Peripheral zone hypoechoic lesions of the prostate: evaluation with contrast-enhanced gray scale transrectal ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of contrast-enhanced gray scale transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) for detection of prostate cancer in peripheral zone hypoechoic lesions of the prostate. METHODS: The study involved 66 patients with peripheral zone hypoechoic lesions detected by TRUS. The lesions were evaluated with contrast-enhanced TRUS to differentiate prostate cancer from benign lesions, and the results were compared with color Doppler ultrasonographic findings. RESULTS: Transrectal ultrasonographically guided biopsy of the hypoechoic lesions revealed prostate cancer in 30 patients and benign prostatic diseases in 36. Flow signals within the lesions were classified as no, increased, equal, and decreased flow compared with surrounding peripheral zone tissue as follows: 1, 16, 12, and 1, respectively, in the prostate cancer group and 10, 12, 10, and 4 in the benign disease group. If we considered an increased flow signal within a peripheral hypoechoic lesion as a sign of prostate cancer, color Doppler ultrasonography had low sensitivity and specificity (55.2% and 53.8%, respectively). The enhancement intensity within the lesions was classified as no, increased, equal, and decreased enhancement compared with surrounding peripheral zone tissue as follows: 2, 20, 3, and 5 in the prostate cancer group and 14, 8, 4, and 10 in the benign disease group. The difference was statistically significant (P<.05). Thus, the peak enhancement intensity would be the optimal parameter for discriminatory performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.60-0.88). CONCLUSIONS: Contrast-enhanced TRUS could reveal the presence of vasculature within peripheral zone hypoechoic lesions more objectively than color Doppler ultrasonography and could be promising in guidance of prostate biopsy.     

经直肠彩色多普勒超声鉴别前列腺周缘区低回声性质的价值

目的 探讨经直肠彩色多普勒超声对前列腺周缘区低回声结节良恶性诊断的价值。方法 对77例前列腺周缘区低回声结节行经直肠彩色多普勒超声探测，利用彩色直方图软件计算结节内彩色血流面积与选定结节面积比值(black and white color ratio，BCR)和整个前列腺血流BCR并比较二者的BCR，如结节内BCR高于整个前列腺内5％则为血流增多。结果 77例前列腺周缘区低回声结节穿刺活检证实前列腺癌51例，前列腺增生症26例。周缘区低回声内血流增多共50例，其中前列腺癌41例。经直肠彩色多普勒超声检查结节内血流增加对诊断前列腺癌的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值分别为80．4％，65．4％，82．0％。结论 经直肠彩色多普勒超声检查前列腺周缘区低回声结节内血流并用BCR解释其丰富程度对结节良恶性的鉴别诊断有一定帮助。     

超声引导穿刺活检确诊无症状性炎性前列腺炎

目的回顾性总结无症状性炎性前列腺炎（asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis，AIP）的临床和声像图特征。 方法1468例次患者因为怀疑前列腺癌而行经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检，其中84例确诊为AIP。 结果59例血清前列腺特异性抗原增高（〉4ng／ml），占70．2％（59／84），范围为4．3～45．3ng／ml，平均17．3ng／ml；32例声像图显示前列腺外腺有局限性低回声病灶，4例为外腺弥漫性低回声病变，另外48例声像图未发现前列腺外腺病灶。 结论AIP患者可以出现前列腺外腺低回声病变，但大部分患者前列腺外腺无声像图异常，AIP的最终确诊仍然需要前列腺液检查或穿刺活检。     

前列腺癌的声像特征及血清PSA与Gleason评分、临床分期的相关性研究

目的探讨前列腺癌（PCa）患者的声像图、血清PSA与PCa Gleason评分、临床分期的相关性。方法回顾性分析经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检确诊的220例PCa患者的临床资料和声像图表现。采用Spearman等级相关分析和秩和检验,分析血清PSA水平与Gleason评分、临床分期的关系。结果超声显示有异常回声结节178例,其中145例为低回声结节,42例在声像图上未发现异常。PCa患者Gleason评分越高,临床分期越晚,PSA值越高。血清PSA水平分别与Gleason评分（r=0．275,P〈0．01）、临床分期（r=0．314,P〈0．01）呈正相关;Gleason评分与临床分期亦呈正相关（r=0．325,P〈0．01）。结论前列腺内部低回声结节是PCa主要超声表现,血清PSA与Gleason评分和PCa临床分期有关,该指标可作为判断PCa预后的指标。     

