盆腔器官脱垂患者生活质量的影响因素研究现况

盆腔器官脱垂（pelvic organ prolapse,POP）是指由于盆底支持结构薄弱或损伤导致的子宫及其相邻的尿道、膀胱和直肠位置的下移,从而产生一系列如尿失禁、排尿困难、性生活障碍等症状。POP为中老年女性多发的一类良性疾病,其发病率高、治疗费用高昂、社会经济及医疗负担沉重,严重影响着女性患者的生活质量。随着近年来妇科泌尿学的发展及盆底重建外科学等取得的显著成果,POP的发病机制、诊断、治疗及疾病相关危险因素等方面的研究已经取得重大突破。目前,对POP生活质量的研究大多为经盆底外科手术或盆底物理治疗等干预后的评估性分析,尚缺乏较深入的研究。相关研究表明,POP症状的严重程度、外科手术史、盆底康复治疗、肥胖、是否合并其他类型盆底疾病及心理障碍可能为影响POP患者生活质量的重要因素。综述POP患者生活质量的影响因素,以期为相关临床干预措施的制定提供理论基础。     

盆腔脏器脱垂患者阴道封闭术后生活质量调查分析

目的:评价阴道封闭手术对盆腔脏器脱垂患者生活质量的影响。方法:2003年3月至2009年5月北京大学人民医院妇产科为27例POP-Q分期Ⅱ～Ⅳ期的盆腔脏器脱垂患者实施了阴道封闭手术。患者填写术前及术后生活质量调查问卷。术后定期复查,判定主客观复发情况。结果:可进行生活质量评价的阴道封闭手术患者27例,均为联合盆腔缺陷。随访时间7～79个月,平均35.5个月,主观满意率96.3%,客观治愈率100%。术前及术后生活质量自评分有显著统计学差异(χ2=60,P<0.01)。术后患者性功能完全丧失,1例患者随访79个月,仍有下腹部及会阴部坠胀感。结论:老年女性特别是有合并症不能耐受较大手术的患者阴道封闭术疗效肯定,可显著改善患者术后生活质量,但术后患者完全失去性功能,且部分患者术后有下腹部及会阴部坠胀感,应引起重视。     

110例盆腔器官脱垂患者术后生命质量及疗效评价

目的:探讨治疗盆腔器官脱垂的传统术式(子宫切除+阴道前后壁修补)与新术式[加用网片的前盆底重建(A-Prolift)+骶韧带悬吊术或全盆底重建术(Total Prolift)]术后疗效及对患者的生命质量的改善程度.方法:2002年1月至2009年12月在河北医科大学第二医院因盆腔器官脱垂行手术治疗并随访资料完整的患者110例,其中72例行传统术式,38例行新术式.术后随访观察疗效指标,以盆底不适调查表短表20(PFDI-20)评价手术前及手术后各期患者的生命质量情况,并对部分患者进行了POP-Q测量分析疗效.结果:传统术式组与新术式组术后1年、2年、5年、7年在POPDI-6、CRADI-8及PFDI-20评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).传统术式组术后7年内POPDI-6、PFDI-20评分均较术前明显降低(P＜0.05),UDI-6评分5年后与术前无差异(P＞0.05).新术式组术后7年内POPDI-6、PFDI-20、UDI-6评分较术前有明显减少(P＜0.05).阴道前壁修补术术后Ba点虽有改善(-1.73 ±1.00 vs-0.32±2.56),但差异无统计学意义(P=0.113);而加用补片的前盆底重建术术后29.75月Aa、Ba均较术前改善(-1.31±1.56 vs0.94±1.32;-1.19±1.71 vs 2.56±2.87),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:传统术式与新术式均能明显改善盆腔器官脱垂患者的生命质量.子宫切除+阴道前后壁修补术对泌尿功能的改善在5年后有所降低,新术式的Ba点改善程度好于传统术式,但新术式的远期效果评价有待进一步随访.     

