胰岛素泵持续皮下输注与多次皮下注射胰岛素强化治疗2型糖尿病的疗效比较

目的观察胰岛素泵持续皮下注射胰岛素及多次皮下注射胰岛素对2型糖尿病的治疗疗效及安全性。方法80例2型糖尿患者住院进行两种胰岛素强化治疗：①CSII组：42例;②MSII组：38例。二组治疗血糖控制范刖为3．6～8．2mm01／L（血糖仪测定末梢血）,至少稳定48h。结果两种治疗方法血糖中位数差异有统计学意义（CSII：7．0,MSII：7．8,P〈0．01）,平均高血糖控制天数[CSII：（5．71±1．71）d,MSII：（20．52±7．68）d,P〈0．01],胰岛素用量[CSII（0．61±0．2）U／（kg·d）,MSII：（0．69±0．2）U／（kg·d）,P〈O．01],住院时间[CSII：（12．47±4．42）d,MSII：（31．43±9．47）d,P〈0．01]均有显著性差异;而住院费用[CSII：（2787±1475）元,MSII：（3756±2867）元,P〈0．05]有统计学意义,且CSII组低糖发生率低于MSII组[（0．8±1．2）次／,人VS（1．7±2．3）次／人,P〈0．051。结论CSll治疗较MSII更有效、更便捷地控制高血糖,减少低血糖发生,安全性更高。     

肝移植术后患者血糖监测与护理

目的 探讨肝移植术后血糖控制方法 与护理要点.方法 将16例行改良背驮式原位肝移植术后血糖升高患者随机均分为两组,一组为微泵静脉注射胰岛素(观察组),另一组为皮下注射胰岛素(对照组),监测三餐前、餐后2 h、睡前血糖.结果 住院期间两组血糖均可控制达标;血糖达标时间、手术切口愈合时间、胰岛素用量比较,观察组显著优于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01).结论 微泵静脉注射胰岛素可较快控制血糖水平;加强血糖监测与护理是提高肝移植成功率和质量的重要因素.     

非内分泌科胰岛素泵治疗患者的多学科协作优化管理

目的探讨院内非内分泌科室胰岛素泵治疗的多学科协作管理模式,并评价效果。方法将非内分泌科接受胰岛素泵治疗的患者231例按住院时间分组,2012年7~12月的90例患者为对照组,采用常规会诊、糖尿病教育护士巡视为主的管理模式;2013年1~6月的141例患者为观察组,根据胰岛素泵治疗特点,采用包括内分泌专科医生、糖尿病教育护士、其他非内分泌科室医护人员、营养师等在内的多学科协作管理模式。比较两组胰岛素泵运行及血糖管理方面的差异。结果观察组胰岛素泵运行中意外事件发生率、血糖达标时间、低血糖发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01);两组胰岛素泵治疗时间、治疗后空腹血糖水平差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论多学科协作管理模式保证了非内分泌科室胰岛素泵的安全运行,保障了患者的治疗效果。     

持续肾替代治疗在肝移植术后急性肾损伤的应用

目的 探讨持续肾替代治疗(CRRT)对肝移植术后急性肾损伤的治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析82例肝移植围手术期应用CRRT患者的肾功能情况,对其治疗前后的主要指标进行检测.结果 与治疗前比较,治疗后患者丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、总胆红素(TBil)、血尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、肌酸磷酸激酶(CPK)、C反应蛋白(CPR)、肌酐下降,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与治疗前比较,CRRT治疗后患者血K+、Na+、Cl-、HCO3-、中心静脉压(CVP)显著好转,差异亦具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).其他生化指标与治疗前比较变化不大,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).对开始血滤治疗的时机进行研究显示,在急性肾损伤RIFLE分级Ⅰ级开始血滤治疗的患者肾功能恢复的比例明显高于在F级开始血滤治疗的患者(P＜0.05).结论 CRRT治疗能明显改善肝移植术后急性肾损伤患者的预后.     

