低体重早产儿动脉导管未闭治疗进展

动脉导管未闭是一种新生儿常见疾病。在早产儿,尤其是低体重儿中其发病率更高。如未及时治疗,往往会导致新生儿颅内出血、呼吸窘迫综合征、慢性肺疾病等严重并发症。目前临床上有药物治疗、手术治疗、介入治疗及对症治疗,该文对低体重早产儿动脉导管未闭治疗的进展作一综述。     

High efficacy and minor renal effects of indomethacin treatment during individualized fluid intake in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus

AIM: To determine the efficacy and the renal side effects of indomethacin treatment for closure of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in premature infants during an individualized fluid regime that avoids hypovolaemia and subsequent prostaglandin-dependent renal perfusion. METHODS: Observational retrospective analysis of the efficacy of indomethacin in premature infants with PDA treated in a single institution from June 1992 to May 2000. The clinical course and renal effects were analysed in the subgroup of infants born from June 1995 to May 2000. The management of infants at risk and the treatment of infants with PDA followed a standardized protocol that included echocardiographic screening for PDA, indomethacin treatment before congestive failure develops (early symptomatic treatment) and an individualized fluid intake. RESULTS: In total, 412 infants with a gestational age < or = 32 wk were identified. Fifty-six infants with a PDA (14%) were treated with indomethacin [mean birthweight 936 (95% confidence interval 866-1006) g; gestational age 27.3 (26.8-27.9) wk]. Indomethacin treatment was successful in 52 infants (93%). The clinical course and renal effects were analysed in 41 infants. Most infants received three indomethacin doses of 0.2 mg kg(-1) every 12 h. Urine output transiently decreased from 5.6 (4.6-6.4) to 4.6 (3.9-5.3) ml kg(-1) (h(-1). Serum creatinine temporarily increased from 0.90 (0.83-0.98) to 1.06 (0.87-1.24)mg dl(-1). Fluid intake was 158 (148-168) ml kg(-1) d(-1) before indomethacin and decreased to 142 (131-154) ml kg(-1) d(-1). CONCLUSION: Indomethacin is very effective for closure of a PDA, even in very premature infants, and is not associated with clinically significant renal side effects.     

Inflammatory changes in the lungs of premature infants with symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to observe the inflammatory changes during the therapy for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus (sPDA). METHODS: We investigated biochemically the sample of the tracheobroncheal aspirates (TA) from 11 intubated premature infants. Three i.v. doses of indomethacin (0.2 mg/kg)were administered with 24-h intervals. The samples were divided into two groups, the effective occasions (n = 10)and non-effective occasions (n = 6). The amounts of myeloperoxidase (MPO), soluble L-selectin (sL-selectin)in TA, and the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) of peripheral blood stream and TA were analyzed before and after treatment ofsPDA with indomethacin. RESULTS: In effective occasions, there were significant decreases of peripheral PMN and MPO and PMN in TA. However, this group had a significant increase of sL-selectin. In non-effective occasions, five out of six samples had decreases of MPO and PMNin TA, but not significantly. In contrast, there was a significant decrease of sL-selectin. CONCLUSION: These data suggested that anti-inflammatory change after closure of sPDA may be caused by not only indomethacin itself, but also ductal closure itself. However, further study is necessary to clarify the relationship between the closure of the ductus itself and anti-inflammatory action in the lung.     

Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus

Summary 1. A technique has been presented for transcatheter closure of a patent ductus arteriosus. 2. A 3.5-kg infant has been treated successfully in this manner. 3. The method should be considered in high-risk patients. 4. Further miniaturization of the system should make it suitable for use in premature infants critically ill as a result of ductal patency. 5. Increased experience will likely indicate that the technique is applicable to most patients who require ductus closure. This investigation was supported in part by Public Health Service Grant HL12307 from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, and in part by Grants from The American Heart Association, Southeastern Pennsylvania and Delaware Chapters.     

早产儿动脉导管开放的处理

动脉导管开放(PDA)是早产儿常见病症,导致早产儿血流动力学不稳定,严重者可危及生命,应积极处理.药物关闭PDA仍是最有效、方便和经济的治疗方法,吲哚美辛一直是内科保守治疗的主要用药,PDA关闭率为46%～89%,但吲哚美辛有效血药浓度安全范围较窄,且可导致肾功能障碍、颅内出血、坏死性小肠结肠炎和肠穿孔等不良反应.近年国外采用布洛芬治疗早产儿PDA,取得较好疗效,关闭率为73.0%～95.5%,且对肾脏、脑及消化道血流动力学影响显著减少.药物治疗无效且严重影响心肺功能者可选择手术治疗.     