Short forms of two condition-specific quality-of-life questionnaires for women with pelvic floor disorders (PFDI-20 and PFIQ-7)

OBJECTIVE: To develop short forms of 2 valid and reliable condition-specific quality-of-life questionnaires for women with disorders of the pelvic floor including urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and fecal incontinence (Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire). STUDY DESIGN: Data from the 100 women who contributed to the development and validation of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire long forms were used to develop the short-form questionnaires. All subsets regression analysis was used to find the items in each scale that best predicted the scale score on the respective long form. When different items appeared equivalent, a choice was made on item content. After development, the short forms and the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire long forms were administered preoperatively to 45 women with pelvic floor disorders scheduled to undergo surgery to evaluate the correlation between short and long forms in a second independent population. The short forms were readministered 3 to 6 months postoperatively to assess the responsiveness of the instruments. RESULTS: The short-form version of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory has a total of 20 questions and 3 scales (Urinary Distress Inventory, Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory, and Colorectal-Anal Distress Inventory). Each short-form scale demonstrates significant correlation with their long-form scales (r=.86, r=.92, and r=.93, respectively, P<.0001). For the Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire short form, the previously developed short form for the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7 was used as a template. The 7 items identified in the previously developed Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7 short form correlate highly with the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire long form (r=.96, P<.0001) as well as the long forms of the Colorectal-Anal Impact Questionnaire scale (r=.96, P<.0001) and the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Impact Questionnaire (r=.94, P<.0001). All subsets regression analysis did not identify any items or combination of items that correlated substantially better for any of the 3 scales. The scales of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-7 maintained their excellent correlation to the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire long forms in the second independent sample (r=.88 to .94 for scales of Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20; r=.95 to .96 for scales of Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-7, P<.0001 for all). The test-retest reliability of each scale was good to excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.70 to 0.93, P<.001 for all scales). The scales and summary scores of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-7 demonstrated moderate to excellent responsiveness 3 to 6 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: The Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-7 are valid, reliable, and responsive short forms of 2 condition-specific quality-of-life questionnaires for women with pelvic floor disorders.     

Evaluation of confounding factors interfering with sexual function in women with minimal pelvic organ prolapse

Objective

To evaluate the effects of confounding factors on sexual function in women with minimal pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted at a cervical cancer screening center in Turkey between December 1, 2012, and March 31, 2013. Symptom-free women with stage I or II POP were enrolled to evaluate the association between sexual function and sociodemographic variables, POP, POP-related quality of life, stress incontinence, and overactive bladder.

Results

Of 243 volunteers (mean age 46.0 ± 9.1 years), 188 (77.4%) had a low Female Sexual Function Index score. Women with better sexual function tended to be younger, have a higher salary, not be in the menopause, and have no chronic illness (P < 0.05 for all). There was no difference between the groups in terms of POP Quantification measurements (P > 0.05), apart from transvaginal length (P = 0.011). Overactive bladder was more common (P = 0.005) and more severe (P = 0.002) in women with sexual dysfunction, and their POP-related quality of life was worse (P < 0.05). In a linear regression analysis, high salary had a positive effect and overactive bladder had a negative effect on sexual function.

Conclusion

Sexual dysfunction is highly prevalent in women with minimal POP. Overactive bladder and low income are the major factors adversely affecting sexual function.     

两种全盆底重建术后患者生活质量的初步研究

目的 观察两种全盆底重建术对患者生活质量的影响.方法 应用Prolift盆底悬吊系统行全盆底重建术14例(Prolift组),应用Gynemesh聚丙烯补片行改良全盆底重建术17例(Gynemesh组).两组患者体重指数、绝经年龄和孕次比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),Prolift组患者年龄[(63±9)岁]、产次[(1.9±1.1)次]均低于Gynemesh组[(69±5)岁、(3.1±1.1)次],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).手术前后进行生活质量调查问卷评分.结果 (1)术前评分:Prolift组盆底功能影响评分为(91±42)分、盆底功能障碍评分为(100±59)分、性生活评分为(77±26)分;Gynernesh组盆底功能影响评分为(65±56)分、盆底功能障碍评分为(89±73)分、性生活评分为(75±18)分,两组各项评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);(2)术后评分:Prolift组盆底功能影响评分为(7±15)分、盆底功能障碍评分为(27±24)分、性生活评分为(79±43)分,Gynemesh组盆底功能影响评分为(13±24)分、盆底功能障碍评分为(24±21)分、性生活评分为(74±15)分,两组各项评分比较,差异也无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 Prolift全盆底重建术和Gynemesh改良全盆底重建术术后的生活质量均有明显改善,而在术后性生活质量改善方面,Prolift全盆底重建术效果更好.     

