经腹外斜肌入路隆乳术

为降低假体置入隆乳术后的纤维包膜挛缩的发生率，自１９９０年以来采用经乳房下腹外斜肌入路行隆乳术９６例，术后随访半年以上者７２例；其中６７例（９３．１％）乳房外观挺拔自然，手感柔软，２例（２．８％）发生单侧乳房硬化。此术式可提供一个完整的肌腔隙将假体完全覆盖，从而可以明显降低纤维包膜挛缩的发生率。     

经腹外斜肌入路隆乳术

为降低假体置入隆乳术后的纤维包膜挛缩的发生率,自1990年以来采用经乳房下腹外斜肌入路行隆乳术96例,术后随访半年以上者72例;其中67例(93.1%)乳房外观挺拔自然,手感柔软,2例(2.8%)发生单侧乳房硬化。此术式可提供一个完整的肌腔隙将假体完全覆盖,从而可以明显降低纤维包膜挛缩的发生率。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶在乳房纤维包膜挛缩病例中的应用

乳房纤维包膜挛缩是隆乳术后最棘手的问题，尽管预防和治疗的方法颇多，但收效仍不理想，复发率很高，目前尚无可靠治疗方法。本组从１９９７ 年１０ 月至今应用聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶替代５０ 例因硅胶囊乳房假体隆乳引起的纤维包膜挛缩。根据挛缩程度，包膜腔内有无被污染和包膜腔在乳房的位置等因素分Ⅰ期替换或Ⅱ期替换两种方式。本组５０ 例替换结果显示，原僵硬的乳房变为柔软，Ｂ超证实挛缩的囊壁在３ ～６ 个月后有变薄现象。本组资料结果证实，用聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶替代硅胶囊乳房包膜挛缩的假体隆乳，对原已形成的纤维包膜挛缩有良好的近期（半年）治疗效果。     

毛面乳房假体和光面乳房假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩率的Meta分析

目的 利用Meta分析方法定量比较光面乳房假体和毛面乳房假体隆乳术后的包膜挛缩发生率.方法 以breast augmentation、capsular contracture、smooth implant、textured implant、隆乳、乳房假体等检索词在MEDLINE数据库、EMBASE数据库、Cochrane图书馆、中国生物医学文献数据库、维普生物数据库等检索,最大限度地收集毛面乳房假体和光面乳房假体隆乳的文献,提取其包膜挛缩和其他并发症的数据进行整合,以获得比值比（odds ratio,OR）合并值.各合并数据使用RevMan 5.2软件进行分析.结果 对11项研究毛面乳房假体和光面乳房假体的临床对照试验进行Meta分析后得出,包膜挛缩发生率的合并OR值为0.32,95％可信区间（CI）为0.18～0.58,P=0.0002.除包膜挛缩外,其他并发症发生率的合并OR值为1.31,95％ CI为0.96～1.77,P=0.09.结论 毛面乳房假体隆乳术后发生包膜挛缩风险低于光面乳房假体.     

快速扩张治疗隆乳术后包膜挛缩一例

快速扩张治疗隆乳术后包膜挛缩一例陶阳我院曾为１例硅凝胶假体隆乳术后单侧纤维包膜挛缩（ＢａｋｅｒⅢ级）者经小切口以自制扩张器快速扩张治疗，获得较好效果。手术在全麻或硬膜外麻醉下进行，取乳房下皱襞弧形切口长２ｃｍ，直视下用止血钳分开胸大肌纤维，夹提少许假...     

硅凝胶假体隆乳753例术后早期随诊观察

目的：观察假体隆乳的效果及并发症情况，总结假体隆乳的经验。方法：分析753例假体隆乳者的效果及并发症率，总结手术方法、并发症的处理及术后治疗。结果：对6l8例进行了2～49个月的随访，其中并发症有纤维包膜挛缩、血肿、位置不正等，正确治疗后恢复良好，纤维包膜挛缩2例（0．32％）。结论：本丈所述假体隆乳方法效果良好，恰当地防治并发症能有效地提高假体隆乳的成功率。     

双平面法假体再置入在隆乳术后包膜挛缩治疗中的应用

目的 探索假体隆乳术后并发包膜挛缩的有效治疗方法.方法 选取自2007-2009年在我科就诊的25例胸大肌下假体隆乳术后并发包膜挛缩的患者,在完整切除挛缩的包膜后应用双平面法置入乳房假体.结果 对25例患者随访3 ～ 12个月,其中2例乳房变硬,为BakerⅡ级,经保守治疗后痊愈;术后乳房柔软,更富弹性,形态美观,无乳房下垂及假体上移等并发症发生.结论 双平面法隆乳术是治疗假体隆乳术后并发包膜挛缩的有效方法.     

