肺切除手术后胸腔感染合并血胸的护理

胸外科手术后胸腔内少量出血是术后不可避免的，手术后早期出血再手术的约为0．005％，多由于手术中止血不完善、结扎线脱落、电灼后焦痂脱落等因素造成。手术后胸腔感染继而合并延迟性血胸，严重影响病人的循环稳定，必须手术止血的病例临床并不多见。本院10年来遇到6例，现将外科护理对策总结如下。     

肺结核合并肺曲菌球病的外科治疗

目的总结肺结核合并肺曲菌球病的诊断和外科治疗经验。方法对经手术治疗的24例肺结核合并肺曲菌球病患者的临床资料进行分析。结果 24例患者术前确诊率为37.5%(9/24)。行肺叶切除术20例,全肺切除术4例,19例同时行肥厚胸膜切除术。全组无手术死亡。术后并发症8例(33.3%),分别为胸腔出血1例,支气管胸膜瘘3例,包裹性液气胸2例,肺不张2例。术后随访22例,患者无肺曲菌球病复发。结论肺结核合并肺曲菌球病术前确诊率低;手术切除病变肺叶及肥厚胸膜是治疗肺结核合并肺曲菌球病的有效方法。     

结核性毁损肺外科胸膜全肺切除手术后ICU治疗28例分析

目的提高对结核性毁损肺行全肺切除患者的围手术期ICU的治疗水平。方法对结核性毁损肺28例患者,于手术后住ICU监测治疗:动态监测生命体征、出血情况、肺功能、血气分析;治疗合并疾病;纤维支气管镜吸痰;应用呼吸机进行无创或有创机械通气,治疗急性呼吸衰竭。结果20例患者经过ICU加强诊疗,术后顺利恢复;8例患者出现急性呼吸衰竭,经过无创及有创呼吸机机械通气治疗后好转;2例合并胸腔感染、支气管残端瘘患者,其中1例死亡。结论结核性毁损肺胸膜全肺切除手术后病人的围手术期诊疗中,在动态监测病情、防治手术后应激反应、治疗手术后急性呼吸衰竭等方面ICU有明显优势。     

结核性毁损肺外科胸膜全肺切除手术后ICU治疗28例分析

目的 提高对结核性毁损肺行全肺切除患者的围手术期ICU的治疗水平.方法 对结核性毁损肺28例患者,于手术后住ICU监测治疗：动态监测生命体征、出血情况、肺功能、血气分析;治疗合并疾病;纤维支气管镜吸痰;应用呼吸机进行无创或有创机械通气,治疗急性呼吸衰竭.结果 20例患者经过ICU加强诊疗,术后顺利恢复;8例患者出现急性呼吸衰竭,经过无创及有创呼吸机机械通气治疗后好转;2例合并胸腔感染、支气管残端瘘患者,其中1例死亡.结论 结核性毁损肺胸膜全肺切除手术后病人的围手术期诊疗中,在动态监测病情、防治手术后应激反应、治疗手术后急性呼吸衰竭等方面ICU有明显优势.     

结核性毁损肺外科胸膜全肺切除手术后ICU治疗28例分析

目的提高对结核性毁损肺行全肺切除患者的围手术期ICU的治疗水平。方法对结核性毁损肺28例患者，于手术后住ICU监测治疗：动态监测生命体征、出血情况、肺功能、血气分析；治疗合并疾病；主动纤维支气管镜吸痰；应用呼吸机进行无创或有创机械通气，治疗急性呼吸衰竭。结果20例患者经过ICU加强诊疗，术后顺利恢复；8例患者出现急性呼吸衰竭．经过无创及有创呼吸机机械通气治疗后好转；2例患者合并胸腔感染、支气管残端瘘，其中1例死亡。结论结核性毁损肺胸膜全肺切除手术后病人的围手术期诊疗中，在动态监测病情、防治手术后应激反应、治疗手术后急性呼吸衰竭等方面ICU有明显优势。     

晚期胸食管瘘的外科治疗体会

晚期胸食管瘘是指48 h后得到诊断的胸内食管瘘,因合并严重的纵隔及胸腔感染,治疗相当棘手。2003~2006年,我院对收治的8例晚期胸食管瘘患者,采取积极外科治疗,效果良好。现报告如下。临床资料:本组8例患者中,男7例,女1例;年龄28~68岁。其中5例为食管手术并发症(4例食管癌术后瘘,     

肺结核咯血的外科治疗及疗效观察

目的 探讨肺结核合并咯血的外科治疗的适应证及手术方法.方法 回顾分析2008年10月至2012年10月在我院治疗的42例肺结核合并咯血患者的临床资料.结果 本组42例患者,行全肺切除1例,肺叶切除30例,肺楔形切除11例.术后仍有少量咯血5例,术后胸腔内出血而再次行手术治疗1例,术后肺不张、胸腔积液4例,切口感染2例,支气管胸膜瘘2例;并发症发生率为21.4％ (9/42),治愈率88.1％ (37/42).结论 外科手术是治疗肺结核大咯血和长期反复少量或中量咯血的综合治疗措施中较为有效的方法,手术原则以择期手术下肺叶切除方式为主.     