Sexual function among women with urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to determine whether sexual complaints, such as dyspareunia, are associated with pelvic floor disorders. STUDY DESIGN: We used data collected for the Maryland Women's Health Study. Among adult women scheduled for hysterectomy, we used multiple logistic regression analysis to identify characteristics associated with 4 sexual complaints: decreased libido, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, and anorgasmia. RESULTS: Among 1299 participants, 495 (38.1%) had evidence of pelvic floor disorders. Sexual complaints were significantly more common among women with pelvic floor disorders (53.2% vs 40.4%, P < .01). In the multiple regression model, urinary incontinence was significantly associated with low libido (odds ratio [OR] 1.96), vaginal dryness (OR 2.11), and dyspareunia (OR 2.04), independent of age, educational attainment, and race. In contrast, pelvic organ prolapse was not associated with any sexual complaint. CONCLUSION: In a cohort of women planning hysterectomy, women with urinary incontinence were significantly more likely to report sexual complaints.     

Pelvic organ descent and symptoms of pelvic floor disorders

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the relationship between symptoms of pelvic floor disorders, and measurement of pelvic organ prolapse. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective cross-sectional study assessed prolapse in 905 women in an academic urogynecologic practice using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification exam. Symptoms were assessed with a Likert symptom questionnaire and the Urogenital Distress Inventory. Relationships between symptoms and prolapse were analyzed using Spearman's correlation. RESULTS: Symptoms of "bulging" correlated moderately to the greatest extent of prolapse (r=0.4, P<.001). Frequency of bother progressively increases when the leading edge descends from -3 and 0. Between +1 and +5, 90% of women report bother. Symptoms typically attributed to anterior or posterior wall prolapse did not correlate with descent of the respective compartment. CONCLUSION: "Bulging" is the principle symptom that correlates with prolapse severity. We found no discrete anatomic position that discriminates between prolapse as a disease state and normal anatomic variation.     

Pelvic organ prolapse: the impact on quality of life and psychological well-being

The aim of this work is to propose a brief comment about the impact of pelvic organ prolapse on the quality of life and the psychological well-being of the affected women.     

The significance of pelvic floor support on the pelvic floor muscle functions of women with lower urinary tract symptoms

ObjectiveTo explore the significance of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) on pelvic floor muscle (PFM) function among women with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).Materials and methodsFour-dimensional ultrasound data of 577 women with LUTS were retrospectively analyzed. The bladder neck and genital hiatus were assessed during resting, coughing, and squeezing. The bladder neck location, genitohiatal size, and genitohiatal location were evaluated with bladder neck distance (BNd) and bladder neck angle (BNa), genitohiatal dimension (GHd) and genitohiatal area (GHAR), and genitohiatal angle (GHa), respectively.ResultsCompared with women without POP (n = 306), women with POP (n = 271) exhibited higher rates of levator complete avulsion (6.5% vs. 40.2%, P < 0.001), shorter BNd (2.84 ± 1.56 cm vs. 2.45 ± 0.45 cm, P = 0.018), larger BNa (92 ± 15° vs. 101 ± 21°, P < 0.001), longer GHd (5.25 ± 0.72 cm vs. 5.60 ± 0.87 cm, P < 0.001), larger GHa (141 ± 10° vs. 145 ± 9°, P = 0.004), and larger GHAR (20.0 ± 4.7 cm² vs. 24.2 ± 5.6 cm², P < 0.001) during resting. Fewer women with POP were able to maintain stable bladder neck location (79.5% vs. 65.5%, P < 0.001), genitohiatal size (60.7% vs. 51.9%, P = 0.042), and genitohiatal location (61.6% vs. 52.8%, P = 0.044) following coughing. Fewer women with POP were capable of squeezing (77.8% vs. 58.3%, P < 0.001).ConclusionAmong women with LUTS, the presence of POP is associated with weaker resting, involuntary, and voluntary PFM functions.     

Validation, cultural adaptation and responsiveness of two pelvic-floor-specific quality-of-life questionnaires, PFDI-20 and PFIQ-7, in a Turkish population

Objectives

The aim of the study was cultural adaptation, validation, and test for responsiveness of the short forms of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI-20) and the Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire (PFIQ-7) in a Turkish population.

