家兔闭合性胸部创伤早期影像学检查的诊断价值

目的探讨放射性核素显象、胸部CT和X线检查对家兔闭合性胸部创伤的早期诊断价值. 方法建立单侧胸部撞击伤动物模型,采用单光子发射计算机断层显象(SPECT)、胸部CT和X线片对闭合性胸部创伤进行早期诊断,并与病理解剖结果进行对照观察. 结果伤后30分钟伤侧肺感兴趣区致伤部位/心脏部位(ROI2/ROI1)比值立即升高,至伤后6小时达到高峰;对侧肺相对应部位/心脏部位(ROI3/ROI1)比值缓慢升高,至伤后6小时达到高峰,但仍小于伤侧肺,双侧肺之间比较差别具有显著性意义(P＜0.01). 结论胸部X线片检查仍是诊断胸部创伤最基本的方法,但对严重的胸部创伤和多发伤患者应尽早做胸部CT检查,SPECT对肺挫伤有较高的诊断价值.CT对肺挫伤的诊断敏感性优于X线片,但对渗出和水肿则不如SPECT灵敏、准确. 因此,对严重胸部创伤、多发伤患者,急诊检查应采用CT,以尽快明确诊断.     

嵌顿性食管旁疝的诊断和治疗

目的：探讨嵌顿性食管旁疝的诊断和外科治疗。方法：对我院手术治疗的4例嵌顿性食管旁疝患者的临床资料进行分析。结果：2例急诊剖腹探查确诊，2例经胸部X线平片和CT检查确诊；4例均行经腹Hil胃背侧固定术，术后均无并发症，无疝复发。结论：胸部X线平片及CT检查是诊断本病的主要手段；一旦获得诊断或高度怀疑，应及早手术治疗；经腹Hil胃背侧固定术式简单、可靠、复发率低，适合基层医院医生掌握。     

CT检查在钝性胸部外伤中的早期诊断价值

目的探讨分析CT检查在钝性胸部外伤中的早期诊断价值。方法以本院128例钝性胸部外伤患者为研究对象,对其行CT检查及X线平片检查,对比两种方法的检出率。结果 128例患者经CT与X线平片检查后,平片检查异常者共计95例,CT检查异常者共计119例,两种方法均未发现异常者共计11例。CT检查在肋骨骨折、肺挫伤、血胸的显示上敏感度显著高于X线检查,具有统计学差异(P0.05)。急诊剖胸检查或经胸腔闭式引流者69例,有59例为CT检查前进行。而于CT检查后实施治疗的患者中,6例患者两种检查方法结果相同;RTS外伤评分越低实施胸外科治疗的几率越大。结论对于钝性胸部外伤的诊断而言,CT图像在显示肺挫伤、血胸、肋骨骨折等上的敏感度高于平片图像,可作为X线平片的补充检查方法,临床应结合实际情况选择合适的方法,为下一步治疗提供可靠依据。     

CT扫描在胸部创伤诊断中的应用体会

目的探讨胸部创伤中应用CT扫描的诊断要点。方法 26例胸部创伤中,20例有肺挫伤,6例单纯肋骨骨折。3例合并有胸骨骨折,6例合并有气胸及胸腔积液。全部患者均在伤后8 h内进行CT扫描,5例是伤后24 h后复查出现湿肺。结果 CT平扫能够及时准确地发现胸部损伤的程度及合并症。结论 CT扫描对胸部创伤的诊断具有很高的敏感性和特异性,并能发现平片不能检出的阳性征象。     

强直性脊柱炎骶髂关节病变的X线平片和CT诊断及鉴别诊断

目的探讨强直性脊柱炎(AS)骶髂关节病变的X线平片、CT表现,以提高其诊断及鉴别诊断水平。方法对70例AS骶髂关节病变的X线平片、CT表现进行回顾性分析,并根据纽约标准分级。结果70例中,0级0例;l级X线平片4例,CT 11例;Ⅱ级X线平片10例,CT 15例;Ⅲ级28例;Ⅳ级16例(Ⅲ、Ⅳ级病变X线平片和CT分级相同)。结论X线平片、CT在AS骶髂关节病变诊断中具有重要价值。CT在早期病变发现、分级和疗效判断方面优于X线平片。     

