临床分离阴沟肠杆菌的耐药性分析

目的 分析阴沟肠杆菌耐药机理和现状，指导临床合理应用抗菌药物。方法 用K－B纸片扩散法对132株阴沟肠杆菌做20种抗菌药物的敏感试验，并对80株阴沟肠杆菌进行超广谱β－内酰胺酶（ESBLs）测定。结果 对20种抗菌药物的敏感试验显示，阴沟肠杆菌对β－内酰胺酶抗生素显示较高耐药；对氨基糖苷，喹诺酮类等也有不同程度的耐药，对碳青霉烯类有很高的抗菌活性。结论 阴沟肠杆菌对临床常用的抗菌药物呈高耐和多重耐药，其耐药机制为β－内酰胺酶产生的ESBLs的AmpC酶；环丙沙星，左氟沙星，头孢吡肟等可作为治疗其感染的首选用药，亚胺培南可作为二线用药，治疗其混合感染及其高耐菌株。     

呼吸道感染患者肠杆菌科细菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶情况和药敏监测

目的:了解呼吸道感染患者肠杆菌科细菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株的检出率及对常用抗生素的耐药情况。方法:收集呼吸道感染患者痰标本中分离出的肠杆菌科细菌326株,用标准纸片扩散法检测ESBLs,用K-B琼脂扩散法做药敏试验。结果:326株肠杆菌科细菌中,共检出产ESBLs菌109株,检出率为33.4%,其中肺炎克雷伯菌63株(37.1%),大肠埃希菌36株(35.6%)。除亚胺培南外,产ESBLs菌对其他常用抗生素的耐药率显著高于非产ESBLs菌。亚胺培南对ESBLs全部敏感,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率较低,其余抗生素耐药率均较高。结论:呼吸道感染患者痰中肠杆菌科细菌产ESBLs情况严重,临床实验室有必要常规检测ESBLs。亚胺培南是治疗产ESBLs菌感染的有效抗生素。     

由阴沟肠杆菌引起的感染分布及其耐药性变迁

目的：探讨由阴沟肠杆菌引起感染的临床分布、阴沟肠杆菌中超广谱β-内酰胺酶ESBLs和AmpC酶的携带率以及其耐药性变迁的趋势，为临床合理使用抗生素、有效控制感染提供流行病学依据。方法：采用全自动微生物分析仪Vitek—60进行细菌的鉴定，用K—B琼脂扩散法进行菌株的耐药性检测，并分别用纸片扩散法和表型筛选法检测其超广谱β-内酰胺酶ESBLs和AmpC酶。结果：本地区由阴沟肠杆菌引起的感染呈逐年递增趋势，感染的人群以中老年为主，感染部位主要见于呼吸道、伤口及泌尿道等。阴沟肠杆菌ESBLs的携带率由2000年的6．9％上升至2002年的10．8％，AmpC酶的携带率由2000年的25％上升至35％。药敏试验提示亚胺培南有较强的敏感性94％，依次为头孢吡肟65％、舒普深70．5％、丁胺卡那、喹诺酮类存在着交叉耐药。其他抗生素的耐药性均有不同程度的上升，其中头孢噻肟较为明显。结论：本地区存在高产AmpC酶的阴沟肠杆菌的流行；亚胺培南是治疗由阴沟肠杆菌引起的临床感染的首选药物，加强阴沟肠杆菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶ESBLs和AmpC酶的耐药性检测，对临床合理选择抗生素及控制耐药菌株的播散和流行，具有重要的指导意义。     

肠杆菌科细菌两种β-内酰胺酶测定及耐药性监测

目的：对我院及本地区肠杆菌科细菌产β-内酰胺酶及其耐药性的情况进行研究分析。方法：将我院分离出的202株肠杆菌科细菌，采用MicroScan autoSCAN-4型全自动细菌鉴定分析仪作细菌鉴定和药敏试验，同时用复合纸片法鉴定超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)，用头孢西丁三维试验法检测AmpC β-内酰胺酶(AmpC—BLA)。结果：202株肠杆菌科细菌中，高产ESBLs的细菌74株占36．6％，高产AmpC-BLA的细菌39株占19．3％；产β-内酰胺酶菌对18种常用抗菌药物耐药率明显高于非产酶菌株。结论：2种β-内酰胺酶菌的耐药性非常严重且各具特点，各临床实验室应重视β-内酰胺酶的检测，这对指导临床合理使用抗生素具有十分重要的意义。     

肠杆菌科产超广谱β-酰胺酶菌株的调查分析

目的：监测肠杆菌科产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）菌株的耐药情况，指导临床医生合理应用抗生素，控制院内感染。方法：采用纸片协同法检测ESBLs菌株，并对82株产ESBLs菌株进行分析。结果：产ESBLs菌株主要为起肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌。产ESBLs菌株与长期住院、应用广谱抗生素、健康等级差以及住ICU病房争有明显关系，并且具有多重耐药性。结论：产ESBLs的肠杆菌科细菌引起的感染日益增多，实验室及临床医生应注童产ESBLs菌株的监测和报告，合理应用抗生素，控制产ESBLs菌株的流行。     

老年病房下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解老年病房患者下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及其耐药情况.方法 回顾调查310例老年下呼吸道感染患者的临床资料,分析病原菌的分布与耐药性的特点.结果 老年下呼吸道感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,占细菌总数的62.3％,主要为铜绿假单胞菌(20.1％)、大肠埃希菌(11.9％)[其中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株45株]、鲍曼不动杆菌(8.4％)、阴沟肠杆菌(7.2％);其次为真菌(28.3％),以白色念珠菌为主(14.2％).药敏试验提示:除产ESBLs大肠埃希菌及阴沟肠杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素(亚胺培南、美罗培南)完全敏感外,主要革兰阴性菌对临床常用抗菌药物均有不同程度耐药,且部分细菌对多种抗菌药同时耐药.结论 老年病房下呼吸道感染的致病菌以革兰阴性菌为主,应参考药物敏感试验结果进行抗感染治疗.     