Study design

To evaluate their validity, questionnaires were applied to 248 women. The questionnaires were compared with prolapse stage according to the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) system. The responsiveness of the questionnaires was assessed in 103 women with prolapse who also completed the questionnaires after reconstructive surgical treatment, with standardized response mean (SRM), effect size (ES), and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Results

Cronbach alpha coefficients of the Turkish PFDI-20 and PFIQ-7 questionnaires were 0.908 and 0.830, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between the scores of the questionnaires with the vaginal examination findings. The PFDI-20 and PFIQ-7 scores were significantly improved after vaginal reconstructive surgery.

Conclusions

Turkish translated versions of the PFDI-20 and PFIQ-7 are reliable, valid and responsive instruments for assessing symptom severity, impact on QoL in women with pelvic organ prolapse. They can be easily administered and self-completed by Turkish women.     

The history and usage of the vaginal pessary: a review

It is expected that with the rising female life expectancy the prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse will increase. From ancient times mechanical devices have been used to reposition prolapsed organs. Given that surgical correction of prolapse is associated with high recurrence rates, pessaries offer a favorable alternative. In spite of the antiquity of pessary usage the evidence for its use, the effectiveness of symptom relief, and the nuances of clinical management with the pessary in situ have not been studied methodically. There is a need for controlled trials to assess the efficacy of pessaries as opposed to other non-surgical and surgical methods of treating pelvic organ prolapse. Additionally, the long term effects and complications of pessary usage have not been assessed in trials, and knowledge about the potential complications caused by the pessary rests mainly on anecdotal data.This review provides a historical perspective and appraises the current knowledge regarding the indications, effectiveness and the potential complications associated with pessary use. Data were obtained from an electronic search of Medline (1966-2010) and by hand searching the citations which were not available online. Keywords used were pelvic organ prolapse, pelvic floor dysfunction, vaginal pessary and urinary incontinence. Textbooks are also quoted where relevant.Most studies report moderate success rates in the short term following insertion of a pessary for the management of prolapse and concur in the remission of almost all symptoms attributable to the prolapse. Reported success is variable in the remission of urinary and bowel symptoms. We conclude that based on the available evidence (mostly retrospective and prospective cohort studies), treatment with a vaginal pessary is a feasible option that can be offered in the short term to women with prolapse. There is a need for controlled trials to assess the long term efficacy.     

Pelvic organ prolapse in rural Ghana

Objective

To determine the prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and its impact on the lives of women in Sekyidumasi, a rural Ghanaian community.

Methods

A cross-sectional study of 200 women was performed using a questionnaire and pelvic examination to detect symptoms and signs of prolapse. Main outcome measures were the presence of POP and its impact on quality of life.

Results

Out of 174 women included in the study, 21 women (12.07%) had POP. Seventeen of these women (81%) were symptomatic, of which only 6 women (35.3%) had sought treatment because of financial constraints. The odds of prolapse increased with increasing parity (P = 0.02) and age (P < 0.01). The main impacts of prolapse were on emotional well-being (52.4%), the women's relationship with their partner (46.2%), and sex life (25%).

Conclusion

Only about one-third of women with symptomatic prolapse sought treatment because the cost of medical care outweighed the impact of the condition on their lives.     

Reliability of health-related quality-of-life measures 1 year after surgical procedures for pelvic floor disorders

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of condition-specific health-related quality-of-life measures in women who are treated surgically for pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. STUDY DESIGN: The study used the cross-sectional telephone interview-based administration of a health-related quality-of-life measure, with a 2-week follow-up interview for test-retest reliability. RESULTS: Initial and follow-up interviews were completed by 88 women (mean age, 65.7 +/- 11.6 years) approximately 1 year after surgical procedures. Condition-specific measures demonstrated acceptable reliability with test-retest correlation coefficients that approached or exceeded 0.6 and Cronbach's alpha that exceeded 0.8 in most domains. Validity was demonstrated with significant correlations of the urinary domains of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire, with continence defined by the medical, epidemiologic, and social aspects of aging and Hunskaar severity measures (all P < .001). CONCLUSION: The condition-specific health-related quality-of-life assessment is reliable and valid in women after surgical procedures for pelvic floor disorders. These findings support the inclusion of condition-specific health-related quality-of-life measures in clinical trials for women with pelvic floor disorders.     