以闭襻性结肠梗阻为首发表现的创伤性膈疝1例诊治体会

目的总结以闭襻性肠梗阻为首发表现的膈疝的诊治经验。方法对我科收治的以闭襻性肠梗阻为首发表现的1例膈疝患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并结合文献进行总结。结果经全胸部X线平片、立位腹部X线平片及胸腹部CT明确诊断为闭襻性结肠梗阻、创伤性膈疝(疝内容物为横结肠),急诊手术行嵌顿的疝内容物复位、膈肌修补及切除阑尾经阑尾残端行肠管减压术,术后患者恢复良好。结论仔细的病史采集和查体是明确诊断的基础,全胸部X线平片、立位腹部X线平片及胸腹部CT是明确诊断的重要方法,诊断明确后应及时手术,术中结肠梗阻可经阑尾残端行肠管减压。     

X线平片、CT和MRI诊断滑膜骨软骨瘤病

目的比较X线、CT和MRI对滑膜骨软骨瘤病的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析20例经手术病理证实的滑膜骨软骨瘤病患者的X线平片（n=18）、CT（n=20）和MRI（n=10）表现。结果 X线平片正确诊断15例,CT正确诊断18例,MRI正确诊断8例。X线平片、CT和MRI均能显示关节周围及关节内形态多样、大小不一、数量不等的游离体;X线平片和CT均可显示游离体的钙化;MRI可显示早期软骨游离体;CT和MRI可发现关节腔积液。结论 X线平片、CT及MRI均能诊断本病,CT和MR检查能发现X线平片不能检出的病灶和征象。     

多层螺旋CT与腹部X线平片对急性肠梗阻的诊断价值对比

目的：比较多层螺旋CT与腹部X线平片检查对急性肠梗阻的诊断价值。方法：选择于我院接受手术治疗的160例急性肠梗阻患者为研究对象,患者术前均接受腹部X线平片及多层螺旋CT检查。以术中所见及病理学结果为标准,比较多层螺旋CT和X线平片检查的诊断效果;同时,就两种检查方法的诊断体验进行对比分析。结果：与腹部X线平片相比,多层螺旋CT对急性肠梗阻的检出率更高,漏诊率和误诊率均更低,P <0.05。多层螺旋CT对绞窄性肠梗阻和肿瘤所致肠梗阻的检出率均为100%,明显高于腹部X线平片（36.17%,54.67%）,P <0.05。多层螺旋CT的图像清晰度、舒适度评分明显高于腹部X线平片,操作复杂度评分明显低于腹部X线平片,P <0.05。结论：多层螺旋CT诊断急性肠梗阻的效果及体验方面均优于腹部X线平片,临床应用价值更高。     

急性胸部创伤CT诊断

急性胸部创伤是一种常见的损伤,在以往的创伤诊断中多以X线平片为主.随着CT机的普及,其对急性胸部创伤的检查也显示出极其重要的作用.……     

创伤性气胸急诊B超的应用探讨

目的探讨创伤患者气胸诊断中急诊床边B超的应用价值。方法选择2018年1月至2019年1月在本院进行急诊救治的118例创伤患者,患者入院后均进行床旁B超检查、胸部X线检查及胸部CT,以胸部CT结果为金标准,将采用床旁B超设为研究组,胸部X线设为对照组,对比两种诊断方式的灵敏度、特异性及诊断准确率。结果 CT检查结果显示,118例患者中98例共134侧气胸。B超诊断准确率为90.30%(121/134),胸部X线诊断准确率为64.18%(86/134),两种检查方式对比差异有意义(P0.05);Kappa一致性检验结果为床旁B超与CT一致性较好(P0.05);胸部X线片与CT一致性无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论床旁B超在急诊创伤患者气胸中的诊断效果显著,诊断准确率高,且操作方便快捷,可对患者病情进行动态式监护,临床诊断效果值得推广使用。     