205例肺结核合并支气管结核的外科治疗回顾分析

目的探讨肺结核合并支气管结核的外科治疗效果和手术适应症。方法总结1973年1月至2007年底手术切除的205例肺结核合并支气管结核的临床疗效。全组肺结核包括：原发综合征3例、浸润性肺结核19例、空洞性肺结核53例、慢性纤维空洞性肺结核45例、结核瘤或干酪性肺炎48例、结核性支气管狭窄27例、毁损肺10例。按照支气管结核分型,I型30例、Ⅱ型91例、川型50例、IV型34例。结果全肺切除术15例、全肺切除+胸廓成形术（胸改术）32例、肺叶切除术106例、肺叶切除术+胸改29例、支气管袖状成形术14例,其他手术9例。全组临床治愈率93.0%,手术并发症率为11.2%,手术死亡率为0.05%。结论虽然肺结核合并支气管结核是以抗结核药物为主要治疗方法,但目前仍有部分患者需要外科治疗。手术可提高肺结核合并支气管结核的临床治愈率。     

肝性胸水行中心静脉导管留置持续引流术的临床疗效

目的探讨对肝硬化失代偿期合并肝性胸水患者采用中心静脉导管留置持续引流术的治疗效果和临床体会。方法将近年来收治的48例肝硬化失代偿期合并肝性胸水患者分为观察组和对照组,分别采用中心静脉导管留置持续引流术和胸腔穿刺抽液术;观察治疗效果,总结临床体会。结果两组在穿刺治疗次数、疼痛指数(VAS)、胸水消退时间、总引流量等指标,以及在胸腔感染率、并发症率、总有效率和近期死亡率等数据比较,差异显著(P0.05)。结论对肝硬化失代偿期合并肝性胸水患者采用中心静脉导管留置持续引流术治疗,能显著减轻患者的痛苦,合理促进胸水消退,提高临床治疗效果,改善疾病预后,是一种简便实效的手术辅助治疗方法。     

尿激酶治疗结核性包裹性胸积液后外科手术治疗的疗效分析

目的探讨在结核性包裹性胸积液疾病治疗中如何选择胸腔内注入尿激酶与外科手术治疗。方法分析我院651例诊断结核性包裹性胸积液病例,在入院后予常规抗痨治疗并予胸腔内注入尿激酶治疗,对有效组与效果不佳再转入外科行胸腔纤维板剥脱术治疗的手术组的疗效进行对比分析。结果两组病例的发病病程、复发率比较无明显差异(P0.05),在体查及B超、CT检查、胸腔穿刺或置管后肺能否复张比较有明显差异(P0.05)。结论在体查、B超和CT检查有阳性结果、胸腔穿刺或置管后肺不能复张的病例选择外科手术治疗效果较好,胸膜纤维板剥脱术仍是治疗胸膜增厚的结核性包裹性胸积液的有效方法。     

Acute shingles after resection of thoracic schwannoma

Herpes zoster is relatively uncommon after surgery in immunocompetent patients. To our knowledge, there have been no reports of herpes zoster after the resection of a thoracic schwannoma. We report the case of a 48-year-old woman in whom acute shingles developed after the video-assisted thoracic surgical resection of a posterior mediastinal schwannoma adjacent to the 4th thoracic vertebral body. The patient recovered after receiving timely antiviral therapy. Rash and pain are common in patients who have wound infections and contact dermatitis after surgery, so the possible reactivation of varicella virus might not be prominent in the surgeon's mind. This case serves as a reminder that viral infections such as shingles should be considered in the differential diagnosis of postoperative erythema and pain.     

Surgical treatment of thoracic empyema in HIV-infected patients: severity and treatment modality is associated with CD4 count status