肝移植术后糖尿病的最新进展

糖尿病是肝移植术后最常见的并发症之一,肝移植术后并发糖尿病的受者生存率及移植物长期存活率明显低于无糖尿病的肝移植受者。近年来,随着肝移植在中国迅速发展,肝移植术后糖尿病也引发了高度关注。尽管过去20余年对于移植后糖尿病(PTDM)的研究从未停歇,但仍有许多问题有待进一步研究解决。本文旨在总结肝移植术后糖尿病的最新研究进展,包括PTDM的定义与诊断标准,肝移植术后糖尿病的危险因素、预防及治疗等,以期加深对于肝移植术后糖尿病的认识和理解,并进行有效预防和治疗,从而提高肝移植受者长期存活率及生活质量。     

西罗莫司在肝移植术后肾功能异常患者中的应用

目的 探讨西罗莫司替换钙调磷酸酶抑制剂治疗肝移植术后肾功能不全的安全性和有效性.方法 北将肝移植术后发生肾功能不全的62例患者随机分为对照组和转换组.对照组29例,继续采用Tac(或CsA)、MMF及Pred的方案,血Tac(或CsA)浓度调整在治疗窗范围的下限;转换组33例,用SRL替换原方案中的Tac(或CsA),SRL的起始用量为2 mg/d,以后根据血SRL浓度及不良反应作相应调整,Tac(或CsA)减少至原用量的1/3～1/2,3 d后停用,MMF和Pred的用法不变.转换治疗后,对患者的肝肾功能、急性排斥反应及存活率进行随访监测,并观察患者在转换治疗期间发生的不良反应.结果 共有49例患者痊愈或者好转,13例死亡,对照组死亡8例,转换组死亡5例.随访9～51个月,转换组存活患者肝功能稳定,均未发生急性排斥反应.两组存活患者肾功能恢复后均未再出现反复,且转换组患者肾功能恢复时间明显缩短,治疗效果较好.转换组存活患者未发生严重不良反应,与对照组肺部感染发生率的比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 肝移植术后并发肾功能不全时,采用西罗莫司替换原免疫抑制方案中的CNI治疗是安全有效的.     

肝移植术后应用不含皮质激素的免疫抑制方案对糖代谢的影响

目的 探讨肝移植术后应用不含皮质激素的免疫抑制方案对受者糖代谢的影响.方法 回顾分析295例首次接受成人肝移植,且术后规律随访超过6个月受者的临床资料,将受者分研究组(153例)和对照组(142例),研究组受者采用他克莫司(Tac)+吗替麦考酚酯( MMF)的免疫抑制方案,对照组受者采用Tac+ MMF+皮质激素方案.分别于术前1周及术后第1、2、4、8、12、16、20和24周为观察时间点,检测两组受者的血糖水平变化,观察急性排斥反应及高血糖相关不良事件的发生情况.结果 两组间受者性别、年龄、体重等基本资料,尤其是术前空腹血糖水平和高血糖患者比例的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组受者术后早期血糖水平均显著升高,术后1周时达到峰值,并随术后时间的延长呈逐渐下降的趋势.各时间点研究组的受者李腹血糖水平及高血糖患者比例均低于对照组,术后4周以后,与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).研究组和对照组高血糖者的比例分别为52.9％和76.8％(P＜0.05),对照组术后发生高血糖的风险是研究组的2.94倍.随访期间,研究组和对照组的急性排斥反应发生率分别为8.50％ (13/153)和7.75％(11/142),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).研究组受者出现组织愈合延迟、感染及高脂血症发生率亦低于对照组.结论 肝移植术后应用不含皮质激素的免疫抑制方案是安全的,并可降低术后发生糖尿病的风险,减少高血糖相关不良事件的发生率.     

