Doppler resistive index to reflect regulation of renal vascular tone during sepsis and acute kidney injury

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Renal resistive index (RI), determined by Doppler ultrasonography, directly reveals and quantifies modifications in renal vascular resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate if mean arterial pressure (MAP) is determinant of renal RI in septic, critically ill patients suffering or not from acute kidney injury (AKI). METHODS: This prospective observational study included 96 patients. AKI was defined according to RIFLE criteria and transient or persistent AKI according to renal recovery within 3 days. RESULTS: Median renal RI was 0.72 (0.68-0.75) in patients without AKI and 0.76 (0.72-0.80) in patients with AKI (P=0.001). RI was 0.75 (0.72-0.79) in transient AKI and 0.77 (0.70-0.80) in persistent AKI (P=0.84). RI did not differ in patients given norepinephrine infusion and was not correlated with norepinephrine dose. RI was correlated with MAP (rho= -0.47; P=0.002), PaO2/FiO2 ratio (rho= -0.33; P=0.04) and age (rho=0.35; P=0.015) only in patients without AKI. CONCLUSIONS: A poor correlation between renal RI and MAP, age, or PaO2/FiO2 ratio was found in septic and critically ill patients without AKI compared to patients with AKI. These findings suggest that determinants of RI are multiple. Renal circulatory response to sepsis estimated by Doppler ultrasonography cannot reliably be predicted simply from changes in systemic hemodynamic. As many factors influence its value, the interest in a single RI measurement at ICU admission to determine optimal MAP remains uncertain.     

持续性高通量血液滤过治疗脓毒性休克疗效分析

目的研究持续性高通量血液滤过（HV-CVVH）治疗脓毒性休克的临床疗效。方法将100例脓毒性休克患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组50例。两组均常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用HV-CVVH治疗,比较两组患者治疗前后呼吸频率（RR）、心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、APACHEII评分、血尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（Scr）、氧合指数（PaO2／FiO2）、血小板计数、血乳酸水平、血管活性药物使用时间的变化。结果治疗组各观察指标与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论在常规治疗的基础上联合HV-CVVH治疗脓毒性休克能有效改善患者的血流动力学、氧合,维持内环境稳定。     

高容量血液滤过在严重脓毒症中的应用研究

目的 探讨连续性血液净化中的高容量血液滤过(HVHF)技术对严重脓毒症患者的治疗作用.方法 20例外科脓毒症患者行连续性静脉-静脉HVHF,置换量3000～4000 ml/h,均以前稀释方式输入,血流量250～300 ml/min,每天连续进行10～12 h.于HVHF治疗后24、48、72 h各时间点分别行APACHEⅡ评分,并测定心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)等血流动力学参数和肺动态顺应性(Cdyn)及气道阻力(Raw);抽血检测血液电解质(BUN、SCr、Glu、Na+、K+、Cl-);行血气分析,计算出氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2);ELISA法测定细胞因子,包括TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10.结果 与治疗前比较,APACHE Ⅱ评分在治疗后48 h明显降低(P＜0.05),HR、Raw、BUN、SCr、K+、TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10在HVHF治疗后24、48、72 h时均下降(P均＜0.05),PaO2、PaO2/FiO2和Cdyn在HVHF治疗后24、48、72 h时均升高(P均＜0.05),其余各项指标均无显著改变.结论 HVHF能稳定血流动力学,并通过对内环境调节、改善氧合等,对多个器官起到支持作用,有益于减轻脓毒症病情的严重程度及改善预后.     