The frequency and significance of thoracic injuries detected on abdominal CT scans of multiple trauma patients

Of 174 multiple trauma patients undergoing abdominal CT examination for suspected abdominal trauma, 65 patients had 109 chest injuries detected by abdominal CT, chest film, or both examinations. Forty-one patients had 55 chest injuries at the base of the thorax which were not detected on the initial chest film. The most frequent chest injuries detected only by CT were pneumothroax, fracture (rib, thoracic spine, and sternum), lung contusion, aspiration pneumonia, hemothorax, and post-traumatic atelectasis. Seven patients whose chest injury initially was seen only at abdominal CT required treatment of the injury, suggesting that a variety of chest injuries which may vitally affect patients can be detected early in multiple trauma patients by abdominal CT, and that all abdominal trauma CT scans should be scrutinized for signs of a chest injury.     

Prospective evaluation of computed tomographic scanning for the spinal clearance of obtunded trauma patients: preliminary results

BACKGROUND: Screening methods for detecting cervical spine injury in obtunded ventilated patients continue to evolve. This study compared the use of plain radiography to computed tomographic (CT) scanning of cervical spines in the obtunded blunt trauma patient. The accuracy of plain radiography and CT scanning in detecting clinically significant cervical spine injury in the obtunded blunt trauma patient was evaluated. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study with a 3-year convenience sample. The study population consisted of a high-risk subpopulation of severely injured patients, intubated or with a Glasgow Coma Scale score < 9 at presentation. Patients were assessed with a three-view cervical spine series and a CT scan of their cervical spines from the skull base to T1. Independent-blinded review of plain radiographs and CT scans was performed by two radiologists. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of plain films were compared with CT scanning. Sensitivity of CT scanning was compared with discharge diagnosis of cervical spine or cord injury. RESULTS: One hundred two patients were eligible and underwent three-view plain radiography and CT scanning. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of plain films compared with CT scanning were 39%, 98%, and 88%, respectively. CT scanning was 100% sensitive in detecting cervical spine injury. CONCLUSION: CT scanning in conjunction with plain films enhances the number of cervical spine injuries seen radiographically. Application of a protocol of plain radiographs and CT scanning may be used to clear cervical spines in the obtunded trauma patient. Ongoing evaluation of this protocol is required.     

Diagnostische Wertigkeit von Nativröntgen, Computer- und Magnetresonanztomographie beim akuten Hyperflexionstrauma des FußesEine prospektive klinische Studie

In order to gain satisfying results in the treatment of acute hyperflexion trauma to the foot, it is absolutely necessary to achieve an exact primary diagnosis because injuries to the tarsometatarsal joint are frequently missed primarily. Aim of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the diagnostic reliability of conventional radiography, CT and MRI compared to each other. 75 consecutive patients after hyperflexion trauma to the foot were included. There were 47 males and 28 females with a mean age of 38 years. After admittance, pa-, lateral and 45° oblique radiographs were taken as well as stress views in comparison to the contralateral foot. Furthermore, CT and MRI were performed in any patient. By conventional radiography, 48 metatarsal and 24 tarsal fractures were diagnosed as well as 17 cases of malalignment of the Lisfranc joint. Stress radiographies were not able to provide a more accurate diagnosis. By CT scans, however, 86 metatarsal and 74 tarsal fractures were detected. Moreover, we found malalignment in 31 and bony avulsions of Lisfranc's ligament in 4 patients. By MRI, finally, 85 metatarsal, 100 tarsal fractures and 31 cases of malalignment were diagnosed. Additionally, partial or complete tears of Lisfranc's ligament were depicted in 22 patients. The present study could clearly show the superiority of CT and MRI to conventional radiography in diagnosis of bony and ligamentous disorders of the Lisfranc joint. Therefore, extended diagnosis has to be demanded in all cases of hyperflexion trauma to the foot.     

