100, 150, 200 mg/kg body weight orally) once a week for 10 weeks results in decrease of TBARS and nitrite, while increase in antioxidant enzymes; CAT, POD, SOD, GSH-Px and GSH contents. Serum level of testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, prolactin, histology, body weight and relative testis weight was also concomitantly restored to near normal level by lettuce extract supplementation to CCl₄-intoxicated rat.

Conclusions

The results clearly demonstrate that lettuce extract treatment augments the antioxidants defense mechanism against CCl₄-induced toxicity and provides evidence that it may have a therapeutic role in free radical mediated diseases.     

Influence of diabetic metabolic state on fracture healing in spontaneously diabetic rats

BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) has been shown to alter the properties of bone and impair fracture healing in both humans and animals. The objective of this study was to examine changes in the histomorphometrical, histological and mechanical parameters of bone and remodeling during fracture healing, depending on the diabetic metabolic state in spontaneously diabetic BB/O(ttawa)K(arlsburg) rats, a rat strain that represents a close homology to DM in man. METHODS: On the basis of blood glucose values at the time of surgery, postoperative blood glucose course and postoperative insulin requirements, 90 spontaneously diabetic BB/OK rats were divided into groups with well-compensated or poorly compensated metabolic state. Forty-five LEW.1A rats served as the normoglycemic controls. The femurs were fractured in a standardized procedure and then allowed to heal for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. RESULTS: Our study showed that, in terms of bone histomorphometry, within the first 4 weeks after fracture, severe mineralization disorders occurred exclusively in the rats with poorly compensated diabetic metabolic states with a significant decrease of all fluorochrome-based parameters of mineralization, apposition, formation and timing of mineralization, as well as a delay in cellular differentiation and significantly decreased values of biomechanical properties in comparison to the spontaneously diabetic rats with well-compensated metabolic states and to the control rats. CONCLUSIONS: With a controlled insulin therapy and a resulting well-compensated diabetic metabolic state, mineralization and cellular differentiation disorders, as well as the decreased values of biomechanical properties in the fracture repair in the poorly compensated diabetic metabolic state with very severe hyperglycemia can be avoided.     

Efficacy of lipid profiles in prediction of coronary disease.

National guidelines in the United States and Europe have stimulated interest in controlling blood lipid levels to prevent CHD. In this review, the efficiency of lipid profiles in predicting CHD has been examined, and total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride values have been compared on the basis of 12 to 14 years of surveillance in the Framingham Study. The average value of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in patients who had coronary disease was at or below values that are considered dangerous, which indicates the need for more specific and sensitive lipid profiles. Measurement of LDL cholesterol levels predicted CHD only marginally better than measurement of serum total cholesterol. Measurement of triglyceride levels was the weakest predictor. The total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio was the most efficient predictor both in those with apparently safe and those with abnormal cholesterol values. Measurement of HDL cholesterol was the best single lipid predictor and use of this measurement avoids needlessly alarming or falsely reassuring persons at risk for CHD who have high total cholesterol values. Since the risk associated with any serum cholesterol value varies over a 10-fold range depending on coexistent cardiovascular risk factors, these lipid factors must be taken into account in judging the hazards and efficacy of treatment needed. Evidence is available that controlling elevated cholesterol by diet and administration of pharmaceutical agents can reduce the rate of coronary events, slow progression of angiographically visualized lesions, and regress xanthomata.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

生姜对高脂大鼠抗氧化作用的研究

目的研究生姜对高脂大鼠抗氧化作用的影响。方法将SD雄性大鼠按体重和血清胆固醇水平分为4组,普通对照组、高脂对照组、0.5%生姜组和1.0%生姜组,饲养6w后,测定大鼠血清中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、丙二醛（MDA）和硒（Se）的水平。结果与普通对照组比较,高脂对照组GSH-Px、SOD水平显著降低（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,Se、MDA水平显著升高（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;生姜组（0.5%、1.0%）较高脂对照组大鼠血清MDA水平显著降低（P〈0.01）,同时增高血清Se含量和SOD、GSH-Px活性（P〈0.01）。结论生姜是一种抗氧化活性非常强的食物,可增强机体防御氧化应激损伤的功能。     

Hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic, and hepatoprotective effects of Polyscias fulva (Hiern) Harms ethanolic bark extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats

International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries - Polyscias fulva (Hiern) Harms stem bark is used in traditional folk medicine in Kenya for diabetes mellitus and obesity management. This...     