Inhaled nitric oxide in acute respiratory distress syndrome with and without septic shock requiring norepinephrine administration: a dose–response study

BACKGROUND: The aim of this prospective study was to assess whether the presence of septic shock could influence the dose response to inhaled nitric oxide (NO) in NO-responding patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). RESULTS: Eight patients with ARDS and without septic shock (PaO2 = 95 +/- 16 mmHg, PEEP = 0, FiO2 = 1.0), and eight patients with ARDS and septic shock (PaO2 = 88 +/- 11 mmHg, PEEP = 0, FiO2 = 1.0) receiving exclusively norepinephrine were studied. All responded to 15 ppm inhaled NO with an increase in PaO2 of at least 40 mmHg, at FiO2 1.0 and PEEP 10 cmH2O. Inspiratory intratracheal NO concentrations were recorded continuously using a fast response time chemiluminescence apparatus. Seven inspiratory NO concentrations were randomly administered: 0.15, 0.45, 1.5, 4.5, 15, 45 and 150 ppm. In both groups, NO induced a dose-dependent decrease in mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP), pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI), and venous admixture (QVA/QT), and a dose-dependent increase in PaO2/FiO2 (P 相似文献   

高容量血液滤过治疗严重脓毒血症及脓毒性休克的疗效

目的探讨高容量血液滤过(HVHF)治疗严重脓毒血症及脓毒性休克的临床疗效及预后。方法对16例严重脓毒血症及脓毒性休克患者行HVHF治疗,并比较治疗前,治疗后12、24、48和72 h心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、体温(T)、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)和急性生理与慢性健康状况(APACHEⅡ)评分、序贯器官衰竭估计(SOFA)评分及pH、血钠、血钾和血乳酸的变化情况,同时观察临床疗效的情况。结果 16例患者中,显效10例,有效3例,无效(死亡)3例。与治疗前比较,13例患者治疗24、48和72 h后HR值,治疗12、24、48和72 h后APACHEⅡ、SOFA得分、血钾、乳酸值,治疗24、72 h后血钠值均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),治疗48、72 h后MAP值,治疗12、24、48和72 h后PaO2/FiO2比值、pH值均明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论早期启动HVHF治疗严重脓毒血症及脓毒性休克患者可以稳定血流动力学,加快机体脏器功能恢复,其转归取决于原发病本身的严重程度及启动时机。     

High-volume hemofiltration for septic acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction

High-volume hemofiltration (HVHF) is an attractive therapy for the treatment of septic acute kidney injury (AKI). Small experimental and uncontrolled studies have suggested hemodynamic and survival benefits at higher doses of HVHF than those used for the high-intensity arms of the RENAL and ATN studies. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of high-volume hemofiltration (HVHF) compared with standard-volume hemofiltration (SVHF) for septic AKI.

Methods

A systematic review and meta-analysis of publications between 1966 and 2013 was performed. The review was limited to randomized-controlled trials that compared HVHF (effluent rate greater than 50 ml/kg per hour) versus SVHF in the treatment of sepsis and septic shock. The primary outcome assessed was 28-day mortality. Other outcomes assessed were recovery of kidney function, lengths of ICU and hospital stays, vasopressor dose reduction, and adverse events.

Results

Four trials, including 470 total participants, were included. Pooled analysis for 28-day mortality did not show any meaningful difference between HVHF compared with SVHF (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.45 to 1.29). No included studies reported statistically significant differences between groups for any of the secondary outcomes. Adverse events, including hypophosphatemia and hypokalemia, were more commonly observed in HVHF-treated patients, although reporting was inconsistent across studies.

Conclusions

Insufficient evidence exists of a therapeutic benefit for routine use of HVHF for septic AKI, other than on an experimental basis. Given the logistic challenges related to patient recruitment along with an incomplete understanding of the biologic mechanisms by which HVHF may modify outcomes, further trials should focus on alternative extracorporeal therapies as an adjuvant therapy for septic AKI rather than HVHF.     