The occult pneumothorax: an increasing diagnostic entity in trauma

The increasing use of CT for the evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma has diagnosed undetected pneumothoraces in many patients. We performed a retrospective study at a major trauma center to determine the incidence of occult pneumothorax in the trauma patient. All trauma patients (3121) admitted to a Level I trauma center over a 51-month period were reviewed to determine the incidence of pneumothorax and occult pneumothorax, the method of diagnosis, and treatment. All major trauma patients received a chest X-ray (CXR), whereas 842 patients (27%) underwent an abdominal CT scan. In the 172 patients diagnosed with pneumothorax, 157 abdominal CT scans were performed and 143 were positive for pneumothorax. CXR revealed 49 right-sided pneumothoraces and 58 left-sided pneumothoraces in 95 patients. Abdominal CT scans diagnosed 73 right pneumothoraces and 90 left pneumothoraces in 143 patients. There were 67 patients (71 thoraces) who were seen to have a pneumothorax on abdominal CT scan not seen on admission CXR. This represents 2.2 per cent of all trauma patients and 7.9 per cent of patients with abdominal CT scans. In looking at just trauma patients with pneumothorax, the CT scan was responsible for diagnosing 39 per cent of the patients with a pneumothorax. The occult pneumothorax is being diagnosed more frequently as methods of evaluating and diagnosing trauma patients become more sensitive.     

Bronchoplasty without lung resection for the complete transection of the left main bronchus due to blunt trauma

Blunt bronchial injury is rare but crucial injury. A 17-year-old female was admitted due to traumatic injury. She was diagnosed with bilateral lung contusion, multiple rib fractures, spleen damage and the suspicion about the complete transection of the left main bronchus on X-ray and computed tomography (CT). She was brought to our hospital at 30 hours later from injury. Bronchoscopy revealed the complete transection and the edema of the left main bronchus. She underwent a resection of the disrupted portion and end-to-end anastomosis of left main bronchus without lung resection. We should be an immediate and accurate diagnosis of tracheobronchial disruption by X-ray, CT and bronchoscopy whenever we evaluate patients with blunt chest trauma.     

The diagnostic dilemma of diaphragm injury

Prompt diagnosis of acute traumatic injury to the diaphragm remains a challenge when the admission chest X-ray is unrevealing and immediate laparotomy or thoracotomy is not indicated. Diagnostic delay may contribute to significant morbidity and mortality. A retrospective review of our 15-year experience with diaphragm injury (DI) revealed 13 patients (nine male/four female; mean age, 40 +/- 34 years) who sustained injuries to the left (77%) and right (23%) diaphragm respectively as a result of motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) (69%), penetrating trauma (30%), and pedestrian-versus-car accidents (1%). Nine (69%) patients with timely diagnosis of DI underwent laparotomy for suggestive chest X-rays or other indications for immediate exploration. Four (31%) patients sustaining blunt trauma had DI missed on initial evaluation; all patients had initial radiographic evaluations of the chest and abdomen which ascribed abnormalities to intrathoracic pathology. In the one-day delay the diagnosis (right sided) was made at exploratory laparotomy for persistent abdominal pain. This 74-year-old patient, who also had sustained a duodenal injury, succumbed to sepsis. In the 17-day delay the patient had two chest CT scans and multiple bronchoscopies yet failed to wean from the ventilator before exploratory laparotomy which revealed the diagnosis. The third patient sustained multiple injuries after a MVC and underwent multiple imaging studies and back stabilization before discharge. Ten years later, after multiple negative gastrointestinal workups for abdominal pain a contrast study finally diagnosed herniated transverse colon in the left chest. This patient underwent successful repair via laparotomy. The fourth delayed diagnosis was made in a 72-year-old women who had been involved in an MVC 8 years earlier and had sustained multiple back fractures. She is scheduled for exploration in the near future. DI particulary after blunt trauma and on the right side may be missed in the absence of other indications for immediate surgery because radiographic abnormalities of the diaphragm particularly on the right are often attributed to thoracic pathology or may be absent initially. A high index of suspicion for DI may help lead to an earlier diagnosis especially when the patient's clinical condition fails to improve.     

The supine pneumothorax.