OBJECTIVES: Patients infected with HIV have an increased propensity for developing thoracic empyemas secondary to their susceptibility to polymicrobial pulmonary infections. We performed an assessment of the clinical outcomes of HIV patients undergoing surgical treatment of thoracic empyemas and reviewed the microbiology of these infections. METHODS: We completed a retrospective analysis of the patients who had been referred for surgical treatment of thoracic empyemas over an 11-year period, ending in 2002. The patients were treated at a major metropolitan medical teaching facility that cares for a substantial number of HIV-positive patients. RESULTS: Twenty-one HIV-infected patients underwent surgical treatment of thoracic empyemas. There were no immediate deaths. Sixty-two percent of the patients had CD4 counts of < 200 cells/microL. Eight patients had postoperative complications. Six of the patients with complications had CD4 counts of < 200 cells/microL. Patients with lower CD4 counts were at risk for mycobacterial and fungal infections. Additionally, they often had complex empyemas that were not favorable for treatment by video-assisted thoracic surgery. Therefore, these patients often required surgery with lung resection, which necessitated longer periods of postoperative chest tube drainage. CONCLUSIONS: Surgeons can obtain satisfactory operative outcomes when treating thoracic empyemas in HIV patients; however, the treatment strategy should be individualized. Patients with CD4 counts of < 200 cells/microL more commonly have complex empyemas that require surgery with open decortication and drainage. Although these patients have a higher incidence of postoperative complications, we think that HIV patients with thoracic empyemas can be safely and effectively treated with surgical techniques.     

CASE REPORT: Haemothorax due to hepatocellular carcinoma rupture successfully controlled by transcatheter arterial embolization

A 64-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with multiple hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lesions in the liver and lung. On the seventh hospital day, a chest radiograph showed a marked increase in right pleural effusion. A thoracentesis revealed a haemothorax. Despite repeated pleural taps and blood transfusions, the patient's clinical status worsened and he developed severe dyspnoea. An inferior phrenic arteriography on the 19th hospital day showed a tumour growing over the diaphragm into the right thoracic cavity, suggesting a tumour rupture. A transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) of the inferior phrenic artery successfully controlled the bleeding and improved the haemothorax. There was no rebleeding; however, the patient died of advanced HCC 3 months later. To our knowledge, this is the first case of a haemothorax secondary to a ruptured HCC that was treated successfully with TAE.     

Pneumothorax in women and thoracic endometriosis

Thoracic endometriosis has been considered a rare clinical condition but it is probably underestimated in the literature. Various clinical symptoms may occur but the most frequent are catamenial pneumothoraces. Four main clinical conditions may reveal thoracic endometriosis: catamenial pneumothorax, catamenial haemothorax, catamenial haemoptysis and endometrial nodules in the lung. Catamenial pneumothoraces are the most frequent manifestation, characterized, in the majority of the cases, by right side localization and diaphragmatic abnormalities (perforations and/or nodules). The resection of suspected areas of visceral or parietal pleural endometriosis, as well as partial resection of the diaphragm in the case of nodules and/or perforations, allows the histological diagnosis of endometriosis. Because of the high recurrence rate, treatment of catamenial pneumothoraces should combine surgery and hormonal therapy.     

Primary synovial sarcoma of the lung: can haemothorax be the first manifestation?

Primary pulmonary synovial sarcomas represent a rare clinical entity and account for approximately 0.5% of lung malignancies. We report the case of a 30-year-old male who presented clinically with haemothorax. Imaging revealed a complex collection obscuring a multi-lobulated mass in the right lower lobe of the lung. He underwent a right thoracotomy for evacuation of collection and surgical resection of his pulmonary mass. Histological analysis confirmed a grade 3 monophasic fibrous synovial sarcoma of the lung with infiltration to adjacent pleura, causing his initial haemothorax. Postoperative period was uneventful and patient was referred to the oncology team for further management. Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma, though rare, should remain an important differential when considering lung malignancies, as complete surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment.     

Results of surgical repair for 110 thoracic aortic aneurysms

Between 1974 and July 1989 110 operations for thoracic aortic aneurysms in 107 patients (69 males, 38 females) were performed, whose ages ranged from 14 to 74. 37 patients had an aortic valvular disease, 15 had Marfan's syndrome, 28 of these patients had a history of thoracic trauma or of previous aortic or cardiac surgery (14 posttraumatic aneurysms, 9 aneurysms after cardiac surgery, 5 after repair of aortic coarctation), 29 patients had hypertension. 63 patients underwent repair of dissecting aneurysms, 47 of non-dissecting (saccular or fusiform) thoracic aortic aneurysms. 67 repairs were emergency and 43 elective. The hospital mortality for the entire series was 34.5%. The analysis of multiple preoperative and intraoperative variables showed that mortality following thoracic aortic aneurysm repair is higher with increasing age (65.7% mortality for operations between the 60th and 70th year of age, 100% mortality beyond the 70th year of age) and emergency surgery (hospital mortality 52.2% compared with 6.9% for elective operations). A significant increase in mortality was noted related to the aneurysm type (poorer prognosis in DeBakey type I and II), to history of hypertension, to preoperative shock or to perforation of the aneurysm, including haemopericardium or haemothorax.     

Should lymph nodes along the thoracic duct be dissected routinely in radical esophagectomy?

