p38有丝分裂素激活蛋白激酶在白蛋白刺激肾小管上皮细胞表达调节激活正常T细胞表达和分泌细胞因子中的作用

目的探讨p38有丝分裂素激活蛋白激酶（p38MAPK）对白蛋白诱导的大鼠肾小管上皮细胞表达调节激活正常T细胞表达和分泌细胞因子（RANTES）及核因子-κB（NF-κB）活性的影响。方法培养大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E），分别加入不同浓度白蛋白（5、15、30g／L）或／和SB203580（p38MAPK抑制剂），应用逆转录．聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和Western印迹法分别检测RANTESmRNA及蛋白表达水平；应用凝胶迁移率变动分析检测NF-κB的活性变化；p38MAPK的磷酸化水平分析采用Western印迹法。结果白蛋白呈浓度和时间依赖性上调RANTESmRNA及蛋白表达水平，呈时间依赖性激活NF-κB活性，白蛋白明显刺激了p38MAPK磷酸化水平增高，SB203580可抑制白蛋白刺激的RANTES表达与NF-κB活性。结论白蛋白通过p38MAPK信号通路刺激RANTES的表达和NF-κB的活性。     

MAPK信号通路与勃起功能障碍关系的研究进展

MAPK信号通路在细胞的分化、增殖及凋亡等过程中起着十分关键的作用。MAPK家族的信号通路主要包括细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶(ERK),应激活化蛋白激酶(JNK)、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)等。从目前的研究来看,ERK、JNK、p38MAPK 3条信号通路与ED的发生发展紧密联系。本文根据相关文献对MAPK信号通路与勃起功能障碍作一综述。     

超分子水杨酸对兔耳痤疮模型p38MAPK/NF-κB信号通路的影响

目的：探究超分子水杨酸对兔耳痤疮模型p38MAPK/NF-κB信号通路的影响机制。方法：将30只实验兔随机分成正常对照组、2%超分子水杨酸（Salicylic acid,SA）组、30%SA组、夫西地酸组、模型对照组,每组6只,并予以相应外用药物干预,连续4周,并分别于用药2周后、用药4周后检测p38MAPK、NF-κB、IL-1β、IL-8蛋白的表达。结果：结果显示,随着用药时间的延长,各组的p38MAPK、NF-κB、IL-1β、IL-8均呈下降趋势。用药前,各组间p38MAPK、NF-κB、IL-1β、IL-8蛋白表达均差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。用药2周后,2%SA组、30%SA组、夫西地酸组p38MAPK、NF-κB、IL-1β、IL-8低于模型对照组（P<0.001）;三个用药组之间p38MAPK、NF-κB、IL-1β两两比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;2%SA组IL-8低于30%SA组、夫西地酸组（均P<0.05）;30%SA组与夫西地酸组IL-8差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。用药4周后,三个用药组p38MAPK、NF-κB...     

气道炎症中p38MAPK及核因子κB对一氧化氮合酶的调控

气道炎症性疾病是由多种细胞因子、炎性介质介导的变态反应性疾病，一氧化氮（NO）作为生物体内一个重要的信使和效应分子，参与许多生理和病理过程，大量的NO可引起气道炎症和肺损伤等不良反应。p38蛋白激酶（p38MAPK）可能与气道炎症性疾病的发病机制密切相关，且能渊控诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）mRNA的表达及NO的产生。同时，p38MAPK还是NF-κB的重要上游调控因子。作为一种多极性基因调控蛋白，NF-κB能从基因转录水平调控iNOS的合成，因而对NO具有重要的调节作用。NO对p38MAPK和NF-κB也有一定的反馈调节作用。     

MAPK信号通路在骨关节炎发病机制中的研究进展

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen—activated proteinkinase,MAPK）真核细胞信号传递的重要途径之一,在调节控制细胞结构和功能活动中发挥关键作用。在真核生物中MAPK信号通路包括p38、ERK、JNK、ERK5等多个亚家族。随着研究的不断深入,发现p38、ERK、JNK信号转导途径的活化与骨关节炎（osteoarthritis,OA）软骨损伤密切相关,诱导软骨细胞产生基质金属蛋白酶,加速关节软骨病理性降解,并参与软骨细胞增殖、凋亡与分化等一系列反应,明确MAPK信号通路在OA中的发生发展机制已成为研究的新热点。     