The consequences of an undiagnosed pneumothorax can be life-threatening, particularly in patients with trauma to the head or multiple injury and in those requiring mechanical ventilation. Yet it is these patients, whose films will be assessed initially by the surgeon, who are more likely to have a chest X-ray taken in the supine position. The features of supine pneumothoraces are described and discussed together with radiological techniques used to confirm the diagnosis, including computed tomography (CT) which may be of particular importance in patients with associated cranial trauma.     

Computed tomographic evaluation to exclude traumatic aortic disruption.

Traumatic aortic disruption from blunt trauma remains a lethal injury. The role of computed tomographic (CT) scanning in the diagnosis of traumatic aortic disruption (TAD) has been debated and varying results have been reported. We reviewed our experience with 133 consecutive cases of blunt trauma with abnormal findings on chest x-ray films of sufficient concern to require further evaluation for TAD. Of the 105 patients who underwent CT scanning as the initial evaluation, 11 (10%) required aortography (Ao) for diagnosis; seven had TAD. Twenty-eight patients with highly suggestive signs of TAD underwent Ao as the initial diagnostic test; five had TAD. Ten of the 12 patients (83%) undergoing surgical repair had good results; one died of exsanguination at surgery and the other suffered a profound neurologic injury. Follow-up by phone or chart review at 6 months to more than 5 years after injury revealed no late mortalities from unrecognized TAD. We conclude that high quality CT evaluation of patients with worrisome chest x-ray films following blunt trauma can be used to exclude TAD in the majority of cases. Aortography is reserved for cases in which there is a high clinical suspicion of TAD and for those patients in whom TAD cannot be confidently excluded by CT scanning.     

Occult pneumomediastinum in blunt chest trauma: Clinical significance

Introduction

Thoracic injuries are potentially responsible for 25% of all trauma deaths. Chest X-ray is commonly used to screen patients with chest injury. However, the use of computed tomography (CT) scan for primary screening is increasing, particularly for blunt trauma. CT scans are more sensitive than chest X-ray in detecting intra-thoracic abnormalities such as pneumothoraces and pneumomediastinums. Pneumomediastinum detected by chest X-ray or “overt pneumomediastinum”, raises the concern of possible aerodigestive tract injuries. In contrast, there is scarce information on the clinical significance of pneumomediastinum diagnosed by CT scan only or “occult pneumomediastinum”. Therefore we investigated the clinical consequences of occult pneumomediastinum in our blunt trauma population.

Methods

A 2-year retrospective chart review of all blunt chest trauma patients with initial chest CT scan admitted to a level I trauma centre. Data extracted from the medical records include; demographics, occult, overt, or no pneumomediastinum, the presence of intra-thoracic aerodigestive tract injuries (trachea, bronchus, and/or esophagus), mechanism and severity of injury, endotracheal intubation, chest thoracostomy, operations and radiological reports by an attending radiologist. All patients with intra-thoracic aerodigestive tract injuries from 1994 to 2004 were also investigated.

Results

Of 897 patients who met the inclusion criteria 839 (93.5%) had no pneumomediastinum. Five patients (0.6%) had overt pneumomediastinum and 53 patients (5.9%) had occult pneumomediastinum. Patients with occult pneumomediastinum had significantly higher ISS and AIS chest (p < 0.0001) than patients with no pneumomediastinum. A chest thoracostomy tube was more common (p < 0.0001) in patients with occult pneumomediastinum (47.2%) than patients with no pneumomediastinum (10.4%), as well as occult pneumothorax. None of the patients with occult pneumomediastinum had aerodigestive tract injuries (95%CI 0-0.06). Follow up CT scan of patients with occult pneumomediastinum showed complete resolution in all cases, in average 3 h after the initial exam.

Conclusion

Occult pneumomediastinum occurred in approximately 6% of all trauma patients with blunt chest injuries in our institution. Patients who had occult pneumomediastinum were more severely injured than those who without. However, none of the patients with occult pneumomediastinum had aerodigestive tract injuries and follow up chest CT scans demonstrated their complete and spontaneous resolution.