妊娠合并急性肾衰竭的临床分析

目的探讨妊娠合并急性肾衰竭ARF）诊治。方法回顾性分析24例妊娠并急性肾衰竭患者的临床资料。结果24例患者中22例患者治愈或好转出院，2例患者死亡。结论早期诊断、积极治疗妊娠合并急性肾衰竭，可以挽救母婴生命。治疗措施包括：适时终止妊娠、早期透析、积极治疗原发病、防治感染。     

Successful pregnancy in a patient with polycystic kidney disease and advanced renal failure without prophylactic dialysis

Pregnancies in women suffering from advanced chronic renal failure are frequently associated with deterioration of maternal renal function, premature births and low birth weights. Prophylactic dialysis is sometimes instituted since this intervention ameliorates the uremic milieu and improves maternal status and fetal uterine environment. This report describes a successful pregnancy and delivery in a hypertensive woman with advanced chronic renal failure due to polycystic kidney disease without accelerating the natural deterioration of renal function and without instituting prophylactic dialysis. The infant was delivered at full term with a normal birth weight. Thirty months after delivery, growth and development of the child were normal and the rate of deterioration of maternal renal function, assessed by 1/creatinine, was unaffected by pregnancy. Conservative management and effective control of blood pressure may be sufficient to achieve successful pregnancy outcome when women with advanced chronic renal failure become pregnant.     

Postrenal acute renal failure during pregnancy 20 years after antireflux surgery

We report that a 27-year-old woman with bilateral severe hydronephorosis during pregnancy 20 years after antireflux surgery. The patient developed postrenal acute renal failure due to obstruction of the lower ureter. This patient could safely give birth after bilateral percutaneous nephrostomy through joint management with the obstetrics and gynecology staff. We describe that stenosis of the lower ureter is a late complication of antireflux surgery.     

Peritoneal dialysis for acute renal failure in children

Fifty infants and children with acute renal failure were treated with acute peritoneal dialysis between 1987 and 1990. The patients were dialyzed using either a catheter introduced percutaneously over a guide-wire (n=40) or a Tenckhoff catheter (n=10). The cause of the acute renal failure was primary renal disease in 17 children, cardiac disease in 19, and trauma/sepsis in 14. Peritoneal dialysis succeeded in controlling metabolic abnormalities, improving fluid balance, and relieving the complications of uremia. The procedure had few major complications. Overall mortality was 50%, reflecting the serious nature of the underlying diseases. We conclude that acute peritoneal dialysis is a safe and effective treatment in most pediatric patients with acute renal failure. Our series of patients treated with acute peritoneal dialysis serves as a basis of comparison for the evaluation of new modalities of therapy in childhood acute renal failure.     

Peritoneal dialysis for chronic renal failure in a patient with methylmalonic acidaemia

Chronic renal failure is a common complication of methylmalonic acidaemia (MMA). It is usually managed with haemodialysis and renal transplantation. We report the use of continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) for 20 months in a paediatric patient with chronic renal failure due to MMA. This procedure resulted in the elimination of 950 μmol methylmalonate (MM) per day and a fall in the plasma MM concentration from 3.9 to 0.74 mmol/l. As a result of this treatment, the frequency at which this patient was hospitalised was markedly reduced prior to a successful renal transplantation.     

腹腔镜引导下腹膜透析管置放术

目的　探讨腹腔镜引导下放置腹膜透析管的方法。　方法　选择 9例慢性肾功能衰竭患者 ,在腹腔镜引导将Tenckhoff腹膜透析管置入腹腔并经皮下隧道引出。　结果　所有病例腹膜透析管均放置成功。手术时间 10min～ 2 0min。均成功的进行了腹膜透析。患者术后 2～ 7天出院。　结论　腹腔镜引导放置腹膜透析管技术具有透析管定位准确 ,手术切口小 ,术后疼痛轻。优于常规开腹技术     