Background

Although dissection of mediastinal lymph nodes along the thoracic duct is included in standard radical esophagectomy, it is not routinely performed because of the undesirable hemodynamic effects. This study aims to investigate whether dissection of the nodes along the thoracic duct has prognostic benefits.

Methods

A total of 778 consecutive patients who underwent radical esophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection for squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus from 1984 to 2011 were included. The incidence of metastasis in thoracic duct nodes and that in nodes within #112 station excluding thoracic duct nodes were studied in relation to the depth of the main tumor. The survival curves of lymph node-positive patients were compared.

Results

The metastatic incidence was 2.2 % in T1b/T2, whereas it was 10.0 % in T3/T4. The survival curves in patients with metastasis in the thoracic duct nodes and in the #112 station were not statistically different.

Conclusion

The dissection of the nodes along the thoracic duct along with thoracic duct resection should be performed routinely; however, reliable indicator of the necessity of its dissection is awaited in T1b/T2 tumors because of the low metastatic rate and the potential risk associated with resection of the thoracic duct.     

Effectiveness and safety of over-the-scope clip in closing perforations after duodenal surgery

BACKGROUNDEndoscopic resection of duodenal subepithelial lesions (SELs) is a difficult procedure with a high risk of perforation. At present, dealing with perforation after endoscopic resection of duodenal SELs is still considered a great challenge.AIMTo evaluate the effectiveness and safety of an over-the-scope clip (OTSC) in the treatment of perforation post-endoscopic resection of duodenal SELs.METHODSFrom May 2015 to November 2019, 18 patients with perforation following endoscopic resection of duodenal SELs were treated with OTSCs. Data comprising the rate of complete resection, closure of intraprocedural perforation, delayed bleeding, delayed perforation, and postoperative infection were extracted.RESULTSThe rate of complete removal of duodenal SELs and successful closure of the perforation was 100%. The median perforation size was 1 cm in diameter. Seventeen patients had minor intraoperative bleeding, while the remaining 1 patient had considerable amount of bleeding during the procedure. Seven patients had postoperative abdominal infections, of which 1 patient developed an abscess in the right iliac fossa and another patient developed septic shock. All 18 patients recovered and were discharged. No delayed bleeding or perforation was reported. The mean time taken to resume normal diet after the procedure was 6.5 d. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 9.5 d. No residual or recurrent lesions were detected during the follow-up period (15-66 mo).CONCLUSIONClosing a perforation after endoscopic resection of duodenal SELs with OTSCs seems to be an effective and reasonably safe therapeutic method.     

Delayed pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer patients with prior ERCP-placed, nonforeshortening, self-expanding metal stents: a positive outcome

BACKGROUND: Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) inserted for malignant biliary obstruction are felt to be contraindicated in patients with resectable disease. Anecdotally, we observed a number of "unresectable" patients eventually undergoing a "delayed" pancreaticoduodenectomy after additional surgical opinions. This has not been previously described in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To quantitate the frequency with which patients diagnosed with unresectable pancreaticobiliary malignancy (and hence undergoing SEMS placement) eventually undergo Whipple's resection, and to report on the outcomes in these patients. DESIGN AND SETTING: This retrospective, observational study was conducted at a single tertiary care medical center. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: One hundred consecutive patients who underwent non-foreshortening SEMS placement for presumed unresectable pancreaticobiliary malignancy were identified from our ERCP database. The clinical course and any subsequent operative interventions were reviewed. RESULTS: Despite apparent unresectability, 13 of 100 patients underwent delayed surgical exploration for an attempt at resection. Whipple's resection was successfully performed in 5 patients. No interference with the biliary anastomosis was noted. No unresectable patient required surgical biliary bypass because of the presence of the stent. No pre- or postoperative infections occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Non-foreshortening metal stents can be precisely positioned below the line of any potential surgical transection. The lower risk of preoperative metal stent occlusion, compared to plastic stents, minimizes the risk of postoperative infection. At surgery, unresectable patients do not require unnecessary biliary bypass if a properly positioned SEMS is in place. Properly placed non-foreshortening biliary metal stents are not a contraindication to delayed attempts at Whipple's resection and may be beneficial.     

Rupture of aortic aneurysm with right-sided haemothorax.

A 62-yr-old male with a history of high blood pressure was admitted for persistent dyspnoea and a right-sided pleural effusion, complicated by a recent episode of shock. There was no history of trauma and the patient denied any thoracic pain. A chest tube was inserted which released nonclotting bloody fluid. A thoracic computed tomographic scan of the chest revealed an aneurysm of the inferior third of the descending thoracic aorta. The patient underwent a successful prosthetic graft replacement. We emphasize that rupture of aortic aneurysms should be considered in the evaluation of spontaneous haemothorax even if it is right-sided and not associated with pain.