乳房下皱襞切口松解包膜挛缩20例

隆乳术后纤维包膜挛缩发生率较高,国外文献报道为20％～40％,本组采用乳房下皱襞切口松解隆乳术后纤维包膜挛缩共20例,效果满意,此切口具有操作方便,手术视野好,创伤小,术后并发症少等优点。1 临床资料本组20例,共计22只乳房。年龄20～45岁。按B aker 乳房纤维包膜挛缩四级标     

主编寄语

本期PRS专栏是关于硅胶乳房假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩并发症的专题。假体隆乳术,从硅凝胶乳房假体发展到盐水乳房假体;从光面假体发展到毛面假体;置人层次由胸大肌下层发展到乳房后间隙,再恢复到胸大肌下层,均是围绕着假体置人后包膜挛缩的发生相关的。其结论是：①假体隆乳术后的包膜挛缩是不可避免的;②其发生率是变量;     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶在乳房纤维 包膜挛缩病例中的应用（Ⅱ）

目的　介绍一种治疗硅胶囊假体隆乳术后纤维包膜挛缩的有效治疗方法和新材料。方法　从1997年10月至2000年9月,用此方法治疗167只因硅胶囊假体隆乳引起纤维包膜挛缩的乳房,根据包膜囊内有无出血分为Ⅰ期置换或Ⅱ期置换,对包膜严重挛缩或乳房下皱襞高低不一致的病例提出具体的矫正方法,对取出假体后能否Ⅰ期置换水凝胶和严重挛缩的包膜腔是否能在扩大分离后Ⅰ期置入水凝胶作了分析。结果　本组167只乳房除3例4只乳房在术中分离扩大包膜腔和1只乳房置换术后因外伤造成出血更换水凝胶外,均取得了满意的术后效果。乳房形态自然、质地柔软。结论　聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶置换硅胶囊假体,治疗因硅胶囊假体隆乳术后造成纤维包膜挛缩取得良好的治疗效果。从随访的结果看,这是解决这一顽症的有效方法。     

包膜囊上再置乳房假体隆乳术

目的探究隆乳术后包膜囊挛缩的手术治疗方法。方法采用原切口(腋窝顶或乳房皱襞下)，对隆乳后包膜挛缩者采用包膜囊保留并在其浅层再置人假体的方法进行治疗。结果治疗12例14侧乳房包膜囊挛缩症均取得良好效果。结论保留挛缩的包膜囊并在其浅层置人假体的乳房假体包膜囊挛缩治疗术具有创伤小、出血少、操作简便、安全性高、复发率低、并可通过腋窝顶小切口完成等优点，是治疗乳房假体包膜囊挛缩的较好方法。     

Relationship of Incision Choice to Capsular Contracture

Background Capsular contracture can be an ongoing problem in breast augmentation even with good surgical technique. In the author’s practice, a higher incidence of capsular contracture was observed with the use of a periareolar incision than with an inframammary incision. Methods A review of breast augmentations performed from November 2004 through June 2006 was conducted. This analysis included the incision used, the procedure performed, and the development of capsular contracture. Results The incidence of contracture was 0.59% in the inframammary group and 9.5% in the periareolar group. This increase in capsular contracture with a periareolar incision was statistically significant. Capsular contracture occurring with augmentation performed at the time of a periareolar mastopexy was 8%, which was statistically significant compared with the inframammary group. The difference in contracture rates between a periareolar incision alone and a periareolar mastopexy was not statistically significant. Conclusions Breast augmentation through a periareolar incision has a higher incidence of capsular contracture than observed with an inframammary incision. This most likely occurs due to an increase in contamination of the breast pocket with intraductal material colonized by bacteria. The periareolar incision is, and will remain, a standard of care. Therefore, this information can help clinicians make a more informed decision regarding incision placement for breast augmentation. Presented at the annual meeting of the Texas Society of Plastic Surgeons, September 30, 2007.     