抗菌药物对下呼吸道产酶肠杆菌体外活性研究

目的：了解下呼吸道常见肠杆菌科细菌产β内酰胺酶状况；测定几种抗菌药物对产酶菌的体外抗菌活性。方法：采用头孢西丁三维试验检测AmpC酶；NCCLS推荐的纸片扩散确证法检测ESBLs；二倍琼脂稀释法测定药物的体外抗菌活性；K—B琼脂扩散法行药敏试验。结果：在所收集的80株下呼吸道标本中，阴沟肠杆菌39株，其中25．6％产ESBLs、41．0％产AmpC酶、7．7％同时产．AmpC和ESBLs；其次是肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌。7种氟喹诺酮类药物中，环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星和培氟沙星对产酶菌的耐药率较高在50％以上，莫西沙星、加替沙星和左氧氟沙星的耐药率较低在30％-40％之间。在其他4种常用抗生素中，伊米配能的耐药率低，对ESBLs、AmpC和ESBLs AmpC菌株的耐药率分别为16．7％、9．5％和0；阿米卡星的耐药率在30％～40％之间；头孢噻肟和头孢他啶的耐药率最高，多数在70％以上。结论：临床分离的下呼吸道标本中，阴沟肠杆菌最多且产酶率最高；几种抗菌药物中伊米配能具有较高抗菌活性；其次是莫西沙星、加替沙星、左氧氟沙星和阿米卡星。     

衡阳地区医院产超广谱β－内酰胺酶肠杆菌科流行率及耐药性变迁分析

目的：探讨衡阳地区医院产超广谱β－内酰胺酶肠杆菌科流行率及耐药的性变化趋势,为指导临床合理使用抗菌药物提供理论依据。方法：回顾性分析衡阳市5所地区医院2009年～2011年分离的肠杆菌科细菌资料,记录并统计产超广谱β－内酰胺酶（ESBLs）肠杆菌的分离率及耐药性。产ESBLs肠杆菌的检测采用NCCLS（1999）推荐的筛选和确证试验,药敏实验采用K－B法。结果：临床分离的3200株肠杆菌科细菌中共检出产ESBLs肠杆菌科细菌896株,总检出率28.00％,产ES-BLs肠杆菌科细菌的分离率由2009年的22.76％上升为2011年的31.28％;大肠埃希菌是主要的产ESBLs肠杆菌科,从中分离出产ESBLs菌589株,检出率32.74％（589／1798）;大肠埃希菌产ESBLs菌对8种常用抗生素的敏感率由高到低依次为：亚胺培南＞哌拉西林／他唑巴坦＞莫西沙星＞复方新诺明＞环丙沙星＞庆大霉素＞头孢噻肟＞头孢曲松。结论：产ESBLs细菌检出率呈逐年上升趋势,应高度重视ESBLs检测,阶段性地分析产ESBLs细菌发生率和耐药性的变迁,及时为临床提供正确合理使用抗菌药物的理论依据。     

产超广谱β内酰胺酶细菌下呼吸道感染的药敏与临床分析

目的：探讨产超产谱β内酰胺酶（简称ESBL）细菌的临床特点和对抗生素的敏感性。方法：对65例产ESBL细菌所致下呼吸道感染的临床特点和产ESBL细菌药物敏感性进行分析。结果：65例均为院内感染患者，均有免疫力低下的基础疾病或气管插管。分离的65株产ESBL菌株中，大肠埃希菌占48％，肺炎克雷伯菌占31％；65株对头孢他啶敏感率为55％，对头孢吡肟敏感率为46％，对氨曲南敏感率为15％，对其他第3代头孢菌素和广谱青霉素耐药，对哌拉西林／他唑巴坦敏感率高达74％，对亚胺培南100％敏感。结论：产ESBL细菌主要为大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌，其导致的院内下呼吸道感染预后不佳，对常用β内酰胺类抗生素耐药，宜选用碳青酶烯类抗生素治疗。     

呼吸道感染常见革兰氏阴性杆菌的药敏分析

目的：了解呼吸道感染常见革兰氏阴性杆菌的耐药状况，为l临床合理用药提供依据。方法：对471株革兰氏阴性杆菌进行药敏试验(MIC法)，同时对肺炎克雷伯氏杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌进行超广谱争内酰胺酶(ESBLs)确认实验。结果：分离菌株主要是铜绿假单胞菌(106株，22．5％)、肺炎克雷伯杆菌(87株，18．5％)、阴沟肠杆菌(56株，11．9％)、鲍曼不动杆菌(56株，1．9％)、大肠埃希菌(20株，4．2％)。其中鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺硫霉素最敏感。铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌是产诱导型p内酰胺酶(IB)的主要菌，对丁胺卡那酶素、亚胺硫霉素较敏感。阴沟肠杆菌的产酶株对β-内酰胺酶抑制剂、四代头孢菌素、氨基糖甙类、磺胺类抗生素的耐药率明显低于非产酶株组。肺炎克雷伯杆菌与大肠埃希菌是产ESBLs的主要菌，两者对β-内酰胺酶抑制剂、氨基糖甙类、碳青霉烯类较敏感，而对头孢菌素酶特别是三代头孢菌素耐药率较高，且产酶株的耐药率明显高于非产酶株。结论：呼吸道感染常见革兰氏阴性杆菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和大肠埃希菌，其耐药率普遍较高，并有较高的多重耐药率，临床上应根据药敏结果合理选择抗菌素。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.