室间隔缺损封堵器关闭婴儿大管型动脉导管未闭的初步评价

目的 应用国产室间隔缺损封堵器关闭婴儿大管型动脉导管未闭并对其疗效进行初步评价.方法 2007年5月-2008年2月就诊的10例4～9个月婴儿经主动脉造影确诊为大管型动脉导管未闭,最窄处内径为4.1～7.4 mm,长度7.9～11.9 mm,合并中～重度的肺动脉高压.选用6～12 mnl国产肌部或膜部室间隔缺损封堵器进行介入治疗,术后主动脉造影、术后24 h及1～6个月进行超声心动图随访观察疗效.结果 全组技术成功率100%,术后主动脉造影和超声心动图显示无残余分流.随访超声心动图无明显降主动脉缩窄,1例左肺动脉轻度狭窄.无其他不良并发症.结论 室间隔缺损封堵器可用于关闭婴儿粗大管型的动脉导管未闭,成功率高,近期疗效肯定,中远期疗效需随访观察.     

经导管Amplatzer堵塞器治疗动脉导管未闭的评价

为研究评价新的自膨性Ａｍｐｌａｔｚｅｒ堵塞器关闭动脉导管未闭（ＰＤＡ）的疗效,于１９９８年８月至１９９９年２月应用Ａｍｐｌａｔｚｅｒ堵塞器关闭突兀 ,年龄０．８～１１岁（平均３．９岁）,体重７～３９ｋｇ（平均１５．８ｋｇ）,ＰＤＡ最狭处直径２．３～６．４３ｍｍ（平均３．５ｍｍ）。应用６Ｆ长鞘经股静脉插至降主动脉递送堵塞器,术后１０～１５分钟作主动脉造影评价即职效。关闭术后２４小时、１月、３月、６月     

Echocardiographic assessment of patent ductus arteriosus shunt flow pattern in premature infants

AIMS—To identify the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) shunt flow pattern using Doppler echocardiography; and to assess whether it could be used to predict the development of clinically significant PDA.
METHODS—Premature infants weighing under 1500 g, who required mechanical ventilation, and in whom daily echocardiography could be performed from day 1 until the ductus closed, and on day 7 to confirm closure, were studied. The PDA shunt flow was identified from four Doppler patterns, and the closed pattern of a closed duct was also presented. Clinically significant PDA was diagnosed when there was colour Doppler echocardiographic evidence of left to right ductal shunt associated with at least two of the following clinical signs: heart murmur (systolic or continuous); persistent tachycardia (heart rate>160/min); hyperactive precordial pulsation; bounding pulses; and radiographic evidence of cardiomegaly or pulmonary congestion.
RESULTS—Of 68 infants enrolled into this study, clincally significant PDA developed in 31. The most recordable sequence of transition change of shunt flow pattern for clinically significant PDA was: pulmonary hypertension pattern, to growing pattern, to pulsatile pattern, to closing pattern, to closed pattern. And that for non-clinically significant PDA was: pulmonary hypertension pattern, to closing pattern, to closed pattern. The growing and the pulsatile patterns were mostly documented in infants with clinically significant PDA. The first documented growing pattern to predict clinically significant PDA gave a sensitivity of 64.5% and a specificity of 81.1%; the first documented pulsatile pattern gave a sensitivity of 93.5% and a specificity of 100%.
CONCLUSION—Doppler echocardiographic assessment of PDA shunt flow pattern during the first 4 days of life is useful for predicting the development of clinically significant PDA in premature infants. At that stage, the closing or closed Doppler pattern indicates that infants are not at risk of developing clinically significant PDA; the growing or pulsatile Doppler pattern indicates a continuing risk of developing clinically significant PDA.

