高效液相色谱法测定复方蒲黄肠康胶囊中没食子酸的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定复方蒲黄肠康胶囊中没食子酸的含量。方法:色谱柱为C18柱(200mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇:0.1%磷酸溶液(10:90);检测波长为273nm。结果:没食子酸在26~56μg/ml范围内,线性关系良好(r2=0.9999),平均回收率为98.02,RSD为2.18%。结论:该方法简单、快速、准确。     

高效液相色谱法测定固肠胶囊中没食子酸的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定固肠胶囊中没食子酸的含量。方法采用AgilentZORBAXTC-C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-0.1%磷酸(8:92);检测波长:271nm;流速:1.0ml/min;柱温:30℃;进样量:10μl。结果没食子酸在0.007944～1.986μg范围内线性良好平均回收率为99.51%,RSD为0.43%。结论本法快速、准确、重现性好,可用于测定固肠胶囊中没食子酸的含量。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定血安胶囊中没食子酸含量

目的建立测定血安胶囊中没食子酸含量的反相高效液相色谱法。方法色谱柱采用Hypersil ODS2柱(200mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(3∶97),检测波长为214nm,流速为1.0mL/min。结果没食子酸进样量在0.0211~0.211μg范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(R2=1),平均回收率为99.28%,RSD=1.73%(n=6)。结论该方法简便、快速、结果准确、重复性好,可用于血安胶囊中没食子酸含量的测定。     

复方当归胶囊所用药材的鉴定及阿魏酸的测定

目的建立复方当归胶囊的质量标准。方法采用TLC方法定性鉴别复方当归胶囊中的当归、三七、冰片,采用HPLC法测定复方当归胶囊中阿魏酸的含量。色谱柱为Kromasil C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(30:70)为流动相,流速1.0 m.lmin-1,检测波长320 nm。进样量20μl。结果阿魏酸2.404~12.020μg.ml-1与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为100.81%。结论所建方法操作简便、可靠、重复性好、专属性强,可作为复方当归胶囊的质控方法。     

HPLC法同时测定速效止泻胶囊中没食子酸和绿原酸含量

目的建立速效止泻胶囊(盐酸小檗碱、拳参)中没食子酸和绿原酸的定量测定方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为AgilentHC-C18色谱柱(4.6×250mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液(10:90);流速为1.0mL·min-1;柱温为室温;检测波长为290nm。结果没食子酸和绿原酸质量浓度分别在在9.4～56.4μg·mL-1(r=0.9999)及10.19～61.14μg·mL-1(r=0.9998)范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;加样回收率(n=5)分别为103.62%(RSD为0.86%)和103.51%(RSD为0.95%)。结论方法简便可行、灵敏度高,可用于速效止泻胶囊的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方黄芩胶囊中黄芩苷的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定复方黄芩胶囊中黄芩苷的含量.方法:采用Waters symmetry C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.4%磷酸(50:50),检测波长280 nm,柱温30℃.结果:黄芩苷在10～80 mg·L-1范围内有良好线性关系(r=0.999 8),平均加样回收率为101.82%,精密度良好(RSD为1.39%).结论:本方法测定复方黄芩胶囊中黄芩苷的含量,方法简便、准确,结果稳定,可为复方黄苓胶囊的质量评价提供科学依据.     

HPLC法测定复方烧伤膏中没食子酸的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定复方烧伤膏中没食子酸的含量。方法色谱柱:Ultimate C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-0.5mL.L-1磷酸溶液(10∶90);检测波长:270nm;流速:1.0mL.min-1。结果没食子酸进样量在0.183～3.656μg之间与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 7);平均加样回收率为97.3%,RSD为2.5%(n=5)。结论该法准确、简便、重复性好,能有效控制质量,可用于对复方烧伤膏的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方黄参软膏中没食子酸的含量

目的建立测定复方黄参软膏中没食子酸含量的高效液相色谱法。方法采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱:Kromasil KR100-5 C1(8250mm×4.6mm;5μm);流动相:甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(15∶85);检测波长:273nm;流速:1.0mL/min。结果没食子酸的加样回收率平均为97.49%,RSD为1.37%(n=6)。结论该方法准确、灵敏度高,重现性好。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定洁白胶囊中没食子酸含量

目的建立测定洁白胶囊中没食子酸含量的反相高效液相色谱法。方法以5C18-MS-Ⅱ柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为固定相,甲醇-水-磷酸(6∶94∶0.4)为流动相,检测波长272 nm。结果没食子酸进样质量浓度在3.32～39.84μg/mL范围内与峰面积积分值线性关系良好,r=0.999 9(n=5);平均回收率为99.80%,RSD=2.50%(n=6)。结论该方法测定简便、快速、灵敏、重现性好,可用于测定洁白胶囊中没食子酸的含量。     

RP-HPLC-UV法测定5种发酵虫草制剂中麦角甾醇的含量

目的:建立RP-HPLC-UV法测定5种发酵虫草制剂百令胶囊、宁心宝胶囊、心肝宝胶囊、至灵胶囊及金水宝胶囊中麦角甾醇的含量。方法:色谱柱为Agilent SB TC C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),检测波长283 nm,流动相为甲醇-水(98:2),流速1.0 mL.min-1。结果:麦角甾醇进样量在0.42～6.29μg范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999)。平均加样回收率(n=3)分别为98.1%,100.7%,99.6%;RSD分别为2.3%,1.6%,1.6%。18批发酵虫草制剂中麦角甾醇含量,百令胶囊为6.06～6.10 mg.g-1,宁心宝胶囊为2.51～3.93 mg.g-1,心肝宝胶囊为3.47～4.42 mg.g-1,至灵胶囊为2.48～4.61 mg.g-1,金水宝胶囊为3.45～3.87 mg.g-1。结论:本文方法操作简便、灵敏,具有良好的重复性和稳定性,可用于发酵虫草制剂中麦角甾醇的检测。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.