经直肠超声联合弹性成像与MR联合波谱检查诊断前列腺癌的比较分析

目的 评价经直肠超声(TRUS)联合实时弹性成像(TRTE)与MR联合MRS检查对不同Gleason评分前列腺癌(Pca)的诊断价值。 方法 对73例Pca患者、49例良性前列腺增生患者(BPH组)进行TRUS联合TRTE、MR联合MRS检查,根据Gleason分级,将Pca患者分为低危组(n=21)、中危组(n=24)、高危组(n=28),以手术或穿刺活检病理组织学为标准,对检查结果进行统计分析。 结果 Pca高危组的结节彩色血流最大峰值流速及阻力指数明显高于BPH组(P<0.05);中危组及高危组Pca的弹性应变率比值明显高于BPH组(P<0.05)。TRUS联合TRTE的诊断符合率稍低于MRI联合MRS,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 TRTE及MRS有助于Pca的诊断和鉴别诊断,但须密切结合TRUS及MR。     

Biopsy of the prostate guided by transrectal ultrasonography: early experience in a teaching community hospital.

Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) was used to guide 277 biopsies of the prostate in 182 patients. The Bard Biopty system was used. Of these 182 patients, 107 (59%) had benign changes, and 75 (41%) had malignant lesions. Of those with cancer, 40% (30/75) had negative results of digital rectal examination (DRE). The cancer detection rate by TRUS was 40.7%, and by DRE alone it was 24.2%. Use of TRUS before transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in 47 patients with negative findings on DRE yielded 22 cancerous lesions (47%). We advocate this method in patients with abnormalities detected on DRE or with elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen or prostatic acid phosphatase, and as preoperative screening in patients having TURP because of the potential impact of a preoperative diagnosis of cancer upon the choice of treatment.     

Transrectal ultrasonography for the detection and staging of carcinoma of the prostate

Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) has become the most frequently used imaging modality for the prostate. The internal architecture of the prostate is readily detailed by TRUS, and the procedure allows an accurate measurement of prostate size. Carcinoma of the prostate has a characteristic hypoechoic pattern which is sometimes distinct from the normal echo pattern of the peripheral portion of the prostate. TRUS does not have sufficient sensitivity and specificity to support its use for routine screening for prostate cancer. In men with an abnormality of either digital rectal palpation of the prostate or serum prostate specific antigen, TRUS is useful for directing prostate biopsy. Transrectal core biopsies are obtained under ultrasound direction, and precise placement of the biopsy needles can be accomplished using TRUS. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

经直肠超声检查对前列腺癌穿刺点选择的价值

目的：探讨经直肠超声(transrectal ultrasonography，TRUS)对前列腺穿刺活检选点的价值。方法：135例前列腺穿刺活检患者术前行TRUS检查，对324个穿刺部位的声像图与病理结果对照分析。结果：324个穿刺部位病理证实为前列腺癌的120个，前列腺增生症175个，前列腺炎29个。在120个前列腺癌部位TRUS发现异常回声结节、局部血流增多等异常目标的有86个，无异常目标的为34个。TRUS检查对前列腺癌穿刺选点的敏感性71．7％(86／120)，特异性76．5％(156／204)。结论：TRUS有助于前列腺癌穿刺活检的选点。     

Contrast-enhanced transrectal ultrasound for assessing vascularization of hypoechoic BPH nodules in the transition and peripheral zones: comparison with pathological examination