Recurrent periprosthetic capsular retraction under the pectoralis major muscle. Treatment, 2 unusual clinical cases]

Capsular contracture around breast prostheses still represents a challenge, in spite of the numerous papers published on this topic. The etiology and pathogenesis of this condition are perplexing resulting in considerable controversy concerning the rationale for surgical treatment. The authors report two cases of recurrent disease: one patient with recurrent contracture after breast augmentation, the other patient with recurrence after breast reconstruction. Both patients were operated according to an original technique which consists in a square-shaped incision of the pectoralis major muscle via an inframammary approach. This surgical technique allows the prosthesis to sink into deeper layers leading to a better shape of the breast and providing satisfactory skin cover of the prosthesis.     

隆乳术后纤维包膜挛缩的预防

目的：探讨预防和降低隆乳术后包膜挛缩的方法。方法：回顾分析60例(其中10例假体置换)采取预防包膜挛缩综合措施的隆乳患者包膜挛缩发生的情况。结果：术后随访0．5-2年,第一次隆乳的50例患者中,47例患者乳房外观自然,挺拔逼真,手感柔软;3例患者出现包膜挛缩(Baker分级：2例Ⅲ级,1例Ⅱ级)。10例假体置换患者8例乳房外观自然,挺拔逼真,手感柔软：2例患者再次出现包膜挛缩(Baker分级：1例Ⅲ级,1例Ⅱ级)。结论：采取选择高质量假体、双切口双平面隆乳、术后引流和口服肤康片等综合措施可以预防和降低包膜挛缩的发生。     

Submuscle saline breast augmentation: are we making sense in the new millenium?

Historically, it appears that the problems of capsule contracture, the alleged risk of human adjuvant disease, and the problems due to migration of smooth walled breast prosthesis have had a major impact on the techniques used in breast augmentation. As a consequence of the above, the primary cosmetic goal may have been lost (a naturally enlarged aesthetic breast). It is suggested, that from a purely cosmetic point of view, that the best result is obtained with a subglandular textured gel prosthesis. Reasons for selecting this method are advanced and well documented limitations to the submuscle pocket are highlighted. Various incisions are also discussed. The inframammary fold is a critical landmark of the breast and should not be violated in a cosmetic procedure.     

内窥镜辅助隆乳术

目的 养活常规隆乳术盲视下操作分离假体置入腔隙而赞成的创伤,提高隆乳术效果,探讨内镜在隆乳术中的应用。方法 自1996年5月起在内窥镜辅助下行胸大肌下置入腔隙的分离,止血及肌肉,筋膜的剥离,切割,17例置入假体34个,其中经腋切口7例,乳晕旁切口9例,乳房下皱臂切口1例。结果 应用内间辅助进行隆乳术可以减少组织损伤,经乳晕旁切口可以更直接和准确地分离和切割胸大肌内下份起点,腹直肌前鞘和腹外斜肌筋膜,形成分离彻底的置入腔隙和良好的乳房下皱襞形态,防止乳房假体上移及位置不正,术后无出血,感染等并发症,10例术后经随访3－12月,均无包膜挛缩,外形及手感良好,结论 内窥镜 乳术对置入腔分离,止血彻底,可减少血肿,感染等并发症,降低包膜挛缩的发生率,有助于获得良好的手术效果。     

经脐孔缘切口置人充注式生理盐水假体隆乳术

目的 探讨经脐孔缘切口行充注式生理盐水假体隆乳术的手术方法,为隆乳术提供新切口选择.方法 沿脐孔缘切口,采用特制专用器械分离皮下隧道至乳房下皱襞,然后穿进胸大肌后间隙,分离假体放置空间,先置人扩张器,充注生理盐水后,调整乳房形态以及扩张器位置.然后取出扩张器,更换为充注式生理盐水乳房假体而完成手术.结果 采用经脐孔缘切口行充注式生理盐水假体隆乳术者,均获得了良好的手术效果,无感染、血肿、假体渗水、Baker Ⅲ或Ⅳ级纤维囊挛缩等并发症发生.结论 采用生理盐水充注式乳房假体,经脐孔缘切口可以完成胸大肌下隆乳术,增加了隆乳手术切口的选择范围.     

Open capsulotomy for capsular contracture: A new procedure for the prevention of recurrence

Capsular contracture is a frequent complication after breast augmentation with alloplastic implants. A technique has been developed to correct this contracture, performed through the previous operative scar. Use of a portion of the matured capsule wall as petal flaps appears to be a contributing factor in the success of this procedure. Open capsulotomy has been performed on 23 patients with good results in 20. The procedure should be performed at least 6 months after augmentation mammoplasty has been performed.