益气养阴消癥通络中药对高糖联合AngⅡ培养的大鼠系膜细胞p38MAPK信号通路的影响

目的：探讨益气养阴消癥通络中药对高糖联合血管紧张素Ⅱ培养的大鼠肾小球系膜细胞（MCs）p38MAPK信号通路的作用。方法：原代培养MCs,第5代时,予高糖、高糖联合血管紧张素Ⅱ刺激,并同时进行药物血清干预,48h后ELISA法检测细胞上清ColⅣ蛋白含量,Western blot检测MCs p-p38MAPK、p38MAPK、p-STAT3、STAT3蛋白表达水平。结果：中药血清可显著减少细胞上清ColⅣ蛋白含量（P〈0.01）,且能明显抑制p38MAPK、STAT3蛋白磷酸化水平（P〈0.01）。结论：益气养阴消癥通络中药可能是通过下调p38MAPK信号通路表达,减少细胞外基质合成,从而发挥对肾脏的保护作用。     

p38丝裂素活化蛋白激酶信号通路在单核细胞趋化蛋白1介导系膜细胞增殖及细胞外基质表达中的作用

目的探讨p38丝裂素活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）信号通路在单核细胞趋化蛋白1（MCP-1）介导大鼠系膜细胞（MCs）增殖及纤连蛋白（FN）和Ⅰ型胶原（ColⅠ）表达中的调控作用。方法用四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法（MTT法）评估不同浓度的MCP-1（12．5、25、50、100ng／ml）及p38MAPK阻断剂SB203580（1、5、10μmol／L）于不同时间对体外培养的大鼠MCs的增殖作用。采用逆转录多聚酶链反应（RT—PCR）检测细胞内FN、ColⅠmRNA的表达。用ELISA法检测上清液FN、ColⅠ蛋白含量。结果MCP-1能刺激MCs的增殖，呈剂量和时间依赖性（P〈0．05），而p38MAPK阻断剂明显抑制上述MCP-1的作用（P〈0.01）。MCP-1能使细胞FN、ColⅠ的表达上调，而p38MAPK阻断剂能抑制其上调表达的作用。结论p38MAPK信号转导通路在MCP-1介导大鼠MCs增殖及FN和ColⅠ表达中起调控作用。MCP-1在系膜增生性肾小球肾炎（MsPGN）的发病中起一定的作用。     

P38信号通路在脂多糖诱导的大鼠系膜细胞产生白细胞介素1β中的作用

目的探讨p38信号通路在肾小球系膜细胞促炎介质白细胞介素l(IL-1)β表达中的作用.方法采用免疫沉淀法、免疫复合物蛋白激酶测定,Western blotting检测p38信号通路在脂多糖(LPS)诱导的肾小球系膜细胞炎症反应中的活化程度,应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和ELISA观察p38信号通路抑制剂SB203580对肾小球系膜细胞促炎介质IL-lβ mRNA和蛋白质表达的影响.结果脂多糖刺激肾小球系膜细胞引起p38信号通路活化,p38信号通路抑制剂SB203580对肾小球系膜细胞促炎介质表达有显著抑制作用.结论 p38信号通路在大鼠系膜细胞炎症反应产生炎症介质IL-1β中可能起主要的作用.     

他莫昔芬通过丝裂原活化蛋白激酶抑制前列腺癌细胞系PC3细胞增殖

他莫昔芬是选择性雌激素受体（ER）调节剂（SERM）。丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）主要包括细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶（ERK1／2）、c-JunN端应力激活蛋白激酶（JNK）和p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（p38）。他莫昔芬（TAM）通过ER可以激活MAPK。本实验旨在研究MAPK信号转导通路在他莫昔芬抑制雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌细胞株PC3生长中的作用。[第一段]     

氟伐他汀对血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的大鼠肾小管上皮细胞核因子κB活性的影响

目的 观察氟伐他汀对血管紧张素（Ang）Ⅱ诱导的大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）内核因子（NF）κB活性的影响。 方法 将NRK-52E细胞分为（1）对照组;（2）不同浓度及时间AngⅡ组;（3）AngⅡ（10-6 mol/L）+SB203580（10 μmol/L）组;（4）AngⅡ（10-6 mol/L）+不同浓度氟伐他汀（10-7、10-6、10-5 mol/L）组;(5)AngⅡ（10-6 mol/L）+氟伐他汀（10-5 mol/L）+甲羟戊酸（10-4 mol/L）组。电泳迁移率变动分析法（EMSA）检测NF-κB活性变化。Western印迹方法检测p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)磷酸化水平。RT-PCR方法检测单核细胞趋化因子（MCP-1）mRNA表达。 结果 AngⅡ呈剂量依赖性上调NF-κB DNA结合活性、p38MAPK的磷酸化水平以及MCP-1 mRNA表达（P < 0.01）。AngⅡ(10-6 mol/L) 刺激5 min即可增加p38MAPK蛋白磷酸化水平（P < 0.01）。AngⅡ刺激30 min后NF-κB活性显著升高（P < 0.01）,2 h达高峰（P < 0.01）。p38MAPK 特异性抑制剂SB203580可阻断AngⅡ对NF-κB的激活作用（P < 0.01）。氟伐他汀可呈剂量依赖性下调AngⅡ诱导的NRK-52E细胞内p38MAPK磷酸化和NF-κB活化,以及其下游趋化因子MCP-1表达（P < 0.05）。甲羟戊酸（10-4 mol/L）可逆转氟伐他汀的作用（P < 0.05）。 结论 氟伐他汀可能通过抑制p38MAPK信号转导通路,下调AngⅡ诱导的NRK-52E细胞内NF-κB的活化。甲羟戊酸可部分逆转氟伐他汀的作用。     