The purpose of this study was to investigate the vascularization of zonal location of hypoechoic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) nodules and to evaluate the clinical value of contrast-enhanced transrectal ultrasound (CETRUS) for assessing vascularity of hypoechoic BPH nodules. Sixty-two patients with hypoechoic biopsy-proven BPH nodules in transition zone (TZ) (32 patients) or peripheral zone (PZ) (30 patients) of the prostate gland underwent CETRUS examination between January 2006 and September 2006. The enhancement characteristics of hypoechoic BPH nodules were observed and time to enhancement (AT), time to peak intensity (TTP) and peak intensity (PI) were measured with ACQ time-intensity curve analysis software. In addition, microvessel density (MVD) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) immunoreactivity were determined in the biopsy specimens. Microvessels were identified by immunohistochemical staining of endothelial cells for CD34. Findings were compared between hypoechoic BPH nodules located in PZ and TZ. The most common enhancement characteristic of hypoechoic BPH nodules in PZ was nonenhanced area inside (21/30), while most of hypoechoic BPH nodules in TZ appeared homogeneous enhancement (28/32). The average AT and TTP were significantly longer, the average PI was significantly lower in hypoechoic BPH nodules located in PZ than TZ (p < 0.01). The VEGF expression and MVD were significantly higher in hypoechoic BPH nodules located in TZ than PZ (p < 0.01). PI was found to be an important parameter strongly correlated with degree of vascularity of hypoechoic BPH nodules. Hypoechoic BPH nodules located in PZ and TZ showed significant difference in vascularization, which indirectly verified our finding that BPH nodule could occur in the peripheral zone. CETRUS could afford information on the vascularity of hypoechoic BPH nodules in a noninvasive manner and this could be used to improve selection of nodules for biopsy.     

经直肠超声引导下徒手经会阴前列腺穿刺在前列腺病变中的应用

目的探讨在经直肠前列腺超声引导下徒手对前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺良恶性病变中的临床价值。方法选取2019年2月~2020年1月在中国科学技术大学附属第一医院南区就诊的临床疑似前列腺癌并行经会阴前列腺穿刺活检患者62例,依最终病理结果分为2组:前列腺癌组,共25例,男性,年龄55~82岁;前列腺良性病变组,共37例,男性,年龄54~83岁。经直肠超声分别观察记录两组前列腺大小、内部回声及有无异常回声、回声大小范围,并按部位系统穿刺及目标靶向性穿刺,对比分析两组间临床资料以及前列腺病变特征。结果前列腺癌组病理类型均为前列腺腺癌（包括腺泡癌）,良性病变组患者病理提示正常前列腺组织、腺体及间质增生、肌肉以及纤维组织。前列腺癌组穿刺取得组织中共145条病理结果为前列腺癌,108条（75%）位于前列腺周缘区穿刺点,癌组织占比标本组织长度大于50%的有81条（56%）。经直肠超声共发现52个异常回声,均穿刺取得病理,对比分析发现不同大小的低回声其病理成分不同,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺对前列腺周缘区有优势性并可对可疑病变区域直观准确的目标性穿刺,对于前列腺良恶性病变的诊断具有重要意义。      

前列腺低回声灶和PSAD对前列腺癌的诊断价值

术前经直肠超声检出前列腺低回声灶65例,范围0.5-2.0cm^2,84.61%位于移行区,病检证实前列腺癌（PCa)35例（53.84%),前列腺上皮内瘤（PIN）13例（20%）。结节增生17例（26.15%)。以PSA10ng/ml和PSAD0.1为界值,对PCa和PIN的敏感性是52%和85%A,特异性90%和56%,阳性预测值90%和71%,本研究提示,前列腺弱回声灶和PSAD较单一指标能提高对前列腺癌的检出率。     

经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺改良穿刺法的价值

目的评价经直肠超声（transrectal ultrasonography，TRUS）引导下经会阴前列腺改良穿刺法在前列腺穿刺活检中的作用，以期寻找有助于提高前列腺癌（Prostatic Cancer PCa）检出率的手段或方法。方法对151例前列腺特异性抗原（prostate specific antigenPSA）升高（〉4ug／L）和（或）TRUS发现有结节的患者在经直肠超声引导下经会阴行前列腺改良穿刺活检，穿刺标本送病理检查。结果151例患者中，共检出PCa49例（32％），上皮内瘤12例（8％），慢性炎症48例（32％），良性增生42例（28％）。与标准系统穿刺法相比，改良穿刺法可将PCa的检出率提高18％。本组资料有25例（17％）的患者术后出现血尿，无其它并发症发生。结论经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺改良穿刺法，有助于提高PCa的检出率。     

经直肠超声对2 920例前列腺疾病的分析

目的探讨经直肠检查前列腺疾病的声像图特征。方法对2920例15～94岁经直肠超声检查前列腺疾病的资料进行回顾性分析。结果正常前列腺患者375人，前列腺增生2222人，前列腺炎143人，单纯前列腺结石132人，单纯前列腺囊肿11人，前列腺结石及囊肿11人，前列腺癌26人。结论经直肠超声检查前列腺较经腹超声能够提供更准确的前列腺体积及细微结构信息，但在诊断前列腺炎及前列腺癌疾病中，其敏感性和特异性仍有待提高。     