高容量血液滤过治疗重症感染伴多器官功能障碍综合征的研究进展

多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)是危重患者主要的死亡原因之一。1992年首次提出了高容量血液滤过(HVHF)的概念,大量研究表明,HVHF可以显著改善感染性休克动物的生存率,并能够提高患者的血流动力学指标。HVHF也被报道能有效地改善MODS患者肺氧合功能,可有效地维持液体平衡,也有文献报道HVHF能减少感染性休克合并肾功能不全患者的血管活性药物使用量,并增加其尿量。然而HVHF治疗MODS仍然存在大量矛盾和困惑的地方,需要大量的多中心、大样本临床研究来证实。     

小剂量氢化可的松对顽固性感染性休克患者去甲肾上腺素使用率及乳酸清除率的影响

目的 观察小剂量氢化可的松对顽固性感染性休克患者去甲肾上腺素使用率和乳酸清除率的影响,探讨补充应激剂量皮质醇激素逆转感染性休克和改善组织氧供的作用.方法 选择经充分液体复苏后仍需去甲肾上腺素维持血压的顽固性感染性休克患者77例,随机双盲分为两组,治疗组在对照组治疗基础上静脉注射小剂量氢化可的松,疗程14 d.比较两组治疗过程中去甲肾上腺紊使用情况及平均动脉压(MAP)和乳酸清除率的变化.结果 两组患者在治疗24 h、7 d、14 d去甲肾上腺素使用率均较治疗即刻明显降低,MAP明显升高(P均<0.01).治疗组治疗7 d时去甲肾上腺素使用率明显低于对照组,且去甲肾上腺素使用时间较对照组缩短(P均<0.05);在治疗24 h、7 d时MAP、乳酸清除率较对照组明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01).两组患者病死率和重症监护病房(ICU)住院天数比较无显著差异.结论 针对伴有顽固性低血压的感染性休克患者,小剂量应用氢化可的松可缩短缩血管药物的应用时间,减少缩血管药物的用量,改善组织氧供,从而更快地逆转休克状态.     

Bench-to-bedside review: Vasopressin in the management of septic shock

This review of vasopressin in septic shock differs from previous reviews by providing more information on the physiology and pathophysiology of vasopressin and vasopressin receptors, particularly because of recent interest in more specific AVPR1a agonists and new information from the Vasopressin and Septic Shock Trial (VASST), a randomized trial of vasopressin versus norepinephrine in septic shock. Relevant literature regarding vasopressin and other AVPR1a agonists was reviewed and synthesized. Vasopressin, a key stress hormone in response to hypotension, stimulates a family of receptors: AVPR1a, AVPR1b, AVPR2, oxytocin receptors and purinergic receptors. Rationales for use of vasopressin in septic shock are as follows: first, a deficiency of vasopressin in septic shock; second, low-dose vasopressin infusion improves blood pressure, decreases requirements for norepinephrine and improves renal function; and third, a recent randomized, controlled, concealed trial of vasopressin versus norepinephrine (VASST) suggests low-dose vasopressin may decrease mortality of less severe septic shock. Previous clinical studies of vasopressin in septic shock were small or not controlled. There was no difference in 28-day mortality between vasopressin-treated versus norepinephrine-treated patients (35% versus 39%, respectively) in VASST. There was potential benefit in the prospectively defined stratum of patients with less severe septic shock (5 to 14 μg/minute norepinephrine at randomization): vasopressin may have lowered mortality compared with norepinephrine (26% versus 36%, respectively, P = 0.04 within stratum). The result was robust: vasopressin also decreased mortality (compared with norepinephrine) if less severe septic shock was defined by the lowest quartile of arterial lactate or by use of one (versus more than one) vasopressor at baseline. Other investigators found greater hemodynamic effects of higher dose of vasopressin (0.06 units/minute) but also unique adverse effects (elevated liver enzymes and serum bilirubin). Use of higher dose vasopressin requires further evaluation of efficacy and safety. There are very few studies of interactions of therapies in critical care--or septic shock--and effects on mortality. Therefore, the interaction of vasopressin infusion, corticosteroid treatment and mortality of septic shock was evaluated in VASST. Low-dose vasopressin infusion plus corticosteroids significantly decreased 28-day mortality compared with corticosteroids plus norepinephrine (44% versus 35%, respectively, P = 0.03; P = 0.008 interaction statistic). Prospective randomized controlled trials would be necessary to confirm this interesting interaction. In conclusion, low-dose vasopressin may be effective in patients who have less severe septic shock already receiving norepinephrine (such as patients with modest norepinephrine infusion (5 to 15 μg/minute) or low serum lactate levels). The interaction of vasopressin infusion and corticosteroid treatment in septic shock requires further study.     