Reversal of hyperglycemia and diabetic nephropathy: effect of reinstitution of good metabolic control on oxidative stress in the kidney of diabetic rats

Studies have shown that good metabolic control (GC) is beneficial in slowing the progression of nephropathy in diabetes, and if the duration of poor metabolic control (PC) is prolonged before reinstitution of GC, nephropathy is not easily reversed. This study is to identify the biochemical abnormalities that could contribute to the resistance of nephropathy to reverse after establishment of GC in rats. The effect of reinstitution of GC and its duration is evaluated on oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) levels in the renal cortex and urine of diabetic rats. The rats were maintained in GC (5% glycated hemoglobin, GHb) soon after or 6 months after induction of hyperglycemia, and were sacrificed 13 months after induction of diabetes. For rats in which GC was initiated soon after induction of diabetes, oxidative stress [as measured by the levels of lipid peroxides (LPOs), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and reduced glutathione (GSH)] and NO in urine and renal cortex were not different from that observed in normal control rats, but when reinstitution of GC was delayed for 6 months after induction of diabetes, oxidative stress and NO remain elevated in both urine and renal cortex. This suggests that hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and NO can be prevented if GC is initiated very early, but are not easily reversed if PC is maintained for longer durations. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon could reveal novel means to reverse nephropathy in diabetic patients.     

Protective effect of pioglitazone on kidney injury in diabetic rats

Objective:To investigate the protective effect of pioglitazone on kidney injury in diabetic rat model and its mechanisms.Methods:Forty healthy Sprague Dawley rats were selected and randomly divided into five groups,with 8 rats in each group.Group A served as control group and were administered with sterile citrate buffer(i.p.)as placebo.Groups B.C,D and E rats were injected(i.p.)with streptozotocin to induce type I diabetes,Diabetic rats in Group B were intragastrically administered with sterile saline solution alone.Groups C,D and E rats were iutragastrically given pioglitazone hydrochloride suspension at doses of 10,20,30 mg/kg per day.respectively.After eight weeks of treatment,all rats were anesthetized and blood was withdrawn from the abdominal aortic ofr detection of hemoglobin A_(1c),serum creatinine(SCr)and blood ures nitrogen(BUN)levels.Rats were then sacrificed and the left kidney was excised for calculation of kidney hypertrophy index(KHI),observation of renal pathological changes using light microscope and electron microscope.Mean glomerular cross-sectional areas(MGA).mean glomerular volume(MGV).glomerular basement membrane thickness and foot process fusion ratio were ealculated.RT-PCR was employed for detection of podocalyxin(PCX)protein expression.Results:Results showed that levels of hemoglobin A_(1c),BUN.SCr in Groups B,C.D and E rats were significantly higher than those in Group A(P0.05),while BUN aud SCr levels in rats of Groups C,D and E were significantly lower than those in Group B(P0.05).KHI,MGA and MGV levels were significantly higher in Groups B.C,D and E rats than those in Group A(P0.05);KHI and MGA levels in Group B rats were significantly higher than those in Groups C.D and E(P0.05)and MGV in Groups D and E was significantly lower than that in Gtoups B and C(P0.05).Histology study showed normal glomerulus structure,morphology,volume,endothelial cells and mesangial cells as well as clear glomerular eapillary in Group A rats.Renal mesangial matrx proliferation and expansion of glomerulus cavities in Groups B.C.D and E were observed.However.damage degree in Groups C.D and E were more moderate than that iu Group B.Conclusions:Pioglitazone can reduce kidney damage in diabetic rats.which may be attributed to its role in increasing glomerular PCX protein expression and inhibiting urinary excretion of PCX,and its effect is dose dependent.     

利格列汀对2型糖尿病大鼠代谢性内毒素血症的影响

目的 探讨利格列汀对高脂饮食联合小剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的2型糖尿病大鼠代谢性内毒素血症的影响.方法 30只健康雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠按随机数字法选择10只作为正常对照组,以正常饲料喂养,其余20只以高脂饲料饲喂8周后,予一次性腹腔注射STZ(35 mg/kg)制备2型糖尿病模型.将造模成功大鼠共16只按随机数字法分为利格列汀干预组(3 mg·kg-1 ·d-1灌胃,n=8)和糖尿病对照组(等量生理盐水灌胃,n=8),干预4周后测定大鼠空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、门静脉血浆脂多糖、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、二胺氧化酶(DAO)的水平,计算稳态模型评估-胰岛素敏感指数(HOMA-ISI)及稳态模型评估-胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR).结果 与正常对照组相比,糖尿病对照组空腹血糖、FINS、HOMA-IR、甘油三酯、总胆固醇及体重等指标明显升高,In(HOMA-ISI)明显降低,而利格列汀干预组上述指标除体重外较糖尿病对照组均有改善(F =39.18～136.74,P均＜0.01).糖尿病对照组门静脉血浆脂多糖、TNF-α、IL-6、血浆DAO水平明显高于正常对照组,而利格列汀干预组上述指标较糖尿病对照组有所下降(F=18.13～51.43,P均＜0.05).结论 利格列汀可以改善高脂饮食联合STZ诱导的2型糖尿病大鼠代谢性内毒素血症,并减轻全身系统性炎性反应.     