     

低体重早产儿动脉导管未闭的床旁外科治疗

目的 探讨内科保守治疗动脉导管未闭(patent ductus arteriosus,PDA)效果不佳的早产儿实施床旁外科手术结扎(或钳夹)的经验.方法 回顾性分析我院2009年10月至2010年10月心外科对25例行床旁动脉导管结扎(或钳夹)术的手术过程及术后转归.结论 所有行动脉导管结扎术(或钳夹术)患儿中,无术中死亡病例,术后均未出现与手术相关的并发症.结论 经左胸后外侧切口治疗早产儿PDA,术中暴露视野清晰、操作简便.层流病房可满足麻醉、术中监护及外科手术操作的需要,手术治疗效果肯定.早产儿经内科保守治疗PDA无效,或存在多系统疾病,或存在药物治疗禁忌的情况下,均应行动脉导管结扎(或钳夹)术.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the experience of bedside surgical treatment of patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) by ligature or clip ligation for premature infants.Methods The clinical data of 25 bedside surgical ligations of PDA from Oct.2009 to Oct.2010 were retrospectively analyzed.Results All these 25 cases recovered uneventfully,no death or surgical complication occurred.ConclusionsThe PDA canbe adequately exposed by a limited left posterolateral thoracotomy.Premature ICU department could satisfy the requirement of anesthesia and surgical operation.Surgical ligation of PDA,either by ligature or clip,is a good option for premature infants with PDA.     

Pharmacokinetics of mefenamic acid in preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus

The pharmacokinetics of mefenamic acid (MA), 2 mg/kg, were studied in 17 preterm infants with symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus. They were given this dosage orally at 24 h intervals. There were marked inter-individual differences in some of the pharmacokinetic parameters after the first dose; peak plasma concentration (C_max) varied from 1.2 to 6.1 μg/mL with a mean of 3.8 μg/mL, time to reach C_max (t_max) varied from 2 to 18 h with a mean of 7.7 h and plasma half-life (t_1/2) varied from 3.8 to 43.6 h with a mean of 18.7 h. The group of infants (10/17) who had ductus closure after the first dose had significantly lower clearance (P < 0.01), longer t_1/2 (P < 0.01) and higher 24h plasma concentration (P < 0.001) compared to the group of infants (7/17) who had no ductus closure after the first dose. It appeared that the plasma concentration of MA had to be above 2.0 μg/mL and maintained at this concentration for at least 12 h for MA associated with ductus closure in preterm infants to take effect. In view of the inter-individual variation of plasma MA concentration and the effective plasma concentration, we suggest that measurement of the plasma concentration should be done 24 h after the first dose. This might be useful for safe and effective therapy for infants with ductus closure failure after the first dose.     

Plasma levels of natriuretic peptides and hemodynamic assessment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants

The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether circulating natriuretic peptides in premature infants reflect the hemodynamic significance of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The study comprises 120 examinations in 55 premature infants with a mean gestational age of 27.2 wk and a mean birthweight of 933 g. Based on clinical and echocardiographic findings, the hemodynamic influence of ductal shunting was classified as small, moderate or large. Blood samples for N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide (Nt-proANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were analysed after completion of the clinical part of the study. Linear regression indicated a very strong association between Nt-proANP and BNP (adjusted R = 0.89). The mean levels of Nt-proANP and BNP increased with the size of the shunt through a PDA, and peptide values followed hemodynamic alterations. The size of PDA accounted for 50% and 47% of the total variation in the plasma values of Nt-proANP and BNP, respectively. In detecting an echocardiographically significant PDA, the area under a ROC curve was 0.94 for Nt-proANP and 0.90 for BNP. Conclusion: The magnitude of shunting through a PDA is the main determinant of plasma levels of natriuretic peptides in premature infants. Nt-proANP and BNP seem to have the same pattern of secretion. Our findings indicate that measurements of natriuretic peptides may provide clinically relevant information in the hemodynamic assessment of premature infants.     

Factors affecting successful closure of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus with indomethacin in extremely low birth weight infants

Background  The incidence of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is high in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Indomethacin has been widely used in the prophylaxis and treatment of hemodynamically significant PDA. This retrospective study was undertaken to identify factors such as birth weight, gestational age, gender, fetal growth retardation, ductal size, timing of the first dose of indomethacin and side effects of indomethacin, which may affect the successful closure of the PDA with indomethacin in ELBW infants. Methods  A cohort of 139 ELBW infants who had received indomethacin treatment for PDA during a consecutive period of more than three years (September 2000 to December 2003) was retrospectively analyzed. Results  Administration of indomethacin was associated with closure of PDA in 108 (77.7%) of 139 ELBW infants, and only 19.4% of infants required surgical ligation of the ductus eventually. There was no significant relationship between closure of PDA with gestational age, gender, fetal growth retardation, and ductal size. A higher birth weight and early use of indomethacin after birth could significantly increase the closure rate of PDA (P<0.05). Side effects of indomethacin such as transient oliguria and hyponatremia during indomethacin therapy did not affect PDA closure. Conclusions  Indomethacin is effective for the treatment of PDA in ELBW infants. A higher rate of ductal closure is related to the increase of birth weight. PDA closure with indomethacin is age-related, and early administration of indomethacin could increase PDA closure and reduce the incidence of hyponatremia. There is no significant difference in major morbidities such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) after early treatment. Early screening for hemodynamically significant PDA in ELBW infants and early treatment with indomethacin are recommended.     