High-volume hemofiltration as salvage therapy in severe hyperdynamic septic shock

Objectives To evaluate the effect of short-term (12-h) high-volume hemofiltration (HVHF) in reversing progressive refractory hypotension and hypoperfusion in patients with severe hyperdynamic septic shock. To evaluate feasibility and tolerance and to compare observed vs. expected hospital mortality.Design and setting Prospective, interventional, nonrandomized study in the surgical-medical intensive care unit of an academic tertiary center.Patients Twenty patients with severe septic shock, previously unresponsive to a multi-intervention approach within a goal-directed, norepinephrine-based algorithm, with increasing norepinephrine (NE) requirements (> 0.3 μg kg^–1 min^–1) and lactic acidosis.Interventions Single session of 12-h HVHF.Measurements and results We measured changes in NE requirements and perfusion parameters every 4 h during HVHF and 6 h thereafter. Eleven patients showed decreased NE requirements and lactate levels (responders). Nine patients did not fulfill these criteria (nonresponders). The NE dose, lactate levels, and heart rates decreased and arterial pH increased significantly in responders. Hospital mortality (40%) was significantly lower than predicted (60%): 67% (6/9) in nonresponders vs. 18% (2/11) in responders. Of 12 survivors 7 required only a single 12-h HVHF session. On logistic regression analysis the only statistically significant predictor of survival was theresponse to HVHF (odds ratio 9).Conclusions A single session of HVHF as salvage therapy in the setting of a goal-directed hemodynamic management algorithm may be beneficial in severe refractory hyperdynamic septic-shock patients. This approach may improve hemodynamics and perfusion parameters, acid-base status, and ultimately hospital survival. Moreover, it is feasible, and safe.Electronic supplementary material The electronic reference of this article is . The online full-text version of this article includes electronic supplementary material. This material is available to authorised users and can be accessed by means of the ESM button beneath the abstract or in the structured full-text article. To cite or link to this article you can use the above reference.     

Increasing mean arterial pressure in patients with septic shock: effects on oxygen variables and renal function

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effects of increasing mean arterial pressure on oxygen variables and renal function in septic shock. DESIGN: Prospective, open-label, randomized, controlled study. SETTING: Medical-surgical intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty-eight patients with a diagnosis of septic shock who required fluid resuscitation and pressor agents to increase and maintain mean arterial pressure > or =60 mm Hg. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were treated with fluid and norepinephrine to achieve and maintain a mean arterial pressure of 65 mm Hg. Then they were randomized in two groups: In the first group (control group, n = 14), mean arterial pressure was maintained at 65 mm Hg, and in the second group (n = 14), mean arterial pressure was increased to 85 mm Hg by increasing the dose of norepinephrine. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Hemodynamic variables (mean arterial pressure, heart rate, mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, pulmonary vascular resistance index, left and right ventricular stroke indexes), metabolic variables (oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption-calorimetric method, arterial lactate), and renal function variables (urine flow, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance) were measured. After introduction of norepinephrine, similar values of hemodynamic, metabolic, and renal function variables were obtained in both groups. No changes were observed in group 1 during the study period. Increasing mean arterial pressure from 65 to 85 mm Hg with norepinephrine in group 2 resulted in a significant increase in cardiac index from 4.8 (3.8-6.0) to 5.8 (4.3-6.9) L.min.m. Arterial lactate and oxygen consumption did not change. No changes were observed in renal function variables: urine flow, 63 (14-127) and 70 (15-121) mL; serum creatinine, 170 (117-333) and 153 (112-310) mumol.L; and creatinine clearance, 50 (12-77) and 67 (13-89) mL.min.1.73 m. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing mean arterial pressure from 65 to 85 mm Hg with norepinephrine neither affects metabolic variables nor improves renal function.     