超声造影诊断前列腺良恶性病变的价值

目的 探讨经直肠超声造影在诊断前列腺良恶性病变中的价值.方法 对60例血清前列腺特异性抗原增高并疑有前列腺疾病患者行经直肠超声榆查,采用SonoVue造影剂结合CPS造影成像技术行超声造影,并观察造影增强方式及增强强度,造影结束同时对患者行经直肠超声引导穿刺活检.对其中38例良、恶性结节患者用ACQ软件绘制时间-强度曲线(TIC),分析造影参数,比较良、恶性间的差异.结果 60例前列腺疾病患者均得到病理证实.良性病变37例,其中结节性病变15例共20个结节,前列腺增生22例.恶性病变23例,结节病灶18例18个,弥漫性病变5例.内腺良性结节超声造影增强方式以均匀增强为主,结节边界清晰;恶性结节以早于正常外腺组织增强为主.恶性结节达峰时间及加速时间均短于良性结节(P<0.05),峰值强度低于良性结节(P<0.05),到达时间良、恶性间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).超声造影对前列腺病变的良恶性鉴别诊断符合率要高于常规经直肠超声(P<0.05).超声造影诊断的敏感度、特异度和正确率均高于常规经直肠超声,而误诊率、漏诊率均小于常规经直肠超声.结论 经直肠超声造影对前列腺癌的早期发现及对良恶性病变的鉴别诊断均具有一定的临床应用价值.     

Specificity and accuracy of TRUS-measured PSA-density and transition zone-PSA in the diagnosis of prostate cancer

Between 4 and 15 ng/ml serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has a low specificity for prostate cancer (PCa). One accepted method to enhance this specificity is transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-measured PSA-density (PSA-D). We compared this method with a new alternative, transition zone PSA (PSA-TZ). We measured total and transition zone prostatic volumes by TRUS and calculated PSA-D and PSA-TZ in 59 patients with suspicion of PCa and PSA between 4 and 15 ng/ml. All patients then had sextant biopsies of the prostate, 30 were positive for PCa and 29 showed benign tissue. With a cut-off value of 0.35, PSA-TZ had a positive predicted value of 77% for PCa, whereas PSA-D, with a cut-off value of 0.12, had a positive predicted value of 55%. Our data suggest PSA-TZ to be more reliable for avoiding unnecessary biopsies in patients with PCa suspicion and serum PSA below 15 ng/ml. PSA-TZ, calculated by TRUS, enhances the specificity of PSA for needle biopsy diagnosis of PCa.     

Correlations among prostatic biopsy results, transrectal ultrasound findings and PSA levels in diagnosing prostate adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) findings and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in relation to prostatic biopsy results and to analyze their individual and combined performances in diagnosing prostate adenocarcinoma (PAC). METHODS: Men (n=143) with PSA levels above 4 ng/ml underwent TRUS and randomized ultrasound-guided prostatic biopsy through the peripheral zone, including additional hypoechoic nodules biopsies, if they were noted on TRUS. Data related to TRUS, biopsy, and PSA level results were then correlated. RESULTS: A significant correlation between TRUS images suspicious for PAC and a biopsy-confirmed diagnosis of PAC, or between the lack of such images and a negative biopsy result, was not found. However, a significant correlation was found between positive biopsy results and PSA levels greater or equal to 10 ng/ml. The sensitivity of transrectal ultrasound in making a diagnosis of PAC was 63%, whereas its specificity was 73%. CONCLUSION: We conclude that while the separate performances of these examinations were not effective in diagnosing PAC, the integrated use of these methods was more adequate for making the diagnosis.     