肝移植术后肠道菌群失调的诊疗策略

肝移植术后会发生多种近期以及远期并发症。在术后早期,由于多重耐药菌的产生很容易导致各种感染,其中之一表现为肠道菌群失调。在过去的十年中,一系列研究发现肠道菌群在维持肠道稳态方面具有重要功能。肠道菌群通过多种途径与其他器官相互影响,其中肠肝轴是最关键的体内微环境调节通道之一。肠道菌群在数量和成分上的改变均能导致肠道菌群失调。无论在局部还是全身系统,肠道菌群与免疫系统都存在广泛的交互作用。本文着重探讨肝移植术后肠道菌群失调发生的危险因素、肠道菌群失调对肝移植受者的影响以及相关的治疗方案。     

重组人生长激素在肝移植术后患者中的应用研究

目的 观察重组人生长激素（rhGH）在肝移植术后患者中的应用疗效.方法 将24例肝移植术后患者随机分为rhGH治疗组和对照组,每组12例.两组患者术前状态无明显差异,肝功能Child分级均为C级,术前无全身感染性疾病.rhGH治疗组在术后第3天起连续7 d皮下注射重组人生长激素（8 IU/d）,其他治疗同对照组.分别于术后第7、10、14天测定两组患者转氨酶、前白蛋白及免疫球蛋白水平.结果 治疗组ALT、AST水平在术后第7、10、14天均低于对照组,在第7和第10天的差异有显著意义（P＜0.05）;前白蛋白水平在术后第7、10、14天均高于对照组,并在第10、14天的差异有显著意义（P＜0.05）.治疗组在术后2周的白蛋白用量低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;而感染发生率低于对照组,在治疗期间两组均没有观察到急性排斥反应的发生.结论 rhGH能促进肝移植术后早期肝功能的恢复及白蛋白的合成,改善患者术后营养状态,降低感染发生率,短期使用不增加急性排斥反应的发生率.     

血液净化在肝移植围手术期的应用

目的探讨血液净化在肝移植围手术期患者中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析42例肝移植围手术期患者进行血液净化包括血浆置换(plasma exchange,PE)和持续肾脏替代治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)的结果。结果29例肝移植患者移植前后行PE治疗(其中5例联合血液灌流),25例患者顺利过渡到肝移植,移植后的25例患者1年存活率为68%。PE治疗前后CD3~+分别为70．5%±9．3%及53．9%±6．4%,CD8~+(29．7%±8．1%,18．9%±7．3%)和CD25~+(12．3%±6．4%,9．6%±5．9%)下降,CD20~+(10．9%±6．9%,22．0%±8．6%)上升,IgG [(16．9±2．4)g/L,(12．2±1．5)g/L]和IgA[(6．4±1．5)g/L,(3．6±0．8)g/L)]下降,补体C3 [(0．35±0．17)g/L,(0．60±0．19)g/L)]和CH50[(9．6±3．0)×10~4U/L,(15．7±1．3)×10~4U/L]增高。19例患者移植前后进行CRRT治疗,9例肾功能恢复,移植后存活7例。移植后需要CRRT支持的17例患者1年存活率为41．2%。7例患者既行PE又行CRRT治疗,移植后4例存活。治疗期间无严重并发症发生。结论血浆置换可以改善患者凝血功能及一般情况;肝移植加人工肝支持系统是治疗肝衰竭的有效方法;以CRRT为基础的综合疗法能有效治疗肝移植术后急性肾衰竭的患者。     

Perioperative management of diabetes

Diabetes is a complex, chronic metabolic disorder affecting approximately 9.3% of the adult population with the estimated number of adults with diabetes worldwide having more than tripled since 2000. This increase has largely been attributed to global urbanization and lifestyle changes. Diabetes affects 10–15% of the surgical population. These patients are frequently elderly, have complex medical co-morbidities and present for both high-risk elective and emergency surgery. This multisystem disease poses a significant challenge to both anaesthesia and surgery with patients with diabetes demonstrating higher morbidity and mortality rates compared to their non-diabetic counterparts. It is crucial that good glycaemic control is maintained throughout the perioperative period as this has been shown to correlate with positive patient outcomes. It is well-recognized that a co-ordinated, multidisciplinary approach aimed at optimizing every point in the patient pathway from GP referral to post-discharge care is required to obtain the best outcomes for the surgical patient with diabetes. The anaesthetist has a key role in the perioperative diabetes multidisciplinary team. Patients themselves are well experienced in manging their own diabetes and should be involved in doing so whenever possible.     