Prospective evaluation of short-term, high-volume isovolemic hemofiltration on the hemodynamic course and outcome in patients with intractable circulatory failure resulting from septic shock

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of short-term, high-volume hemofiltration (STHVH) on hemodynamic and metabolic status and 28-day survival in patients with refractory septic shock. DESIGN: Prospective, interventional. SETTING: Intensive care unit (ICU), tertiary institution. PATIENTS: Twenty patients with intractable cardiocirculatory failure complicating septic shock, who had failed to respond to conventional therapy. INTERVENTIONS: STHVH, followed by conventional continuous venovenous hemofiltration. STHVH consisted of a 4-hr period during which 35 L of ultrafiltrate is removed and neutral fluid balance is maintained. Subsequent conventional continuous venovenous hemofiltration continued for at least 4 days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance, pulmonary vascular resistance, oxygen delivery, mixed venous oxygen saturation, arterial pH, and lactate were measured serially. Fluid and inotropic support were managed by protocol. Therapeutic endpoints were as follows during STHVH: a) by 2 hrs, a > or =50% increase in cardiac index; b) by 2 hrs, a > or =25% increase in mixed venous saturation; c) by 4 hrs, an increase in arterial pH to >7.3; d) by 4 hrs, a > or =50% reduction in epinephrine dose. Patients who attained all four goals (11 of 20) were considered hemodynamic "responders"; patients who did not (9 of 20) were considered hemodynamic "nonresponders." There were no differences in baseline hemodynamic, metabolic, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation and Simplified Acute Physiology Scores between responders and nonresponders. Survival to 28 days was better among responders (9 of 11 patients) than among nonresponders (0 of 9). Factors associated with survival were hemodynamic-metabolic response status, time interval from ICU admission to initiation of STHVH, and body weight. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that STHVH may be of major therapeutic value in the treatment of intractable cardiocirculatory failure complicating septic shock. Early initiation of therapy and adequate dose may improve hemodynamic and metabolic responses and 28-day survival.     

高容量血液滤过对多器官功能障碍综合征患者肿瘤坏死因子及其受体的影响

目的　探讨高容量血液滤过 (HVHF)和连续性静静脉血液滤过 (CVVH)对多器官功能障碍综合征 (MODS)患者肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNFα)及可溶性 TNF受体 (s TNF R1和 s TNF R2 )水平的影响。方法　将 12例确诊为合并急性肾衰竭 (ARF)的 MODS患者随机分为两组 ,分别应用 CVVH和 HVHF方式治疗 ;用酶联免疫吸附法 (EL ISA)测定 CVVH和 HVHF治疗过程中血清 TNFα、s TNF R1和 s TNF R2水平。结果　 HVHF和 CVVH治疗 8h后 ,患者血浆中肌酐 (SCr)和尿素氮 (BU N)均降低 (P均 <0 .0 5 )。在 HVHF治疗期间 ,血清 TNFα水平逐渐降低 ,以治疗后 8h下降最明显 ,与治疗前、治疗后 1h和 4 h血清TNFα水平比较均有显著性差异 (P均 <0 .0 0 1)。在 CVVH治疗期间血清 TNFα水平以及 CVVH和HVHF治疗过程中血清 s TNF R1、s TNF R2水平均无明显的变化 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。结论　 HVHF治疗能明显增加 MODS患者的血清 TNFα清除能力 ,其对 s TNF R1和 s TNF R2等抗炎介质的影响较小。在MODS患者连续性肾脏替代 (CRRT)治疗方式选择上 ,更宜选用 HVHF治疗。     