全盆底重建术与传统阴式修补术治疗老年女性盆腔器官脱垂的远期疗效研究

目的：比较全盆底重建术与传统阴式修补术治疗老年女性盆腔器官脱垂（POP）的临床效果以及对远期生活质量的影响。方法：选择2008年2月—2009年2月在中国人民解放军白求恩国际和平医院妇产科进行手术治疗且完成随访的盆腔器官脱垂患者60例,年龄≥55岁,均为绝经后妇女,POP-Q分期为Ⅲ~Ⅳ期。采用网片进行全盆底重建术的30例患者为观察组,采用传统的经阴道全子宫切除术加阴道前后壁修补术的30例患者为对照组。术后5年内定期门诊随访,以POP-Q判断术后疗效,盆底不适调查表简表（PFDI-20）评价术后患者生活质量。结果：观察组和对照组的手术时间[（107.83±13.00）min vs.（127.50±13.25）min],术中出血量[（194.67±21.13）m L vs.（220.67±28.15）m L],住院总费用[（32 488.38±3 408.43）元vs.（13 811.41±2 634.89）元]相比,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。术后POP-Q重新评分,至术后5年,观察组有1例复发至Ⅱ度,对照组5例复发。2组患者术后1,6个月的PFDI-20评分相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,而观察组术后1,2,5年的PFDI-20评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）。结论：与传统经阴道子宫切除术加阴道前后壁修补术相比,全盆底重建术术后复发率低,生活质量改善明显,但费用较高。     

经会阴三维及四维超声测量肛提肌裂孔面积在盆腔器官脱垂诊断中的应用

目的: 探讨经会阴三维及四维超声测量肛提肌裂孔面积（levator hiatus area,LHA）在盆腔器官脱垂（pelvic organ prolapse,POP）中的诊断价值。方法: 收集我院就诊的POP患者84例为POP组,选取同期无POP健康女性69例为对照组。2组均接受经会阴三维及四维盆底超声检查,分别测量并比较静息状态、最大Valsalva-3D状态、最大Valsalva-4D状态下的LHA,组内分别比较Valsalva-3D和Valsalva-4D的LHA差异。构建静息状态、Valsalva-3D及Valsalva-4D模式的ROC曲线,确定LHA诊断POP的最佳截断值,评估其诊断效能,比较3种状态的差异。结果: POP组在静息状态、Valsalva-3D模式和Valsalva-4D模式下的LHA与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;各组内Valsalva-3D模式和Valsalva-4D模式的LHA比较差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。静息状态、Valsalva-3D与Valsalva-4D模式下LHA诊断POP的最佳截断值分别为14.29 cm²、19.29 cm²和19.90 cm²,曲线下面积（area under the curve,AUC）分别为0.759、0.959和0.956。Valsalva-3D与Valsalva-4D模式AUC与静息状态AUC比较,差异有统计学意义（Z=4.980,P<0.01;Z=4.865和P<0.01）。Valsalva-3D与Valsalva-4D模式AUC比较差异无统计学意义（Z=0.157, P>0.05）。结论: 经会阴三维及四维盆底超声两种模式测量的LHA对POP均有较高的诊断价值,两者诊断效能相似。     

产后妇女盆底器官脱垂情况调查及影响因素分析

目的:调查产后妇女盆底器官脱垂的情况并探讨人口学特征、运动习惯和产科等因素对盆底器官脱垂的影响。方法:纳入2015年10月至2016年4月产后6~8周到上海交通大学附属同仁医院产后门诊做常规体检的产妇852例。采用自填问卷方式收集研究对象人口学特征、产科信息、孕前参加体育锻炼情况等信息,并由妇科医生进行盆底器官脱垂的检查。结果:852例产后6~8周产妇中84.25%有阴道脱垂,55.61%的产妇为Ⅰ度脱垂,28.64%的产妇为Ⅱ度脱垂,未发现Ⅲ度或Ⅳ度阴道脱垂。仅有5例有Ⅰ度子宫脱垂。多分类有序Logistic回归显示,巨大儿(OR 2.469,95%CI 1.029~5.927)、产次≥2次(OR 2.730,95%CI 1.929~3.864)、阴道分娩(OR 43.257,95%CI25.505~73.353)、紧急剖宫产(OR 2.139,95%CI 1.266~3.615)是影响产妇阴道脱垂的高危因素。结论:产后6~8周的产妇轻度阴道脱垂的比例较高。阴道分娩、巨大儿和多产次对阴道脱垂的影响较大。