极低出生体重儿动脉导管未闭转归的影响因素分析

目的分析极低出生体重儿动脉导管未闭(PDA)转归的影响因素。方法以2012年1月至2014年12月收治的194例极低出生体重儿为研究对象,根据心脏超声检查及治疗转归情况分为无PDA组,PDA自然关闭组、药物关闭组、手术关闭组,分析其临床及超声心动图特征。结果 PDA自然关闭率58.7%。自然关闭组的出生胎龄、出生体重、小于胎龄儿比例均大于药物和手术关闭组,药物及手术关闭组的新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征发生率及肺表面活性物质(PS)应用比例高于自然关闭组(P0.05)。不同时间段自然关闭组的动脉导管直径均明显小于药物和手术关闭组(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析示出生胎龄、PS应用及48 h动脉导管直径与PDA转归显著相关。自然关闭组PDA分流类型均以关闭型为主,而药物及手术关闭组在48 h以肺高压型及进展型为主,在4 d、7 d时均以进展型为主。结论极低出生体重儿PDA自然关闭率较高,出生胎龄越小以及应用PS的患儿自然关闭率越低;动脉导管直径越大且分流类型为进展型或脉冲型的PDA不易自然关闭。     

Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus using controlled-release coils

Controlled-release coils have become available recently for the closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Transcatheter closure of patent arterial ducts was attempted in 13 patients, ranging in age from 5 months to 15 years, mean 4.1 years. Implantation of controlled-release PDA coils was attempted via the femoral artery through 5 Fr catheters in all cases except one, in whom both the femoral arterial and venous routes were used. The procedure was successful in 10 of the 13 patients. In these, the pulmonary artery systolic pressure ranged between 25 and 42 mmHg and the duct diameter varied from 1.5 to 6 mm at its narrowest point. Six of the patients received a single coil. Two coils were inserted in three patients and three coils in one patient. In three patients the ducts were too large for safe release of the coils, despite attempted implantation of up to three coils simultaneously. These coils were easily withdrawn into the catheter Immediately at the end of the procedure, the duct was completely occluded in nine of the 10 patients, and in one patient there was a small residual flow. The procedure time varied between 35 min and 2.5 h, mean 81 min and the fluoroscopy time varied from 5 to 78 min, mean 25 min. None of the patients experienced hemorrhage, diminished lower extremity pulse, hemolysis or infection. In one patient, a 5 mm coil embolized into the right pulmonary artery soon after release. It was retrieved with a snare, then 8 mm and a 5 mm coil were implanted satisfactorily in the arterial duct. At follow-up by color Doppler echocardiography, the duct was completely occluded in all patients. Transcatheter closure of patent arterial ducts by controlled-release PDA coils is effective and safe. Even when more than one coil is inserted, it is still cheaper than transcatheter umbrella closure. This method is therefore of great value, particularly in less affluent countries.     

经导管介入封堵治疗儿童动脉导管未闭合并二尖瓣反流疗效评价

目的?分析单纯经导管介入封堵治疗儿童动脉导管未闭(PDA)合并中、重度二尖瓣反流(MR)的中长期疗效,探究其安全性及可行性。方法 回顾 2013年3月至2019年3月诊断PDA合并中、重度MR并单纯行经导管介入封堵治疗患儿的临床资料。结果 共纳入121例患儿,男27例、女94例,年龄19.8(8.0～28.0)月;合并中度MR 94例,重度MR 27例。超声下PDA直径(6.4±1.8)mm。患儿术前,术后24 h,术后1、3、6、12、24月的主肺动脉(MPA)直径、左心房(LA)直径、左心室舒张末期直径(LVEDD)、左心室收缩末期直径(LVESD)差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与术前相比,术后各随访时间点MPA直径、LA直径、LVEDD和LVESD均缩短,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访期间120例(93.4%)患儿MR程度较术前减轻。所有患儿术前,术后24 h,术后1、3、6、12及24月的MR面积差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后各随访时间点MR面积均较术前缩小,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但术后12与24个月之间MR面积差异无统...