连续性血液净化对感染性休克患者血流动力学及氧合指数的影响

目的观察连续性血液净化(CBP)对感染性休克患者血流动力学及氧合指数的影响。方法我科确诊的25例感染性休克患者行CBP治疗及脉搏波形心排量监测(PICCO)72小时,治疗前和治疗后1、2、6、12、24、48、72小时分别测量持续心排量指数(CCI),外周血管阻力指数(SVRI)等血流动力学参数,同时检测动脉血气分析计算氧合指数,记录心率(HR)、有创平均动脉压(MAP)及去甲肾上腺素(NA)剂量的变化。结果治疗前、后血流动力学指标MAP、CCI、SVRI及氧合指数(OI,PaO2/FiO2)均有明显的改善(P0.05),在48及72小时改善尤为明显(P0.01),同时伴随去甲肾上腺素剂量的下降。结论 CBP可改善感染性休克患者血流动力学参数及氧合指数。     

The impact of lactate-buffered high-volume hemofiltration on acid-base balance

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of high-volume hemofiltration (HVHF) with lactate-buffered replacement fluids on acid-base balance. DESIGN: Randomized crossover study. SETTING: Intensive Care Unit of Tertiary Medical Center PARTICIPANTS: Ten patients with septic shock and acute renal failure. INTERVENTIONS: Random allocation to 8 h of isovolemic high-volume hemofiltration (ultrafiltration rate: 6 l/h) or 8 h of isovolemic continuous venovenous hemofiltration (ultrafiltration rate: 1 l/h) with lactate-buffered replacement fluid with subsequent crossover. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: We measured blood gases, electrolytes, albumin, and lactate concentrations and completed quantitative biophysical analysis of acid-base balance changes. Before high-volume hemofiltration, patients had a slight metabolic alkalosis [pH: 7.42; base excess (BE) 2.4 mEq/l] despite hyperlactatemia (lactate: 2.51 mmol/l). After 2 h of high-volume hemofiltration, the mean lactate concentration increased to 7.30 mmol/l ( p=0.0001). However, a decrease in chloride, strong ion difference effective, and strong ion gap (SIG) compensated for the effect of iatrogenic hyperlactatemia so that the pH only decreased to 7.39 ( p=0.05) and the BE to -0.15 ( p=0.001). After 6 h, despite persistent hyperlactatemia (7 mmol/l), the pH had returned to 7.42 and the BE to 2.45 mEq/l. These changes remained essentially stable at 8 h. Similar but less intense changes occurred during continuous venovenous hemofiltration. CONCLUSIONS: HVHF with lactate-buffered replacement fluids induces iatrogenic hyperlactatemia. However, such hyperlactatemia only has a mild and transient acidifying effect. A decrease in chloride and strong ion difference effective and the removal of unmeasured anions all rapidly compensate for this effect.     