Effects of an ethanolic extract of mulberry fruit on blood pressure and vascular remodeling in spontaneous hypertensive rats

Mulberry (Morus alba) has been used in traditional oriental medicine since ages. Recently, it has been reported that mulberry produces hypotensive effects through the eNOS signaling pathway. However, the mechanism underlying the hypotensive effects of mulberry is not entirely clear. Moreover, the effects of mulberry on vascular remodeling events such as hyperplasia, an important etiology in the pathogenesis of hypertension and arteriosclerosis, are also ambiguous. Here, we hypothesized that an ethanolic extract of mulberry fruit (EMF) has beneficial effects on vascular remodeling and produces hypotensive effects. The effects of a 6-week oral administration of EMF were examined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The animals were divided into four groups: normotensive control (Wistar Kyoto rats), non-treated SHR, low-dose (100 mg/kg) EMF-treated SHR, and high-dose (300 mg/kg) EMF-treated SHR. Our results showed that the EMF-diet normalizes hypertension in SHRs in a dose-dependent manner, by preventing smooth muscle proliferation, thickening of the tunica media, and vascular hyper-reactivity. The endothelial functions were not substantially affected by the EMF diet in our experimental setting. In conclusion, we suggest that the mulberry fruit could act as a food supplement for reducing blood pressure in hypertensive subjects through its effects on smooth muscle proliferation and vascular contractility.     

Effect of aminoguanidine on lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Diabetes mellitus is postulated to be associated with increased lipid peroxidation, which may contribute to vascular complications. One potential mechanism of the increased lipid peroxidation in diabetes is lipid-linked advanced glycosylation and oxidation. Aminoguanidine (AMGN), the prototype inhibitor of advanced glycosylation end product (AGE) formation, has been recently shown to prevent oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in vitro at a moderate concentration. It is unknown whether AMGN may act as an antioxidant against lipid peroxidation under hyperglycemia in vivo. To investigate the in vivo effect of AMGN on lipid peroxidation in diabetes, we administered AMGN (1 g/L in drinking water) or vitamin E (400 mg/d for 5 d/wk) to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats for 9 weeks and measured plasma lipid hydroperoxides by ferrous oxidation with xylenol orange II (FOX method) and red blood cell (RBC) membrane malondialdehyde (MDA) and related aldehydes as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Plasma lipid hydroperoxide was higher in STZ-induced diabetic rats versus control rats (mean +/- SD, 7.53 +/- 2.03 v 5.62 +/- 0.44 micromol/L, P < .05; n = 8 to 14). RBC membrane TBARS were also higher in STZ-induced diabetic rats than in control rats (2.67 +/- 0.46 v 1.81 +/- 0.19 nmol/mL, P < .05). Plasma lipid hydroperoxide was lower in AMGN-treated (6.23 +/- 0.59 micromol/L, P < .05) and vitamin E-treated (5.29 +/- 0.27 micromol/L, P < .05) diabetic rats than in untreated diabetic rats. RBC membrane TBARS were also lower in AMGN-treated (1.93 +/- 0.12 nmol/mL, P < .05) diabetic rats than in untreated diabetic rats. There was no significant difference in plasma glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels among diabetic groups. Although the mechanism(s) of action of AMGN on lipid peroxidation in vivo should be studied further, these results suggest that AMGN may have an additional beneficial effect as an antioxidant against lipid peroxidation in a prevention trial for diabetic vascular complications.     

绿茶提取物影响代谢综合征患者体质量控制的荟萃分析

目的 系统评价绿茶提取物对代谢综合征患者体质量控制的有效性. 方法 计算机检索美国国立生物医学信息中心PubMed医学数据库、爱思唯尔文摘索引数据库(Scopus)、美国心理协会心理学文摘数据库(PsycINFO)、荷兰医学文摘Embase数据库以及维普数据库、中文科技期刊全文数据库(CNKI)和万方数据库,全面收集绿茶提取物与代谢综合征患者体质量控制相关的随机对照试验,严格按照纳入和排除标准提取有效数据,采用RevMan 5.2.2软件进行荟萃分析. 结果 经过筛选最终纳入10篇随机对照研究,共626例代谢综合征患者,荟萃分析结果显示,与对照组比较,绿茶提取物组患者体质量(SMD=-0.19,95％ CI:-0.34～-0.03,Z=2.34,P=0.02)、腰围(SMD=-0.19,95％CI:-0.36～-0.02,Z=2.15,P=0.03)明显降低,绿茶提取物对两组患者BMI(SMD=0.14,95％CI:-0.31～0.03,Z=1.63,P=0.10)、臀围(SMD=0.15,95％ CI:-0.11～0.42,Z=1.12,P=0.26)和腰臀比(WMD=-0.02,95％ CI:-0.05～0.01,Z-1.32,P=0.19)差异均无统计学意义. 结论 绿茶提取物可有效降低代谢综合征患者体质量和腰围水平.