卡泊芬净对生物膜态白色念珠菌体外抑菌作用的试验研究

目的:检测卡泊芬净对生物膜态白色念珠菌分离株的抑菌作用,探讨临床治疗其相关感染的最适治疗剂量。方法:分别测定卡泊芬净对10株白色念珠菌临床株游离态及生物膜态的半数抑菌浓度(MIC50),并对比观察不同浓度卡泊芬净作用下白色念珠菌的增殖活性。结果:卡泊芬净对游离态白色念珠菌的MIC50为0.125～0.5mg.L-1,对生物膜态白色念珠菌的MIC50为0.25～256mg.L-1,当卡泊芬净浓度高于白色念珠菌MIC50时,全部游离态白色念珠菌的增殖活性几乎完全受到抑制,但有7株生物膜态白色念珠菌的增殖活性再次增强,且大于阳性对照的50%。结论:卡泊芬净对生物膜态白色念珠菌有抑菌作用,但并不呈浓度依赖性,当其用于治疗生物膜态白色念珠菌相关感染时的最适治疗剂量有待临床研究验证。     

麦米康帕和保妇康栓治疗妊娠期霉菌性阴道炎的临床观察

霉菌性阴道炎由真菌感染引起,主要是白色念珠菌属,阴道感染80%~90%系白色念珠菌,余为其他念珠菌和球拟酵母菌属,故又称念珠菌性阴道炎或念珠菌病[1]。念珠菌阴道炎是妇产科门诊的常见病与多发病。妇女在妊娠期间罹患念珠菌阴道炎又是常见的妊娠合并症之一,白色念     

白细胞介素-15对白色念珠菌播散的抑制作用

目的探讨白细胞介素 15 (IL 15 )对白色念珠菌播散的作用。方法以小鼠为动物模型 ,检测IL 15对中性粒细胞功能、白色念珠菌黏附组织细胞作用以及血管内白色念珠菌播散的影响。结果IL 15在体外可明显增强中性粒细胞的吞噬和杀菌活性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且呈浓度依赖性 ;在体内可明显降低白色念珠菌对细胞的黏附作用 ,从而阻止其散播。结论IL 15对白色念珠菌播散的抑制作用 ,可用于全身性白色念珠菌感染的治疗     

临床常见念珠菌的分类和药敏分析

目的:探讨念珠菌感染的特点及对氟康唑的敏感性。方法:对各类临床标本进行分离培养,采用CHROM a-gar显色培养基及ATB Express ion细菌鉴定仪鉴定,并用改良纸片法进行药敏试验。结果:共分离出708株念珠菌,其中白色念珠菌占46.3%,热带念珠菌占23.3%,光滑念珠菌占18.4%,克柔念珠菌占6.9%,其他念珠菌占5.1%;对氟康唑的耐药率白色念珠菌为4.3%,热带念珠菌为2.4%,光滑念珠菌为32.3%,克柔念珠菌为28.1%,其他念珠菌为8.3%。结论:念珠菌感染中以白色念珠菌感染最为多见;药敏结果显示氟康唑对白色念珠菌、热带念珠菌有很好的体外抗菌活性。     

我院2009-2011年白色念珠菌检出率及其对氟康唑的耐药性变迁

目的:调查我院白色念珠菌的检出率及其对氟康唑耐药性的变化,为临床应用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:对我院2009-2011年白色念珠菌检出情况及其对氟康唑的耐药率进行统计分析。结果:我院2009-2011年念珠菌分离率上升了1.9%。白色念珠菌感染的病区分布以呼吸内科及老年病科最高,分别占43.0%、24.1%。3年间白色念珠菌在念珠菌中的构成比下降了5.8%,对氟康唑的耐药率上升了4.6%。结论:念珠菌分离率逐年增加;白色念珠菌在念珠菌中的构成比呈下降趋势,其对氟康唑的耐药率不断上升。临床应重视念珠菌的培养及药敏试验,合理使用抗真菌药。     

黄连体外抗白色念珠菌的实验研究

目的:探讨黄连对白色念珠菌的抗菌作用.方法:采用纸片定量加药法和平板稀释法体外测定黄连抗白色念珠菌的效果.结果:黄连有明显的抗白色念珠菌作用,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为50 mg/mL.结论:黄连具有体外抑制白色念珠菌生长的作用.     

土槿乙酸抗白色念珠菌的敏感性及作用机理的电镜研究

目的:测定土槿乙酸(pseudolaric acid B,PLAB)对白色念珠菌(caudida albicans)标准菌株C1a的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),并在透射电镜下观察经PLAB作用后,白色念珠菌超微结构的改变,探讨其作用机制,从而为抗白色念珠菌的中药开发提供理论依据.方法:用液体稀释法检测PLAB对白色念珠菌C1a的MIC,透射电镜下观察经不同浓度PLAB作用前后白色念珠菌C1a超微结构的改变,两性霉素B(AmB)为阳性对照药物.结果:PLAB对白色念珠菌C1a的MIC为32 μg/ml.透射电镜观察发现,AmB处理组白色念珠菌C1a形态基本正常,但细胞壁结构疏松,有裂口,细胞膜缺失较严重.胞浆内容物漏出.经PLAB处理组白色念珠菌C1a细胞变形,结构模糊,细胞壁疏松,有裂口,细胞膜连续性破坏,进而破碎成碎片互相融合,细胞器肿胀乃至坏死溶解,甚至胞浆内容物全部漏出呈"空壳"状.结论:PLAB有抗白色念珠菌作用.可能通过破坏白色念珠菌的细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞核的结构而达到抗真菌作用.     

口腔白色念珠菌对西吡氯铵含片的体外溶血活性研究

目的用浓缩漱口水法收集的口咽部念珠菌感染患者的白色念珠菌,检测其是否产生溶血性及西吡氯铵是否对白色念珠菌的溶血活性产生影响。方法收集口腔念珠菌感染的患者的白色念珠菌,经培养、分离、纯化和鉴定后,将其接种于血琼脂平板上,加入西吡氯铵,检测其溶血活性。结果未加入西吡氯铵的对照组的白色念珠菌均产生溶血现象,而实验组（加入西吡氯铵）和阳性对照组（加入氟康唑）的溶血现象明显减少,两者之间无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,两者与对照组相比均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论西吡氯铵能降低白色念珠菌的毒性,可以作为临床上治疗口腔白色念珠菌感染的药物。     

白色念珠菌的致病和耐药机制研究进展

白色念珠菌是临床念珠菌感染最常见的分离株，可引起浅表性感染甚至危及生命的深部感染。近年来，针对白色念珠菌感染药物治疗的相关研究不断开展，新的作用靶点被深入研究，一些新型抗真菌化合物被发现。本研究对白色念珠菌的致病和耐药机制等研究进行简要综述，旨在为临床白色念珠菌感染的治疗提供新的研究策略。     

黄芩苷对白色念珠菌生物膜形成的体外抑制作用

目的：研究黄芩苷体外对白色念珠菌生物膜形成的影响。方法扫描电镜下观察不同培养时间的生物膜形态,并用XTT减低法检测黄芩苷对白色念珠菌生物膜活性的影响,用结晶紫含量测定法检测黄芩苷对白色念珠菌生物膜生物量的影响。结果白色念珠菌在48h时形成成熟的生物膜。黄芩苷在浓度为8．0mg? mL －1时使白色念珠菌生物膜活性及生物量分别减少（90．6±5．2）％和（90．3±2．6）％,生物膜已基本无活性。结论黄芩苷对白色念珠菌生物膜的形成具有抑制作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.