p53 and mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway protein profiles in fresh and frozen spermatozoa

Sperm or testicular tissue cryopreservation is performed in cases of male infertility as a treatment for the preservation of fertility. When these sperm cells are used in assisted reproductive techniques, fertilisation rates, developmental and implantation potential of embryos decrease and the abortion rates increase. In the present work, differences of both phosphorylation and expression levels of p53 and Mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) proteins were analysed in 61 individual sperm samples before and after cryopreservation. We observed that p53 protein residue at Ser 15 was phosphorylated after cryopreservation. Because MAPK pathway activations may be involved in p53 phosphorylation, MAPK/ERK, Stress‐activated protein kinases (SAPK)/JNK and p38MAPK proteins were also investigated. Analysis showed that p38MAPK phosphorylations increased significantly. However, ERK and JNK expressions and phosphorylations decreased, although the differences were not statistically significant. According to our results, it may be suggested that cryopreservation process activates p53 via p38 MAPK pathway that subsequently causes apoptosis, which may be related to sperm parameters.     

一氧化氮增加人软骨肉瘤细胞表达基质金属蛋白酶-13的机制研究

目的研究一氧化氮(NO)是否通过MAPK和NF-κB通路增加基质金属蛋白酶-13(MMP-13)的表达,探讨骨关节炎(OA)发病机制中NO的作用。方法购买并传代人软骨肉瘤细胞(SW1353),用不同浓度的NO供体MAHMA-NONOate刺激后检测MMP-13以及MAPK和NF-κB通路中的蛋白激酶的表达水平。用不同浓度的MAPK和NF-κB通路中的蛋白激酶的抑制剂预先处理细胞后,再用MAHMA-NONOate刺激细胞,再次检测MMP-13以及MAPK和NF-κB通路中的蛋白激酶的表达水平。结果 MAHMA-NONOate增加了细胞MMP-13的表达水平,同时也增加了MAPK和NF-κB通路中的蛋白激酶的活性水平,MAPK家族中的JNK的抑制剂SP600125可以抑制MMP-13的表达水平,NF-κB的抑制剂SN5O也可以抑制MMP-13的表达水平。结论 NO可以通过MAPK家族中的JNK和NF-κB通路增加MMP-13的表达。     

氧化-低密度脂蛋白诱导系膜细胞转录激活蛋白1活化的信号转导通路

目的 观察氧化—低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)诱导系膜细胞转录激活蛋白1(AP—1)活化的作用，探讨AP—1活化的上游信号转导机制。方法 大鼠肾小球系膜细胞随机分为正常细胞组，ox-LDL处理组和ox—LDL 蛋白激酶抑制剂组。采用western blot测定丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶(MAPK)家族磷酸化水平，采用凝胶迁移率实验观察蛋白激酶抑制剂bisindo1ylmimideiI、H89、genistein、PD98059及SB203580对ox-LDL诱导系膜细胞AP—1活性的影响。结果 ox-LDL呈浓度和时间依赖性激活JNKl／SAPK(stress activated protein kinase)、p38MAPK磷酸化(P＜0．05)，而ox-LDL对p44/／42MAPK磷酸化无影响(P＞0．05)。bisindo1ylmaleimide I浓度为50、100、200nmol/L时均显著抑制ox-LDL诱导系膜细胞AP—1活性。H89剂量为0．5、5μmol/L时，AP—1活性显著受抑制。genistein浓度为25、50μmol/L时并不抑制ox-LDL诱导AP—1活性，浓度达100μmol/L时则显著抑制ox-LDL诱导系膜细胞AP—1活性。SB203580和PD98059均不能抑制ox-LDL诱导AP—1活性。结论PKC、PKA及PTK等多种蛋白激酶参与对ox-LDL诱导系膜细胞AP—1活性的调控。     