Gastric emptying in patients with chronic renal failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Radionuclide gastric emptying studies were carried out on 20patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) undergoing continuousambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Nine of the patientshad diabetes mellitus. Eight normal volunteers were also studiedto establish normal ranges. Solid and liquid emptying patternswere investigated simultaneously using a meal made up of a solidphase labelled with ^99mTechnetium and a liquid phase labelledwith ¹¹¹Indium. The solid emptying fitted a model with a lagphase followed by a linear emptying phase and the liquid emptyingfitted a single exponential. Nine of the 20 patients (four diabetic,five non-diabetic) were found to have delayed solid emptying,and four of these (two diabetic, two non-diabetic) also haddelayed liquid emptying. No correlation was found between anyof the parameters studied and the clinical symptoms of the patients.It is concluded that almost half of the patients studied hadabnormal gastric emptying, but that many of these did not sufferfrom severe symptoms.     

Transplantation versus dialysis in diabetic patients with renal failure

Studies suggesting that transplantation is better than dialysis for diabetic patients with renal failure may be biased by the more favorable pretreatment prognosis of transplanted patients. Therefore, to provide a fairer comparison we controlled for pretreatment clinical state, categorized treatment received, and assessed mortality, major morbid events, and hospitalization in 51 diabetic patients who began therapy between 1970 and 1980. Fourteen patients were treated by transplantation and 37 by dialysis. The mean waiting period for transplantation was 5 months. The average age of transplanted patients was 40.9 years and of dialyzed patients 59.6 years. When we controlled for this age disparity and other factors (duration of diabetes and heart failure) that affect prognosis in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), the mortality with both transplantation and dialysis was similar to that expected from the overall mortality rate of the 51 study patients. Treatment received had no effect on mortality; the observed deaths compared with deaths expected from pretreatment status were 8 and 7.3 for transplantation and 30 and 30.7 for dialysis. We also compared major morbid events (blindness, amputation, stroke, severe heart failure, and myocardial infarction) and hospitalization in transplanted patients with the 24 dialyzed patients who survived long enough (5 months) to be eligible for transplantation. The number of major morbid events was 2.7 per 10 patient-years in the transplanted group and 3.4 in the dialyzed group. Hospitalization was 151.3 d/yr in transplanted patients and 55.6 d/yr in dialyzed patients (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Acute renal cortical necrosis in pregnancy: Clinical course and changing prognosis

Obstetric cortical renal necrosis is a serious complication that can lead to chronic renal failure and the need for chronic dialysis. The aim of renal cortical necrosis therapy is to restore hemodynamic stability, institute early dialytic therapy, and treat the underlying cause of the disease. Most cases of renal cortical necrosis do not recover a normal renal function despite intensive care. We describe the course of a patient who was diagnosed with acute renal cortical necrosis in pregnancy treated with hemodialysis for three years but then she recovered her renal function.     

Low-flux versus high-flux synthetic dialysis membrane in acute renal failure: prospective randomized study

The influence of dialyzer membrane on the morbidity and mortality of patients with acute renal failure remains a matter of debate. The aim of the prospective randomized clinical study was to assess the influence of the flux of a synthetic dialyzer membrane on patients' survival rate, restitution of renal function, and duration of hemodialysis treatment of patients with acute renal failure as a part of multiorgan failure. Seventy-two patients treated in intensive care units of the University Medical Center Ljubljana were randomized according to the dialyzer used throughout the duration of hemodialysis treatment. There were 38 patients in the low-flux group (dialyzer F6, low-flux polysuphone, Fresenius, Bad Homburg, Germany) and 34 patients in the high-flux group (dialyzer Filtral 12, sulphonated high-flux polyacrylonitrile, Hospal, Industrie Meyzieu, France). Both groups were balanced in terms of sex, age, APACHE II score, oliguria before dialysis, cause of acute renal failure, inotropic support, mechanical ventilation, and the number of failing organs. The patients' survival rate was 18.7% in the low-flux group and 20.6% in the high-flux group. Ten patients (26.3%) recovered their renal function in the low-flux group and 8 (23.5%) in the high-flux group. Hemodialysis treatment lasted 11.2 days in the low-flux and 10.7 days in the high-flux group. An analysis of subgroups with a lower mortality rate (subgroup of patients without oliguria and subgroup of patients with less than 4 failed organ systems) did not show significant differences between the low-flux and high-flux groups in terms of survival rate, recovery of renal function, and duration of hemodialysis treatment. In conclusion, no significant differences were found in the results of low-flux versus high-flux synthetic membrane dialyzer treatment in patients with acute renal failure as a part of multiorgan failure in terms of survival rate, recovery of renal function, incidence of oliguria during hemodialysis, and duration of hemodialysis treatment. The number of failing organs seems to be the most important single factor determining the survival of patients with acute renal failure as a part of multiorgan failure.     