Insulin and glucagon levels in living related liver transplantation: their interaction with the recovery of graft liver function

Insulin and glucagon have opposite effects on various hepatic functions, including energy metabolism, which is essential for hepatic viability. To evaluate the effects of insulin and glucagon on the recovery of graft liver function, changes in these levels were investigated in relation to arterial ketone body ratio (AKBR) during a 30-h period after graft liver reperfusion in 2i recipients of living related liver transplants. Insulin levels did not change significantly throughout this study, while glucagon levels decreased immediately after reperfusion, indicating a rapid degradation of glucagon by the graft liver. The insulin/glucagon (I/G) ratio increased after reperfusion concomitantly with AKBR. In addition, the I/G ratio was significantly correlated with AKBR after reperfusion. It is concluded that the increase in the I/G ratio was closely related to the recovery of graft liver function as reflected by the AKBR in living related liver transplantation.     

Fifteen-year follow-up of quality of life in type 1 diabetes mellitus

AIM:To evaluate metabolic control and health-related quality of life(HRQOL)in a type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)population.METHODS:As part of a prospective cohort study,283T1DM patients treated with various insulin treatment modalities including multiple daily injections(MDI)and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion(CSII)were examined annually.HRQOL was measured using the SF-36 and EuroQol questionnaires.Data regarding HRQOL,glycaemic and metabolic control from baseline and follow-up measures in 2002 and 2010 were analysed.Linear mixed models were used to calculate estimated values and differences between the three moments in time and the three treatment modalities.RESULTS:Significant changes[meanΔ(95%CI)]in body mass index[2.4 kg/m2(1.0,3.8)],systolic blood pressure[-6.4 mmHg(-11.4,-1.3)]and EuroQol-VAS[-7.3(-11.4,-3.3)]were observed over time.In 2010,168 patients were lost to follow-up.Regarding mode of therapy,52 patients remained on MDI,28 remained on CSII,and 33 patients switched from MDI to CSII during follow-up.Among patients on MDI,HRQOL decreased significantly over time:mental component summary[-9.8(-16.3,-3.2)],physical component summary[-8.6(-15.3,-1.8)]and EuroQol-VAS[-8.1(-14.0,-2.3)],P0.05 for all.For patients using CSII,the EuroQol-VAS decreased[-9.6(-17.5,-1.7)].None of the changes over time in HRQOL differed significantly with the changes over time within the other treatment groups.CONCLUSION:No differences with respect to metabolic and HRQOL parameters between the various insulin treatment modalities were observed after 15 years of follow-up in T1DM patients.     

The impact of impaired insulin release and insulin resistance on glucose intolerance after renal transplantation

The current knowledge of the pathogenesis of post-transplant glucose intolerance is sparse. This study was undertaken to assess the relative importance of insulin secretion (ISec) and insulin sensitivity (IS) in the pathogenesis of post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) after renal transplantation. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in 167 non-diabetic recipients 10 wk after renal transplantation. Fasting, 1-h and 2-h insulin and glucose levels were used to estimate the insulin secretory response and IS. One year after transplantation 89 patients were re-examined with an OGTT including measurements of fasting and 2 h glucose. Ten weeks after transplantation the PTDM-patients had significantly lower ISec and IS than patients with IGT/IFG, who again had lower ISec and IS than those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). One year later, a similar difference in baseline ISec was observed between the three groups, whereas baseline IS did not differ significantly. Patients who improved their glucose tolerance during the first year, were mainly characterized by a significantly greater baseline ISec, and they received a significantly higher median prednisolone dose at baseline with a subsequent larger dose reduction during the first year, than the patients who had their glucose tolerance unchanged or worsened. In conclusion, both impaired ISec and IS characterize patients with PTDM and IGT/IFG in the early course after renal transplantation. The presence of defects in insulin release, rather than insulin action, indicates a poor prognosis regarding later normalization of glucose tolerance.     