高渗盐水联合羟乙基淀粉治疗严重脓毒症的研究

目的 评价7.5%高渗盐水(HS)联合6%羟乙基淀粉(HES)130/0.4对严重脓毒症患者早期液体复苏的效果.方法 采用前瞻性随机对照研究.选取江汉大学附属医院重症监护病房(ICU)135例严重脓毒症患者,入ICU时随机分成3组,每组45例.HS+HES组输注7.5%HS后输注6%HES 130/0.4 500 ml,再输注平衡液HES组输注6%HES 130/0.4后输注平衡液;平衡液组(RL组)仅输注平衡液.比较3组患者入ICU后6 h、24 h平均动脉压(MAP)、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、动脉血乳酸、乳酸清除率、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ)评分、输液量、尿量以及多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)发生率和住院病死率.结果 入ICU后6 h,HS+HES组MAP[mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa):68.7±3.0]、PaO2/FiO2(mm Hg:262.2±17.4)、乳酸清除率[(21±4)%]较HES组[MAP:63.8±3.5,PaO2/FiO2:252.0±21.2,乳酸清除率:(11±2)%]和RL组[MAP:62.6±3.6,PaO2/FiO2:248.4±17.0,乳酸清除率:(9±1)%]显著增高(均P＜0.01),动脉血乳酸(mmol/L:3.5±0.7)较HES组(4.1±0.7)和RL组(4.0±0.7)显著下降(均P＜0.01);APACHE Ⅱ评分(分:13.2±1.9)与HES组(14.0±1.6)无明显差异,但显著低于RL组(15.2±1.7,P＜0.01).入ICU后24 h,HS+HES组PaO2/FiO2(mm Hg:303.3±17.3)显著高于HES组(282.9±21.1)和RL组(268.9±15.2,均P＜0.01),但3组间MAP、动脉血乳酸、乳酸清除率和APACHE Ⅱ评分均无差异.人ICU后6 h、24 h,HS+HES组输液量(ml,6 h:1 877.8±215.2,24 h:5 475.6±208.8)显著低于HES组(6 h:2 505.6±276.2,24 h:6 383.3±287.4)和RL组(6 h:3 496.7±325.5,24 h:7 439.6±229.6);尿量(ml,6 h:294.2±36.9,24 h:2 793.8±37.1)显著高于HES组(6 h:248.9±25.3,24 h:2 248.9±25.3)和RL组(6 h:178.9±14.8,24 h:2 000.4±147.0,均P＜0.01).HS+HES组MODS发生率(6.7%)远低于RL组(28.9%,P＜0.05),与HES组(17.8%)无差异(P＞0.05);3组间病死率无显著差异(HS+HES组2.2%,HES组4.4%,RL组8.9%,均P＞0.05).结论 7.5%HS联合6%HES 130/0.4能提高严重脓毒症患者早期液体复苏的效果,降低MODS发生率.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of 7. 5% hypertonic saline(HS)and 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES)130/0.4 on early fluid resuscitation for severe sepsis. Methods Prospective randomized control trial was carried out in intensive care unit(ICU)of the Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University. One hundred and thirty-five patients with severe sepsis were randomly divided into three groups, each group consisted of 45 patients. Patients in HS+HES group received lactated Ringer solution following 4 ml/kg of 7. 5%HS and 6%HES 130/0. 4 500 ml, those in HES group received lactated Ringer solution following 6%HES 130/0.4500 ml, and those in the lactated Ringer group(RL group)received lactated Ringer solution only. Mean arterial pressure(MAP), oxygenation index(PaO2/FiO2), arterial lactate(Lac), lactate clearance rate,acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ)score, fluid infusion volume, urine output as well as incidence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS), and mortality were compared among three groups at 6 hours and 24 hours after ICU admission. Results At 6 hours after ICU admission, MAP [mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0. 133 kPa): 68. 7±3. 0], PaO2/FiO2(mm Hg: 262.2±17.4), lactate clearance rate [(21±4)%]in HS+HES group were significantly higher than those in HES group[MAP: 63. 8±3.5,PaO2/FiO2: 252.0 ± 21.2, lactate clearance rate:(11± 2)%]and RL group[MAP: 62.6 ± 3. 6, PaO2/FiO2 :248. 4±17.0, lactate clearance rate:(9± 1)%, all P＜0. 01]. Arterial Lac in HS+HES group(mmol/L:3. 5±0. 7)was significantly lower than that in HES group(4. 1±0. 7)and RL group(4. 0±0. 7, both P＜0. 01). There was no significant difference in APACHE Ⅱ score between HS+HES group(13. 2±1.9)and HES group(14.0±1.6), and the APACHE Ⅱ score in HS+HES group was significantly lower than that in RL group(15. 2 ± 1.7, P＜ 0. 01). At 24 hours after ICU admission, PaO2/FiO2(mm Hg: 303.3 ± 17.3)was significantly higher in HS+HES group than that in HES group(282.9 ± 21.1)and RL group(268. 9 ±15.2,both P＜ 0.01). There was no significant difference in MAP, arterial Lac, lactate clearance rate and APACHE Ⅱ score among three groups. At 6 hours and 24 hours after ICU admission, fluid infusion volume in HS+HES group(ml, 6 hours: 1 877. 8±215. 2, 24 hours: 5 475.6±208.8)was markedly less than that in HES group(6 hours: 2 505.6±276.2, 24 hours: 6 383. 3±287.4)and RL group(6 hours: 3 496. 7±325.5, 24 hours: 7 439.6±229.6), yet urine output in HS+HES group(ml, 6 hours: 294.2±36.9,24 hours: 2 793.8 ±37.1)was significantly higher than that in HES group(6 hours: 248.9 ± 25. 3,24 hours: 2 248. 9±25. 3)and RL group(6 hours: 178. 9±14.8, 24 hours: 2 000. 4±147.0, all P＜0. 01).The incidence of MODS in HS+HES group(6.7%)was statistically lower than that in RL group(28. 9%,P＜0. 05), while no obvious difference was found between HS+HES group and HES group(17.8%, P＞0. 05). There was no significant difference in mortality among three groups(HS+HES group: 2.2%, HES group: 4.4%, RL group: 8.9%, all P＞0. 05). Conclusion 7.5%HS and 6%HES 130/0. 4 could improve the effect of early fluid resuscitation on severe sepsis, and it could lower the incidence of MODS.     