Growth hormone for children with chronic renal failure and on dialysis

We studied all children with CRF who received recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) for more than a year (mean±SD duration of therapy 3.7±2.5 years) over an 11-year period. There were 32 children. Twenty-one children were conservatively managed, with a mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 24±12 mL min^–1/1.73 m² at the start of rhGH. Their height standard deviation score improved from –2.5±1.4 to –2.1±0.7 at 1 year (P=0.3), –2.0±0.7 at 2 years (P=0.01), and –1.6±0.6 at 3 years (P=0.001). After that there was no improvement. Eleven children were on dialysis, six on haemodialysis (HD) and five on peritoneal (PD). Ht SDS improved from –2.7±0.5 to –2.3±0.5 at 1 year (P=0.02). Thereafter there was no further improvement. RhGH was stopped because of transplantation in 29 patients at a mean±SD age of 12.1±4.0 years. Mean Ht SDS was –1.8±0.8 at transplant and there was no change over the following 5 years. In conclusion, treatment with rhGH resulted in improvement in Ht SDS in conservatively managed CRF for up to 3.0 years and for 1 year in children on dialysis. Discontinuation of rhGH after transplantation resulted in little change in Ht SDS.     

Choice of dialysis modality for management of pediatric acute renal failure

Acute renal failure in children requiring dialysis can be managed with a variety of modalities, including peritoneal dialysis, intermittent hemodialysis, and continuous hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration. The choice of dialysis modality to be used in managing a specific patient is influenced by several factors, including the goals of dialysis, the unique advantages and disadvantages of each modality, and institutional resources. This review will examine these aspects of acute renal failure management, with the goal of providing practical guidance regarding modality selection to the physician involved in the management of pediatric acute renal failure. Received: 13 July 2001 / Revised: 25 September 2001 / Accepted: 26 September 2001     

大口径自体动静脉内瘘在糖尿病慢性肾衰透析通路中的运用

目的 探讨大口径自体动静脉内瘘在糖尿病慢性肾衰患者透析通路中的运用.方法 将86例糖尿病慢性肾功能衰竭分为老年组和非老年组,各组内再随机平均分配到实验组和对照组,均行腕部自体动静脉内瘘成形术,术式为头静脉与桡动脉端侧吻合;实验组桡动脉纵向切开约1.0cm～1.1 cm,对照组0.7 cm～0.8cm.结果 手术成功率实验组(90.9%、95.2%)明显高于对照组(77.3%、85.7%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),无1例发生心衰.结论 糖尿病慢性肾功能衰竭患者在行自体动静脉内瘘成形术时,可适当增加吻合口内径,即可满足血液透析对血流量的需求,又不至于引起心功能衰竭.     

大口径自体动静脉内瘘在糖尿病慢性肾衰透析通路中的运用

目的 探讨大口径自体动静脉内瘘在糖尿病慢性肾衰患者透析通路中的运用.方法 将86例糖尿病慢性肾功能衰竭分为老年组和非老年组,各组内再随机平均分配到实验组和对照组,均行腕部自体动静脉内瘘成形术,术式为头静脉与桡动脉端侧吻合;实验组桡动脉纵向切开约1.0cm～1.1 cm,对照组0.7 cm～0.8cm.结果 手术成功率实验组(90.9%、95.2%)明显高于对照组(77.3%、85.7%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),无1例发生心衰.结论 糖尿病慢性肾功能衰竭患者在行自体动静脉内瘘成形术时,可适当增加吻合口内径,即可满足血液透析对血流量的需求,又不至于引起心功能衰竭.     