Protective effects of liraglutide on renal tissues and related mechanism in diabetic rats

Objective To explore the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues liraglutide on renal tissues of diabetic rats and its mechanism. Methods Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control rats (NC group), normal control rats with liraglutide treatment (NCL group), diabetic rats (DM group) and diabetic rats with liraglutide treatment. The body weight, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), albuminuria/creatinine (A/C), kidney index (KI, kidney mass/body mass) were detected after 8 weeks treatment. The gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), type IV collagen, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were measured by real time PCR. The protein expression of COL-Ⅳ, NF-κB, GLP-1R and phosphorylation levels of ERK, JNK and p38MAPK were evaluated by Western blotting. Results Compared to NC group, the body weight in DM group was reduced, and HbA1c, KI, A/C levels were significantly increased (P＜0.05). The gene expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, TGF-β1 and COL- IV was increased (P＜0.05). Moreover, the protein expression of NF-κB in the nucleus of the kidney tissues and the phosphorylation levels of ERK, JNK and p38MAPK were significantly increased in DM group, accompanied by the decline of GLP-1R protein level (P＜0.05). After 8 weeks of liraglutide treatment, the urinary protein excretion was reduced, and the gene expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, TGF-β1, COL-IV were inhibited. Importantly, the phosphorylation levels of ERK and JNK were significantly inhibited and the expression of NF-κB protein in the nucleus of the kidney tissue was reduced (P＜0.05). These changes may be associated with the increased expression of GLP-1R after liraglutide treatment. However, blood glucose and the body weight in DML group rats had no significant changes after liraglutide treatment. Conclusion Liraglutide has a protective effect on renal tissues through inhibiting ERK and JNK phosphorylation and related inflammation in diabetic rats.     

Stimulation of MAPK cascades by insulin and osmotic shock: lack of an involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Osmotic shock and insulin stimulate GLUT4 translocation and glucose transport via mechanisms that are for the most part distinct yet convergent. In this article, we investigated the effect of osmotic shock and insulin on the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The MAPKs are activated by phosphorylation on conserved tyrosine and threonine residues. Both sorbitol and insulin strongly stimulated extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and 2 phosphorylation (8- and 18-fold, respectively). In contrast, c-jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) phosphorylation was stimulated only by sorbitol (sevenfold) and not by insulin. Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was stimulated strongly by sorbitol (22-fold) but weakly by insulin (2.7-fold). Measurement of intrinsic JNK and p38 MAPK activity confirmed the phosphorylation studies. JNK and p38 MAPK were activated only significantly by sorbitol. The MAPKs are phosphorylated by dual-specificity kinases (mitogen-activated ERK-activating kinase [MEK] or MAPK kinase [MKK]). As expected, sorbitol and insulin both stimulated MEK phosphorylation. MKK4 was phosphorylated only in response to sorbitol, and neither of the stimuli caused phosphorylation of MKK3 or 6. To determine the functional significance of the observed activation of p38 MAPK in response to insulin and osmotic shock, we used three pyridinyl imidazole p38 MAPK inhibitors, SB203580, SB202190, and PD169316. Insulin and osmotic shock-stimulated glucose transport was not inhibited by any inhibitor at concentrations that were shown to block p38 MAPK activity. Furthermore, activation of the p38 MAPK pathway by treatment of cells with anisomycin did not stimulate glucose transport. These results suggest that activation of the p38 MAPK pathway is not involved in the stimulation of glucose transport.     

雷公藤甲素对TNF-α诱导的肾系膜细胞MCP-1和ICAM-1表达干预及其机制的研究

目的：观察雷公藤甲素对TNF-α诱导的肾系膜细胞（GMC）MCP-1,ICAM-1表达的干预并探讨其作用机制。方法：把培养的GMC按刺激及干预情况分为正常对照组、TNF-α刺激组、雷公藤甲素低（5ng/ml）,中（10ng/ml）,高浓度（15ng/ml）干预组,以及吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸盐（PDTC）干预组（阳性对照组）、PDTC与雷公藤甲素（10ng/ml）联合干预组。TNF-α刺激干预诱导24h后,分别提取细胞上清液、细胞质、细胞核等成分,采用ELISA法检测MCP-1,ICAM-1,IκB,IκBα,ELISA结合EMSA方法检测各组NF-κB p65,以RT-realtime PCR方法检测MCP-1,ICAM-1的mRNA。结果：TNF-α刺激组MCP-1、ICAM-1的mRNA及蛋白表达、NF-κB p65分子水平较对照组显著增高（P〈0.01）;各浓度雷公藤甲素或PDTC干预后上述指标显著下降（P〈0.01）,其中PDTC与雷公藤甲素联合干预组较单用PDTC干预组MCP-1、ICAM-1更低。相关分析表明NF-κB p65与MCP-1及ICAM-1的蛋白和mRNA表达水平呈正相关。GMC经TNF-α刺激后IκB有所下降,雷公藤甲素呈剂量依赖性上调κB,TNF-α刺激后磷酸化的IκBα较正常对照组显著升高（P〈0.05）,低浓度雷公藤甲素可显著下调其水平（P〈0.05）。结论：雷公藤甲素能显著抑制GMC分泌MCP-1、ICAM-1等促炎因子的mRNA及蛋白表达,其机制可能是促进IκB表达上调,并抑制IκBα磷酸化,从而阻断细胞核NF-κB p65活化所致。     