经直肠超声引导穿刺活检研究前列腺外腺增生

目的 通过经直肠超声(TRUS)引导下的前列腺定点穿刺活检以探讨前列腺外腺是否存在增生。方法 27例患者因临床疑诊前列腺癌而行TRUS引导下前列腺外腺定点穿刺活检，共计47点。同一穿刺点上分别在纵向和横向引导下各穿刺1针；如果外腺有低回声结节，则对该结节穿刺2针。在双盲情况下进行病理诊断。结果 20例患者的前列腺内腺呈对称性增大；9例外腺受压变薄，18例受压征象不明显；3例外腺见低回声结节。47点前列腺穿刺活检均确诊为良性前列腺增生。结论 由于前列腺外腺属于腺性组织，因此，像内腺一样可以出现组织学上的增生。     

Comparison of prostate-specific antigen adjusted for transition zone volume versus prostate-specific antigen density in predicting prostate cancer by transrectal ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVE: Prostate-specific antigen is an excellent tumor marker, but it is not specific for prostate cancer. We evaluated the efficacy of prostate-specific antigen adjusted for transition zone volume calculated by transrectal ultrasonography in predicting prostate cancer in men with intermediate prostate-specific antigen levels of 4.1 to 10.0 ng/mL compared with prostate-specific antigen density. METHODS: Between June 1998 and December 2001, prostate-specific antigen adjusted for transition zone volume was obtained from 131 patients who underwent ultrasonographically guided biopsies and had prostate-specific antigen of 4.1 to 10.0 ng/mL. Prostate-specific antigen density was calculated by dividing total serum prostate-specific antigen by total prostate volume, and total serum prostate-specific antigen was divided by transition zone volume to yield prostate-specific antigen adjusted for transition zone volume. This was compared with prostate-specific antigen density via receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: Of 131 patients, 34 (26%) had prostate cancer, and 97 (74%) had benign prostatic hyperplasia on pathologic examination. Total prostate volume was correlated with transition zone volume (P < .001). Mean prostate-specific antigen adjusted for transition zone volume and prostate-specific antigen density were 0.71 +/- 0.25 and 0.27 +/- 0.09 ng x mL(-1) x mL(-1) in patients with prostate cancer and 0.32 +/- 0.09 and 0.16 +/- 0.05 ng x ml(-1) x mL(-1) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. With a cutoff value of 0.35 ng mL(-1) x mL(-1), prostate-specific antigen adjusted for transition zone volume had sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 84%. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that prostate-specific antigen adjusted for transition zone volume predicted biopsy outcome significantly better than prostate-specific antigen density (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Prostate-specific antigen adjusted for transition zone volume is more accurate than prostate-specific antigen density in distinguishing prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with intermediate serum prostate-specific antigen of 4.1 to 10.0 ng/mL. Determination of transition zone volume by transrectal ultrasonography may be helpful for predicting the probability of positive biopsy results.     

直肠腔内彩超对前列腺癌及前列腺增生的鉴别诊断价值研究

目的：探讨前列腺增生,前列腺癌的形态及血流变化。方法：应用经直肠彩超对20例正常人,16例前列腺癌,130例前列腺增生进行观察,结果：前列腺增生体积明显增大。结节以强回声为主,分布在内腺范围居多,前列腺癌体积增大,结节以弱回声为主分布于外腺且双侧叶不对称,前列腺癌的血流分布更丰富,血管内径＞0．2cm,在血流峰值与阻力指数两者无明显差异P＞0．05,但病变组与对照组有差异P＜0．01,结论：前列腺癌与前列腺增生在形态和血流方面均有不同点。     

经直肠超声及其穿刺活检对前列腺增生与前列腺癌的鉴别诊断价值

目的 评价经直肠超声检查及其穿刺活检对鉴别前列腺增生症与前列腺癌的价值。方法 将40例前列腺疾病患者术后病理分组，与术前经直肠超声检查声像图以及13例穿刺活检结果对照分析。结果 术后前列腺增生组27例，前列腺增生伴炎症组4例，前列腺癌组9例，术前经直肠超声检查诊断前列腺增生27例，疑诊前列腺癌13例并行穿刺活检，其中6例术前穿刺确诊为前列腺癌，3例前列腺癌未穿刺，但术后病理证实，经直肠前列腺癌超声诊断敏感性66．7％，特异性77．4％，准确性75％；而本组穿刺活检对前列腺癌选择性检出率为46．2％，其准确性、敏感性、特异性均为100％。结论 经直肠二维及彩色多普勒超声检查对于鉴别良性前列腺增生症与前列腺癌有着重要价值，可以选择性提高穿刺活检中前列腺癌的检出率，而结合经直肠超声检查的前列腺穿刺活检术则是发现并确诊前列腺癌的有效方法。