Effects of perfusion pressure on tissue perfusion in septic shock

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effects of increasing mean arterial pressure (MAP) on systemic oxygen metabolism and regional tissue perfusion in septic shock. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Medical and surgical intensive care units of a tertiary care teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Ten patients with the diagnosis of septic shock who required pressor agents to maintain a MAP > or = 60 mm Hg after fluid resuscitation to a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) > or = 12 mm Hg. INTERVENTIONS: Norepinephrine was titrated to MAPs of 65, 75, and 85 mm Hg in 10 patients with septic shock. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: At each level of MAP, hemodynamic parameters (heart rate, PAOP, cardiac index, left ventricular stroke work index, and systemic vascular resistance index), metabolic parameters (oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, arterial lactate), and regional perfusion parameters (gastric mucosal Pco2, skin capillary blood flow and red blood cell velocity, urine output) were measured. Increasing the MAP from 65 to 85 mm Hg with norepinephrine resulted in increases in cardiac index from 4.7+/-0.5 L/min/m2 to 5.5+/-0.6 L/min/m2 (p < 0.03). Arterial lactate was 3.1+/-0.9 mEq/L at a MAP of 65 mm Hg and 3.0+/-0.9 mEq/L at 85 mm Hg (NS). The gradient between arterial P(CO2) and gastric intramucosal Pco2 was 13+/-3 mm Hg (1.7+/-0.4 kPa) at a MAP of 65 mm Hg and 16+/-3 at 85 mm Hg (2.1+/-0.4 kPa) (NS). Urine output at 65 mm Hg was 49+/-18 mL/hr and was 43+/-13 mL/hr at 85 mm Hg (NS). As the MAP was raised, there were no significant changes in skin capillary blood flow or red blood cell velocity. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing the MAP from 65 mm Hg to 85 mm Hg with norepinephrine does not significantly affect systemic oxygen metabolism, skin microcirculatory blood flow, urine output, or splanchnic perfusion.     

持续高容量血液滤过对急性呼吸窘迫综合征合并多器官功能障碍综合征患者的治疗作用

目的 探讨持续高容量血液滤过(HVHF)对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)合并多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)患者血管外肺水和呼吸功能的影响.方法 将41例确诊为ARDS合并MODS患者随机分为对照组(20例)和HVHF治疗组(21例).HVHF组给予24 h的HVHF(6 L/h)治疗;放置PiCCO导管,监测心排血量(CO)、血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)和胸腔内血容量指数(ITBVI)的变化,记录气道峰压(Ppeak)、肺顺应性(Cdyn)和血气分析结果;用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测治疗前后细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的变化.结果 对照组治疗前后各指标均无明显改善(P均>0.05).HVHF治疗后24 h,CO明显下降,EVLWI减少,ITBVI趋向稳定;TNF-α、IL-6浓度明显降低,Ppeak和Cdyn改善,氧合指数明显提高,与HVHF治疗前及对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05).结论 HVHF能够清除ARDS合并MODS患者的血管外肺水,降低炎症介质,改善呼吸功能,提高抢救成功率.