Mice with focal segmental glomerular sclerosis are induced by adriamycin and its mechanism

Objective To establish adriamycin-induced focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS) mice model, and observe the expressions of and relation between oxidative stress and p38 MAPK signal pathway in renal injury. Methods Eight-week-old male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into FSGS group (n=20) and control group (n=20). In FSGS group mice were intravenously injected with a single dose of adriamycin (0.01 mg/g), and mice in control group were received saline with the same dose. At day 3, 7, 14, 22 and 32, urine protein-to-urine creatinine ratio (P/C) was detected. At day 22 and 32, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in blood and urine, and ROS in kidney tissues were detected; changes of pathological morphology in renal tissue were analyzed by HE stain; the expressions of NF-κB, CD36, IL-13, BAX and Bcl-2 mRNA were detected by real time quantitative PCR; the expressions of NF-κB, p-p38 and p-ERK1/2 protein were detected by Western blotting. Results Compared with that in control group, P/C was gradually increasing in FSGS group, and peaked at day 22 (P＜0.05). At day 22 and 32, mice had higher creatinine, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, ROS and NO in FSGS group than those in control group (all P＜0.05). There were mild hyperplasia of mesangial cells and mesangial matrix, segment with moderate exacerbations, podocytes with significant proliferation, and the capillary loops of the stenosed in the glomerular in FSGS group at day 32. Compared with those in control group, the mRNA expression of NF-κB, BAX, IL-13 and CD36, and the protein expressions of NF-κB and p-p38 MAPK were gradually increased in FSGS group, all showed statistical differences at day 32 (all P＜0.05); the expression of p-ERK1/2 was increased at day 22 (P＜0.05) but was reduced at day 32 (P＜0.05). Conclusions Adriamycin has induced FSGS in mice successfully, which may through oxidative stress activating p38, up-regulating NF-κB, increasing the inflammatory cytokines and inducing apoptosis pathways.     

饰胶蛋白聚糖对大鼠肾系膜细胞生长的抑制作用及其信号转导途径的研究

目的 探讨饰胶蛋白聚糖(DCN)对大鼠系膜细胞(MsC)生长的抑制作用及其信号转导分子MAPKs和p21表达的影响&#65377;方法 经脂质体介导将DCN基因转染体外培养的大鼠MsC,筛选和鉴定后,收集阳性细胞克隆的培养上清(DCN上清),将其加入正常MsC的培养液中, 采用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期&#65377;用Western 印迹法分别检测MAPKs,包括细胞外调节激酶(ERK)1/2&#65380;应激活化蛋白激酶(SAPK)/氨基末端激酶(JNK)和p38和p21蛋白表达;用免疫荧光法观察p21在细胞中的表达&#65377;结果 DCN上清明显抑制正常MsC的增殖, G2-M期细胞数明显减少,仅为对照组的35%(P < 0.05); 磷酸化ERK1/2及SAPK/JNK表达增强, 分别为对照组的2.2倍&#65380; 1.4倍及1.7倍&#65380; 1.8倍;磷酸化p38无明显变化&#65377;DCN抗体呈浓度依赖性抑制磷酸化ERK1/2&#65380; SAPK/JNK的表达上调&#65377;DCN上清还可使细胞p21的表达明显增强,而DCN抗体也同样呈浓度依赖性地抑制其上调表达的作用, ERK1/2 及SAPK/JNK通路抑制剂U0126和circumin均可抑制其上调表达的作用,分别为对照组的64%和61%;而p38通路抑制剂SB203580则对其无影响&#65377;结论 DCN对肾MsC的生长有抑制作用,其机制可能经ERK1/2&#65380;SAPK/JNK和p21蛋白介导&#65377;