恩替卡韦:一种有希望的抗慢性乙型肝炎药物

目前全球有20多亿人感染乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒,其中有约3.5亿人为慢性感染(终生感染)者.这些感染者可能死于肝硬化及肝癌的几率很高[1].这3.5亿人当中,75%居住在亚洲[2].原发性肝癌或肝细胞癌(HCC)在许多亚洲国家位列癌症死因的前3名.根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的数据显示,全球每年有超过50万人死于原发性肝癌,而80%的肝癌起因于乙型肝炎(乙肝)[3].我国是全球乙肝和肝癌负担最沉重的国家,HBV流行率最高,HBV病毒携带者占全球总数的1/3以上.据估计约有1.2亿～1.3亿乙肝病毒携带者.     

Cough: what's in a name?

The cough reflex (CR) and the expiration reflex (ER) are two defensive reflexes from the respiratory tract, the latter mainly from the larynx. Both are elicited by mechanical and chemical irritation of the airway mucosa, and are a characteristic of airway diseases, but they have different functions. The CR first draws air into the lungs, to accentuate the subsequent expulsive phase; the ER consists of a strong expiration, to prevent aspiration of material into the lungs. They have different sensory pathways, central nervous circuits, and physiological and pharmacological modulations. In practice, coughing often consists of a combination of the two reflexes, a cough bout, epoch or attack. Articles on cough usually do not distinguish between the two reflexes, or whether the coughs are single events or epochs; they usually only measure frequency of expiratory efforts, and neglect other aspects. Current methods for measuring and assessing cough are described, with indications of when the use of these methods may be important.