丙氨酰谷氨酰胺对肝移植术后移植肝功能和结构的影响

目的 探讨传统全胃肠外营养及添加丙氨酰谷氨酰胺(Ala-Gln)的TPN对肝移植后移植肝功能和结构的影响.方法 将24例肝移植病人随机分为两组:不添加Ala-Gln的TPN组(TPN组),添加Ala-Gln的TPN组(Gln组).术后第2天予以等热量(每千克体重104.6 kJ)、等氮量(每千克体重0.16 g)共7d.监测术后第2天、第9天肝功能指标;观察供肝冉灌注后、术后第9人移植肝结构的变化.结果 术后第9天Gln组与TPN组比较,APOB与CHE增高幅度大且差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);AST的降低幅度大且差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Gln组移植肝细胞超微结构改善优于TPN组.结论 肝移植后添加Ala-Gln的TPN比传统TPN有利于移植肝缺血再灌注损伤的恢复.     

连续肾脏替代治疗在肝移植围手术期的应用

目的探讨连续肾脏替代治疗(continuousrenalreplacementtherapy,CRRT)对肝移植围手术期患者肾功能衰竭的预防作用。方法回顾性分析21例肝移植围手术期应用CRRT的患者的肾功能情况。结果所有行CRRT的患者血清肌酐值均有不同程度下降,21例患者中存活13例,死亡8例(38.1%)。其中有12例患者肾功能恢复,9例患者肾功能未恢复。肾功能恢复患者死亡率8.3%,未恢复患者死亡率77.8%,两者相比差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.838,P<0.05)。治疗期间无严重的并发症。结论CRRT是肝移植术后患者的肾脏替代治疗的首选,尽管如此在围手术期应用CRRT治疗的患者仍有较高的死亡率。     

门冬胰岛素应用于胰岛素泵对餐后血糖和血糖波动的影响

目的 探讨门冬胰岛素与可溶性人胰岛素在持续皮下胰岛素输注（CSⅡ）中对餐后血糖和血糖波动的影响。方法选择345例2型糖尿病患者,随机以门冬胰岛素（门冬胰岛素组173例）和可溶性人胰岛素（人胰岛素组172例）作为泵用胰岛素进行CSⅡ强化治疗,监测1d9次末梢血糖（三餐前后、22：00、0：00和3：00）,比较两组餐后血糖和血糖波动情况。结果门冬胰岛素组较人胰岛素组对空腹和早、晚餐后血糖控制更好,餐后血糖波动更小,达标时间较短[分别为（4．40±2．16）、（5．68±2．29）d]（P〈0．05）,且低血糖的发生率明显较低（P〈0．05）。结论在CSⅡ强化治疗中,门冬胰岛素可更快、更有效降低血糖,尤其有利于餐后血糖控制和减少整体的血糖波动。     

Living donor liver transplantation in Egypt

In Egypt there is no doubt that chronic liver diseases are a major health concern. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence among the 15−59 years age group is estimated to be 14.7%. The high prevalence of chronic liver diseases has led to increasing numbers of Egyptian patients suffering from end stage liver disease (ESLD), necessitating liver transplantation (LT). We reviewed the evolution of LT in Egypt and the current status. A single center was chosen as an example to review the survival and mortality rates. To date, deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) has not been implemented in any program though Egyptian Parliament approved the law in 2010. Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) seemed to be the only logical choice to save many patients who are in desperate need for LT. By that time, there was increase in number of centers doing LDLT (13 centers) and increase in number of LDLT cases [2,400] with improvement of the results. Donor mortality rate is 1.66 per 1,000 donors; this comprised four donors in the Egyptian series. The exact recipient survival is not accurately known however, and the one-year, three-year and five-year survival were 73.17%, 70.83% and 64.16% respectively in the International Medical Center (IMC) in a series of 145 adult to adult living donor liver transplantation (AALDLT) cases. There was no donor mortality in this series. LDLT are now routinely and successfully performed in Egypt with reasonable donor and recipient outcomes. Organ shortage remains the biggest hurdle facing the increasing need for LT. Although LDLT had reasonable outcomes, it carries considerable risks to healthy donors. For example, it lacks cadaveric back up, and is not feasible for all patients. The initial success in LDLT should drive efforts to increase the people awareness about deceased organ donation in Egypt.