Late diagnosis of chronic renal failure and mortality on maintenance dialysis

BACKGROUND.: Recent observations in our country have shown that late diagnosisof chronic renal failure (CRF) is an important cause of latereferral and late commencement of maintenance dialysis. We prospectivelyinvestigated the influence of late diagnosis of CRF on patientmortality during dialysis therapy. METHODS.: Among 184 consecutive patients with non-diabetic end-stage renaldisease starting chronic dialysis at the Federal UniversityHospital in the city of So Paulo, 106 had a late diagnosis ofCRF (less than 1 month before starting dialysis) and 78 hadan early diagnosis. During the first 6 months of dialysis treatment,patient survival was compared in the two groups, using the Kaplan-Meiermethod and the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS.: Six-month patient survival rate was lower in the late than inthe early diagnosis group (69% versus 87%, P<0.01). In thelate diagnosis group, the hazard ratio of mortality was 2.77(95% C1, 1.36–5.66) times that of the early diagnosisgroup. In a multivariate analysis, after adjusting for age,comorbid illness, and serum biochemical measurements, time ofdiagnosis did not remain significantly associated with mortalityrisk. In this analysis, age, pulmonary infection, and low serumalbumin were significant predictors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS.: Patients with a late diagnosis have a higher mortality riskduring the first 6 months of maintenance dialysis. This increasedrisk is related to comorbid conditions, some of which couldbe prevented by predialysis care. Interventions to promote earlydiagnosis of CRF and adequate predialysis follow-up need tobe evaluated if the survival of patients with chronic renalfailure is to improve.     

Abdominal wall hernia repair in patients with chronic renal failure and a dialysis catheter

This paper describes the incisional hernia repair technique carried out on 50 patients with chronic renal insufficiency requiring continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. The technique involved fixing a polypropylene mesh prosthesis to the deep face of lateral incisions into the aponeurosis of the rectus abdominis muscle. Under general or epidural anaesthesia the old scar was resected and the hernial sac dissected, care being taken not to open the peritoneum. At 5 cm from either side of the hernia margin, the aponeurosis was incised longitudinally and the adjacent muscle separated. The mesh was sutured to the deep face of the aponeurosis, covering the hernial defect. A Tenckhoff catheter was left in the abdominal cavity. Peritoneal dialysis was given to all 50 patients in the immediate postoperative period, with no leaking of the dialysis fluid. One year later there has been no recurrence. Prosthetic mesh fixed to the deep face of the abdominal aponeurosis at incisions lateral to the hernia margins, without opening the peritoneum, is an effective treatment of incisional hernia repair for patients on peritoneal dialysis and allows early institution of dialysis.     

Successful pregnancy in a patient with polycystic kidney disease and advanced renal failure: the use of prophylactic dialysis.

Adult polycystic kidney disease is an inherited disease that is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. The clinical manifestations, which develop during the third or fourth decade of life, usually do not affect women during childbearing age and thus do not affect fertility or pregnancy outcome. The patient presented here had polycystic kidney disease and advanced renal failure, and was treated with meticulous fetal surveillance and prophylactic hemodialysis during pregnancy. The successful outcome strengthens the trend to perform prophylactic dialysis in pregnancies with advanced renal failure, despite the lack of controlled studies.     

Successful pregnancy of a woman with advanced renal failure on nutritional treatment

A case is reported of a successful pregnancy of a woman with advanced renal failure treated nutritionally. The importance of an intensive interdisciplinary medical co-working is stressed, and the individual adaptation of the dietary treatment to the special nutritional requirements in pregnancy is discussed.